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2025 Canadian federal election

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2025 Canadian federal election
← 2021 April 28, 2025 (2025-04-28) Next →
343 seats in the House of Commons
172 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered28,525,638[1]
Turnout68.7% (Increase 6.4 pp)[1]
  First party Second party Third party
 
Mark Carney portrait May 2025 (4).jpg
Pierre Poilievre in 2023 (edited).jpg
Yves-François Blanchet Entrevue no smile 2023 (cropped-2).png
Leader Mark Carney Pierre Poilievre Yves-François Blanchet
Party Liberal Conservative Bloc Québécois
Leader since March 9, 2025 September 10, 2022 January 17, 2019
Leader's seat Nepean[a] Carleton
(lost re-election) 		Belœil—Chambly
Last election 160 seats, 32.62% 119 seats, 33.74% 32 seats, 7.64%
Seats before 152 120 33
Seats won 169 143 23
Seat change Increase 17 Increase 23 Decrease 10
Popular vote 8,595,449 8,113,494 1,236,338
Percentage 43.8% 41.3% 6.3%
Swing Increase 11.2 pp Increase 7.6 pp Decrease 1.3 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party
 
Jagmeet Singh in Brantford 2022 2 (cropped3).jpg
Gord4Guelph Rally Guelph 2015 029 (22333571922).jpg
Jonathan Pedneault Interview.jpg
Leader Jagmeet Singh Elizabeth May & Jonathan Pedneault
Party New Democratic Green
Leader since October 1, 2017 November 19, 2022 /
February 4, 2025
Leader's seat Burnaby Central[c]
(lost re-election) 		Saanich—Gulf Islands /
Ran in Outremont (lost)
Last election 25 seats, 17.82% 2 seats, 2.33%
Seats before 24 2
Seats won 7 1
Seat change Decrease 17 Decrease 1
Popular vote 1,234,739 238,896
Percentage 6.3% 1.2%
Swing Decrease 11.5 pp Decrease 1.1 pp
Prime Minister before election

Mark Carney
Liberal

Prime Minister after election

Mark Carney
Liberal

The 2025 Canadian federal election was held on April 28, 2025, to elect members of the House of Commons to the 45th Canadian Parliament. Governor General Mary Simon issued the writs of election on March 23, 2025, after Prime Minister Mark Carney advised her to dissolve Parliament. This was the first election to use a new 343-seat electoral map based on the 2021 census. Key issues of the election campaign included the cost of living, housing, crime, and tariffs and threats of annexation from Donald Trump, the president of the United States.[2]

The Liberal Party won and continued as a minority government. It is the fourth consecutive Liberal government and third consecutive Liberal minority government,[3][4][5] and came after a rebound in the polls that represented a 29-point swing noted as being "one of the widest on record in any democracy".[6] The Liberals also won the popular vote for the first time since 2015, with the highest vote share for any party in a federal election since 1984.[7] The election saw the highest turnout since 1993, with 68.7% of eligible voters casting a ballot.[8]

Both the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party improved upon their vote share and seat count from 2021, while the other parties all lost ground. This was the first election since 2000 in which the Liberals polled over 40 percent, the first since 1988 in which the Conservatives did so,[d] and the first time since 1930 in which both passed that threshold.[9]

The election delivered the New Democratic Party (NDP) the worst result in its history, as it received just over six percent of the popular vote and only won seven seats. As a consequence, the NDP lost official party status for the first time since 1993.[10] The concentration of voting in the two major parties was identified by commentators as marking a polarization in Canadian politics and a shift towards a two-party system.[11][12]

The result was a reversal of polling trends lasting from mid-2023 to January 2025, which had led to projections of the Conservatives winning in a landslide.[13] Carney's replacement of Justin Trudeau as Leader of the Liberal Party played a key role in the turnaround. With his extensive experience as a central banker and his perceived competence, Carney was seen as better equipped to handle the trade war launched by the U.S. and other major economic issues.[14][15] Two sitting party leaders failed to win re-election to their parliamentary seats: Pierre Poilievre of the Conservative Party and Jagmeet Singh of the NDP.[16][17] Poilievre had held his riding since 2004, and his defeat was regarded as a significant setback for the Conservatives.[18]

Background

The 2021 Canadian federal election, held on September 20, 2021, saw only minor changes from the preceding 2019 election.[19] The incumbent Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, did not win the popular vote and failed to win enough seats to gain a parliamentary majority, winning only a plurality of seats and retaining its status as a minority government. The Conservative Party won the popular vote and continued as the Official Opposition.[20][e] In March 2022, the Liberals struck a deal with the fourth-place New Democratic Party (NDP), where the latter would provide confidence and supply for the duration of the Parliament in exchange for certain policy concessions.[21] The agreement lasted until September 2024, when the NDP terminated the deal.[22]

One week after the 2021 election, on September 27, Annamie Paul resigned as the Green Party leader, citing lack of party support.[23] The subsequent leadership election was won by former leader Elizabeth May, who ran on a "joint ticket" with Jonathan Pedneault, proposing a co-leadership model; Pedneault was officially named the deputy leader, pending a change to the party's constitution to allow co-leadership.[24] May and Pedneault formally became co-leaders on February 4, 2025.[25]

On February 2, 2022, Conservative leader Erin O'Toole was removed as leader by a caucus vote.[26] Following a leadership election, Pierre Poilievre was elected the new leader of the Conservative Party.[27] Because of the decennial redrawing of riding boundaries, many MPs were running in districts that had changed.[28][29]

Government transition

Main articles: 2024–2025 Canadian political crisis and 2025 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election

Despite low government approval ratings and a large polling lead for the opposition Conservatives – linked to an ongoing cost of living crisis – Trudeau had insisted he would lead the Liberals into the next general election, and attempt to win a fourth consecutive term. Despite his commitment to seek re-election, pressure on Trudeau to step aside had been mounting from the Liberal caucus after by-election losses in safe Liberal seats.[30]

On December 16, 2024, the government was plunged into a political crisis when finance minister Chrystia Freeland abruptly resigned, only hours before she was set to present the government's fall economic statement.[31] The resignation was seen as a clear rebuke of the prime minister from one of his most loyal allies, and sent shockwaves throughout Canadian politics.[32] Trudeau, who had already faced down a caucus revolt in October, was faced with renewed questions about his leadership.[33] By December 22, 21 Liberal MPs had publicly called for Trudeau to step down.[34] On January 6, 2025, Trudeau announced his intention to resign as prime minister after the party elected his successor.[35] The ensuing leadership election was won by Mark Carney, former governor of the Bank of Canada and governor of the Bank of England.[36] Carney was sworn in as prime minister on March 14, becoming the first prime minister to have never held elected public office prior to their appointment.[37][38]

A chart showing the seat count for the Canadian Parliament after the 2025 Federal Election

The crisis occurred against the backdrop of Donald Trump's victory in the 2024 United States presidential election and his threats to impose sweeping tariffs on Canada. Disagreements over how to handle this threat were seen as being a contributor to the Trudeau ministry's collapse.[39][40] However, the Trump administration's conduct soon sparked a political revival for the Liberals, with the ensuing trade war, along with the President's threats to annex Canada, greatly reducing the Liberals' polling gap with the Conservatives.[41] By the time Carney was sworn in as prime minister, the polling gap had been eliminated altogether and the Liberals were in the lead, putting them in striking distance of a majority government. The scale of their political turnaround was described by analysts as having "little precedent" in Canadian history.[42]

Date of the election

See also: Electoral Participation Act § Movement of fixed election date

Under the fixed-date provisions of the Canada Elections Act, which requires federal elections to be held on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the polling day of the previous election, the election was scheduled to take place on October 20, 2025.[43] However, elections can occur before the scheduled date if the governor general dissolves Parliament on the recommendation of the prime minister, either for a snap election or after the government loses a vote on a supply bill or a specific motion of no confidence.[44]

On March 20, 2024, the government introduced the Electoral Participation Act, which included an amendment to the Canada Elections Act that would have changed the fixed election date to October 27, 2025, to avoid conflicting with Diwali, as well as municipal elections in Alberta.[45][46] The bill died on the order paper when the Parliament of Canada was prorogued by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau after he announced his resignation.[47]

On March 23, 2025, after a request from Prime Minister Mark Carney, the Governor General dissolved parliament and called an election for April 28, 2025.[48]

Political parties and standings

See also: List of federal political parties in Canada

The table below lists parties represented in the House of Commons after the 2021 federal election and their current standings. Kevin Vuong, despite being elected as a Liberal, was disavowed by the party too late to alter his affiliation on the ballot and served out his term as an independent.[49]

Name Ideology Position Leader(s) 2021 result Standing before election
Votes (%) Seats
Liberal Liberalism
Social liberalism 		Centre to
centre-left 		Mark Carney
32.62%
160 / 338
152 / 338
Conservative Conservatism
Social conservatism
Economic liberalism 		Centre-right
to right-wing 		Pierre Poilievre
33.74%
119 / 338
120 / 338
Bloc Québécois Quebec nationalism
Quebec sovereigntism
Social democracy 		Centre-left Yves-François Blanchet
7.64%
32 / 338
33 / 338
New Democratic Social democracy Centre-left
to left-wing 		Jagmeet Singh
17.82%
25 / 338
24 / 338
Green Green politics Elizabeth May &
Jonathan Pedneault
2.33%
2 / 338
2 / 338
Independents N/A
0.19%
0 / 338
3 / 338
Vacant N/A
4 / 338

Electoral system

Canada's electoral system, a "first-past-the-post" system, is formally referred to as a single-member plurality system. Voters select a representative nominated for their electoral district (sometimes referred to as a riding), and the candidate with more votes than any other candidate is elected to a seat in the 343-member House of Commons and represents that riding as its member of parliament (MP). The party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons usually forms government, with that party's leader becoming prime minister. The largest party by seat count that is not the government or part of a governing coalition becomes the Official Opposition. That party receives more finances and privileges than the other opposition parties.[50][51]

An absolute majority of the votes cast in the last election is not needed to form government and is rarely achieved. Additionally, the government party does not need to obtain a majority of the seats in the House of Commons; under the current multi-party system, it is common for the government party to lack a majority. However, to pass bills domestically, the governing party must have support of a majority of MPs. Without majority support, the government can be defeated, then a new party is named government or an election has to be held.[44]

Redistribution

Main article: 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution
The transposed results of the 2021 election, if they had taken place under the 2023 Representation Order
( Interactive map version, with notional results shown in clickable points)

This was the first election contested under the new electoral districts established in the 2022 redistribution. Consequently, media outlets tend to report seat gains and losses as compared to notional results. These are the results if all votes cast in 2021 were unchanged but regrouped by new electoral district boundaries, as published by Elections Canada.[52]

2021 results transposed onto 2023 boundaries
Party MPs
2021 actual result 2021 notional result Change
Liberal 160 157 Decrease 3
Conservative 119 126 Increase 7
Bloc Québécois 32 34 Increase 2
New Democratic 25 24 Decrease 1
Green 2 2 Steady
Total seats 338 343 5 Increase

Incumbents not running for re-election

Main article: List of MPs who stood down at the 2025 Canadian federal election
Party MPs retiring
2021 election[f] At dissolution
Liberal 40 38
Conservative 13 12
New Democratic 4 4
Bloc Québécois 4 4
Independent 0 3
Total 60 60

Sixty MPs announced that they would not run in the 2025 federal election. One MP lost their party nomination race to run again. One MP had their candidacy revoked by their party and was barred from running under its banner. Four MPs announced their intention not to stand again but later resigned from Parliament before the election.[53][54][55][56][57] Five further MPs initially announced their intention to stand down before later changing their minds.[58][59][60][61][62][63]

Timeline

See also: 44th Canadian Parliament and By-elections to the 44th Canadian Parliament
Changes in seats held (2021–2025)
Seat Before Change
Date Member Party Reason Date Member Party
Spadina—Fort York November 22, 2021 Kevin Vuong █ Liberal Excluded from caucus[64] █ Independent
Mississauga—Lakeshore May 27, 2022 Sven Spengemann █ Liberal Resigned to accept a position with the United Nations[65][66] December 12, 2022[67] Charles Sousa █ Liberal
Richmond—Arthabaska September 13, 2022 Alain Rayes █ Conservative Left caucus[68] █ Independent
Winnipeg South Centre December 12, 2022 Jim Carr █ Liberal Died in office[69] June 19, 2023 Ben Carr █ Liberal
Calgary Heritage December 31, 2022 Bob Benzen █ Conservative Resigned to return to the private sector[70] July 24, 2023 Shuvaloy Majumdar █ Conservative
Oxford January 28, 2023 Dave MacKenzie █ Conservative Retired[71] June 19, 2023 Arpan Khanna █ Conservative
Portage—Lisgar February 28, 2023 Candice Bergen █ Conservative Resigned[72] June 19, 2023 Branden Leslie █ Conservative
Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount March 8, 2023 Marc Garneau █ Liberal Retired[73] June 19, 2023 Anna Gainey █ Liberal
Don Valley North March 22, 2023 Han Dong █ Liberal Left caucus[74] █ Independent
Durham August 1, 2023 Erin O'Toole █ Conservative Resigned March 4, 2024 Jamil Jivani █ Conservative
Toronto—St. Paul's January 16, 2024 Carolyn Bennett █ Liberal Resigned to become ambassador of Canada to Denmark[75] June 24, 2024 Don Stewart █ Conservative
LaSalle—Émard—Verdun February 1, 2024 David Lametti █ Liberal Resigned to join law firm[76] September 16, 2024 Louis-Philippe Sauvé █ Bloc Québécois
Elmwood—Transcona March 31, 2024 Daniel Blaikie █ New Democratic Resigned to work with Premier of Manitoba Wab Kinew[77] September 16, 2024 Leila Dance █ New Democratic
Cloverdale—Langley City May 27, 2024 John Aldag █ Liberal Resigned to run as the BC NDP candidate for Langley-Abbotsford in the 2024 BC general election[78] December 16, 2024 Tamara Jansen █ Conservative
Halifax August 31, 2024 Andy Fillmore █ Liberal Resigned to run for the mayoralty of Halifax, Nova Scotia April 14, 2025 (cancelled) █ Vacant
Honoré-Mercier September 19, 2024 Pablo Rodriguez █ Liberal Left caucus █ Independent
Honoré-Mercier January 20, 2025 Pablo Rodriguez █ Independent Resigned to run for the leadership of the Quebec Liberal Party Vacant until the 2025 election █ Vacant
Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke January 30, 2025 Randall Garrison █ New Democratic Resigned Vacant until the 2025 election █ Vacant
Eglinton—Lawrence March 14, 2025 Marco Mendicino █ Liberal Resigned to become Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister Vacant until the 2025 election █ Vacant

2021

  • September 27 – Annamie Paul announced her intent to resign as leader of the Green Party.[79]
  • November 10 – Paul formally submitted her resignation and ended her membership in the party.[80] The Green Party accepted her resignation a few days later.[81][82]
  • November 15 – Senator Denise Batters launched a petition to review the leadership of Erin O'Toole.[83] Party president Robert Batherson decided the petition was not in order.[83] The following day, Batters was removed from the Conservative caucus.[84]
  • November 24 – Amita Kuttner was appointed as Green Party interim leader.[85][86]
  • December 5 – The People's Party concluded its leadership review of Maxime Bernier. He was confirmed and continued as leader.[87][88]

2022

2023

2024

  • September 4 – The NDP officially ended their confidence-and-supply agreement with the Liberals.[95]
  • November 20 – Liberal MP Randy Boissonnault resigned from Cabinet following allegations that he ran a business seeking federal contracts and falsely claimed to be Indigenous.[96]
  • December 9 – Trudeau's Liberal government survived a third motion of no confidence, with the Conservatives and Bloc Québécois voting for the motion, and the Liberals, NDP, and Greens opposed.[97]
  • December 16 – Chrystia Freeland, the incumbent deputy prime minister and minister of finance, resigned from her position in Justin Trudeau's government prior to the release later that day of the government's fall economic statement due to her opposition to Trudeau's fiscal policy;[31] later that day, she was replaced as minister of finance by Dominic LeBlanc, while the position of Deputy Prime Minister remained vacant.[98] Housing minister Sean Fraser also resigned from cabinet the same morning, citing personal reasons.[99]
  • December 20 – Trudeau conducted a major cabinet reshuffle. The NDP officially committed to introducing a non-confidence motion against the government. Over 20 Liberal MPs publicly called for Trudeau to resign and over 50 signed a private letter asking him to resign.[100]

2025

Election day voting location at a Royal Canadian Legion branch in Brampton, Ontario
  • January 6 – Trudeau announced the prorogation of parliament until March 24 in addition to his resignation as prime minister and as leader of the Liberal Party, effective upon the election of his successor as party leader in a leadership election.[101]
  • January 15 – Trudeau announced that he will not run in Papineau again.[102]
  • February 4 – The Green Party of Canada concluded its co-leadership vote, with Elizabeth May and Jonathan Pedneault re-elected as co-leaders.[25]
  • February 13 – People's Party of Canada leader Maxime Bernier announced he will run in Beauce again.[103]
  • March 3 – Green Party of Canada co-leader Jonathan Pedneault announced he will run in Outremont.[104]
  • March 9 – The 2025 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election concluded with Mark Carney being announced as the new leader of the Liberal Party of Canada.
  • March 14 – Carney was sworn in as the 24th prime minister of Canada, and appointed a new Cabinet, beginning the 30th Canadian Ministry.[105]
  • March 20 – Liberal MP Chandra Arya's nomination in Nepean was revoked, allegedly due to foreign interference concerns.[106] He had previously been disqualified as a Liberal leadership candidate.[107]
  • March 22 – Carney announced that he will run in Nepean.[108]
  • March 23 – Carney advised the governor general to dissolve parliament and call a general election for April 28, 2025.[109]
  • April 7 and 9 – Deadline for candidate nominations; final list of candidates published.[110]
  • April 16 and 17 – French and English language leaders' debates hosted by the Leaders' Debates Commission took place in Montreal.[111]
  • April 18 to 21 – Advance polling took place. According to an Elections Canada estimate released on April 22, 7.3 million electors participated in advance polls.[112]
  • April 22 – Last day to vote at an Elections Canada office or to apply to vote by mail.
  • April 28 – Election day.

Campaign

Contests

Ballot for the 2025 Canadian federal election (Carleton)

When nominations were closed on April 7, Elections Canada announced that 1,959 candidates would be running for election.[113] No party fielded full slates of candidates in all 343 ridings, though the Bloc Québécois, which only runs candidates in Quebec, covered all 78 Quebec constituencies. The Liberals, Conservatives and NDP were all one short,[114] respectively in Ponoka—Didsbury,[115] Québec Centre[116] and South Shore—St. Margarets.[117] In Ponoka—Didsbury, Zarnab Zafar was not identified as a Liberal allegedly because of "a clerical error with Elections Canada" and is under no affiliation, but the Liberals endorsed her. In Québec Centre, there was said to be "an issue with paperwork" causing the Conservative candidate's nomination to be rejected after the deadline for candidate registrations.[118] The NDP candidate in South Shore—St. Margarets withdrew for personal reasons,[114] and an independent candidate in the riding was endorsed by the NDP afterward.[117]

The Longest Ballot Committee targeted Poilievre's Carleton riding, which had 83 independents nominated, therefore there were a total of 91 candidates running in the riding.[119] When asked why they did not do similar efforts in the constituencies of other party leaders, the organizers said it was a matter of limited resources.[120]

Candidate contests in the ridings[121]
Candidates
nominated		 Ridings Party
Lib Con NDP PPC Green Ind BQ MLP CHP Rhino Comm Oth Totals
3 15 15 15 15 45
4 60 60 60 60 27 21 2 7 1 1 1 240
5 113 112 112 112 85 78 9 20 7 7 2 4 17 565
6 95 95 95 95 84 81 34 35 5 10 8 4 24 570
7 37 37 37 37 32 33 19 10 12 10 7 7 18 259
8 13 13 13 13 12 11 14 2 6 2 4 3 11 104
9 6 6 6 6 4 5 11 2 2 2 4 2 4 54
10 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 20
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 11
91 1 1 1 1 1 83 1 3 91
Total 343 342 342 342 247 232 177 78 35 32 29 24 79 1,959

Party slogans

Party English French Translation (unofficial) Ref.
█ Liberal
"Canada Strong"
"Un Canada fort"
"A strong Canada"
[122]
█ Conservative
"Canada First – for a Change"
"Le Canada d'abord – pour faire changement"
"Canada First – to make a Change"
[123]
█ Bloc Québécois —
"Je choisis le Québec"
"I choose Québec"
[124]
█ New Democratic
"In it for you"
"Du cœur au ventre"
"From the heart to the stomach" (literal); "To be brave"
[125]
█ Green
"Change. Vote for it."
"Votez pour du changement"
"Vote for change"
[126]

Policy platforms

Party Full platform
█ Liberal Canada Strong[127]
█ Conservative Canada First. For a Change[128]
█ Bloc Québécois Choisir le Québec[129]
█ New Democratic Made for People. Built for Canada.[130]
█ Green Change. Vote For It.[131]

Endorsements

Endorsements received by each party
Type Liberal Conservative Bloc Québécois New Democratic
Media
Public figures
Unions and business associations

Leaders' debates

Main article: Canadian leaders' debates § 2025 debates

In its May 2022 report, the Leaders' Debates Commission recommended various improvements for future debates, and that it remain a permanent publicly funded entity to organize leaders' debates.[169][170] In October 2024, the Leaders' Debate Commission announced that the English-language debate would be hosted by TVO's Steve Paikin, while the French-language debate would be hosted by Ici RDI's Patrice Roy.[171] TVA Nouvelles had announced plans to host its own French-language debate with the Bloc, Conservative, Liberal, and NDP leaders, but cancelled the event after the Liberal Party withdrew.[172][173]

On April 1, 2025, the Commission announced that it had invited the leaders of the Bloc Québécois, Conservative Party, Green Party, Liberal Party, and New Democratic Party to the debates. Invitations were issued on the basis of meeting at least two of three conditions: having at least one sitting MP, recording at least 4% support in national opinion polling, and endorsing candidates in at least 90 percent of ridings.[174] The Green Party's invitation was rescinded on April 16 as it ultimately ran candidates in 232 ridings (less than 70 percent) despite earlier submitting to the Commission that it would run candidates in every riding.[175][176] The People's Party was not invited, as it did not meet the criteria of either holding a seat in Parliament or polling at least 4%.[174][111][h]

On April 15, the leaders of the Bloc Québécois and the NDP suggested rescheduling the French language debate because of the debate coinciding with the final hockey game of the Montreal Canadiens' regular season, after it became clear the game would decide whether the Canadiens would make the playoffs. The Commission declined to reschedule the debate to a different day, but agreed to move the start time two hours earlier to 6:00 pm EDT.[178]

A post-debate news scrum after the French language debate was dominated by the far-right Rebel News and other right-wing media outlets, leading to complaints from other journalists at the event.[179] Michel Cormier, the Commission's executive director, responded that he was "unaware" that Rebel News and another organization associated with Rebel founder Ezra Levant were registered as third-party advertisers with Elections Canada.[180][181] In an interview, David Cochrane of CBC News asked Cormier about the fairness of the distribution of questions among outlets and the type of questions asked. Cormier responded, "There's only so much we can do to control free speech."[182] During the English language debate the next day, CTV News and The Globe and Mail reported a disturbance between Levant and journalists from other outlets, and a Global News reporter suggested that Rebel staff tried to interfere with the live broadcast of the debate.[179] Cormier abruptly cancelled the planned news scrum, citing security concerns, as Montreal Police secured the venue.[181][183]

2025 Canadian general election debates
Date Organizers Location Language Moderator  P  Participant  A  Absent (invited)  I  Invited  R  Rescinded invitation  N  Not invited Source
Carney Poilievre Blanchet Singh Pedneault[i]
April 16, 2025 Leaders' Debates Commission Maison de Radio-Canada, Montreal French Patrice Roy P P P P R[j] [171][111][174]
April 17, 2025 English Steve Paikin P P P P R[j] [111][174]

Opinion polls

Main articles: Opinion polling for the 2025 Canadian federal election and Opinion polling for the 2025 Canadian federal election by constituency
Opinion polling for
Canadian federal elections
2011
Opinion polls • By constituency
2015
Opinion polls • By constituency
2019
Opinion polls • By constituency
2021
Opinion polls • By constituency
2025
Opinion polls • By constituency
Evolution of voting intentions according to polls conducted during the 2025 Canadian federal election campaign period, graphed from the data in the tables below. Trendlines are 30-poll local regressions, with polls weighted by proximity in time and a logarithmic function of sample size. 95% confidence ribbons represent uncertainty about the trendlines, not the likelihood that actual election results would fall within the intervals.
Evolution of voting intentions according to polls conducted during the pre-campaign period of the 45th Canadian federal election, graphed from the data in the table below. Trendlines are 30-poll local regressions, with polls weighted by proximity in time and a logarithmic function of sample size. 95% confidence ribbons represent uncertainty about the trendlines, not the likelihood that actual election results would fall within the intervals.

Results

Main article: Results of the 2025 Canadian federal election

Candidate nominations were open until April 7, with Elections Canada publishing a list of nominated candidates on April 9.[121]

Results summary of the 2025 Canadian federal election
Party Party leader Candidates Seats Popular vote
2021 Dissol. 2025 Change
from 2021 		% seats Votes Vote
change 		% pp change % where
running
Liberal Mark Carney 342[k] 160 152 169 Increase 9 49.3%
Conservative Pierre Poilievre 342[l] 119 120 143 Increase 24 41.7%
Bloc Québécois Yves-François Blanchet 78 32 33 23 Decrease 9 6.7% 1,236,338 Decrease 65,277 27.65%
New Democratic Jagmeet Singh 342[m] 25 24 7 Decrease 18 2.0%
Green Elizabeth May & Jonathan Pedneault 232 2 2 1 Decrease 1 0.3%
People's Maxime Bernier 247 – – – Steady – 136,974 Decrease 704,019 0.94%
  Independent and No Affiliation 177[n] – 3 – Steady – 39,499 Increase 7,018 0.31%
Christian Heritage Rodney L. Taylor 32 – – – Steady – 10,063 Increase 1,078 0.46%
Rhinoceros Chinook B. Blais-Leduc 29 – – – Steady – 7,063 Increase 978 0.41%
United Grant S. Abraham 16 New – – New – 6,061 New New 0.57%
Libertarian Jacques Y. Boudreau 16 – – – Steady – 5,561 Increase 796 0.57%
Marxist–Leninist Anna Di Carlo 35 – – – Steady – 4,996 Increase 464 0.25%
Communist Elizabeth Rowley 24 – – – Steady – 4,685 Decrease 15 0.36%
Centrist A. Q. Rana 19 – – – Steady – 3,314 Increase 2,666 0.31%
Canadian Future Dominic Cardy 19 New – – New – 3,123 New New 0.27%
Animal Protection Liz White 7 – – – Steady – 1,301 Decrease 1,245 0.32%
Marijuana Blair T. Longley 2 – – – Steady – 133 Decrease 1,898 0.09%
  Vacant 4 —
Total valid votes 100.00% – –
Total rejected ballots –
Total 1,959 338 338 343 Increase 5 100.00% 100.00% – 100.00%
Electorate (eligible voters)/turnout –
Source: Elections Canada[121]
Swing maps
Two-party vote swing Two-party seat swing

Judicial recounts

On May 5, Irek Kusmierczyk, the Liberal candidate running in Windsor—Tecumseh—Lakeshore, applied for a judicial recount.[185] Furthermore, with differences in votes slimmer than 0.1%, judicial recounts are expected in 3 ridings.[186]

Riding Initial validated results, first and second place Recount type Recount date Judicially certified results, first and second place
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes %
Milton East—Halton Hills South, Ontario   Kristina Tesser Derksen, Lib. 32,130 48.26% Automatic
  Parm Gill, Con. 32,101 48.21%
Terra Nova—The Peninsulas, Newfoundland   Anthony Germain, Lib. 19,704 47.97% Automatic
  Jonathan Rowe, Con. 19,692 47.94%
Terrebonne, Quebec[187]   Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagné, BQ 23,340 38.77% Automatic 8 May, 2025
  Tatiana Auguste, Lib. 23,296 38.70%
Windsor—Tecumseh—Lakeshore, Ontario   Kathy Borrelli, Con. 32,062 45.80% Requested
  Irek Kusmierczyk, Lib. 31,985 45.69%

Results by province

Distribution of seats and popular vote %, by party by province/territory (2025)[188][189]
Party name BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE NL YT NT NU Total
  Liberal Seats: 20 2 1 6 70 43 6 10 4 5 1 1 - 169
Vote: 42.3 28.4 26.8 41.2 49.6 43.0 53.6 58.1 57.6 54.4 53.1 53.8 36.4 43.8
  Conservative Seats: 19 34 13 7 52 11 4 1 - 2 - - - 143
Vote: 41.5 64.8 65.1 46.9 44.3 23.5 40.7 35.7 36.9 40.0 38.5 33.2 26.1 41.3
  Bloc Québécois Seats: 23 23
Vote: 28.0 6.3
  NDP Seats: 3 1 – 1 – 1 – – - - - - 1 7
Vote: 13.2 6.4 7.6 11.2 4.9 4.5 2.9 5.3 2.4 5.5 6.3 12.0 37.4 6.3
  Green Seats: 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
Vote: 3.0 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.2 0.9 1.7 1.0 2.2 0.1 2.1 1.0 – 1.2
Seats: 43 37 14 14 122 78 10 11 4 7 1 1 1 343

10 closest ridings

Incumbents are denoted in bold and followed by (I).

Riding Winner Runner-up Vote difference
Terra Nova—The Peninsulas   Anthony Germain   Jonathan Rowe 12
Milton East—Halton Hills South   Kristina Tesser Derksen   Parm Gill 29
Terrebonne   Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagné (I)   Tatiana Auguste 44
Windsor—Tecumseh—Lakeshore   Kathy Borrelli   Irek Kusmierczyk (I) 77
Nunavut   Lori Idlout (I)   Kilikvak Kabloona 77
Vancouver Kingsway   Don Davies (I)   Amy Gill 303
Kitchener Centre   Kelly DeRidder   Mike Morrice (I) 375
Miramichi—Grand Lake   Mike Dawson   Lisa Harris 384
Kitchener—Conestoga   Tim Louis (I)   Doug Treleaven 522
Montmorency—Charlevoix   Gabriel Hardy   Caroline Desbiens (I) 524

Seats that changed hands

Elections to the 44th Parliament of Canada – seats won/lost by party, 2021–2025
Party 2021 Gain from (loss to) 2025
Lib Con NDP BQ Grn
Liberal 157 12 (17) 7 11 (1) 169
Conservative 126 17 (12) 10 1 1 143
New Democratic 24 (7) (10) 7
Bloc Québécois 34 1 (11) (1) 23
Green 2 (1) 1
Total 343 18 (30) 12 (29) 17 – 12 (1) 1 – 343

The following seats changed allegiance from the 2021 redistributed results.

MPs who lost re-election

See also: List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2025 Canadian federal election

Analysis and aftermath

Wikinews has related news:

The election results represented a significant contrast to the polling estimates prior to the election. In December 2024, the Conservatives had a 20 percentage point lead over the Liberals; however, Trudeau's resignation and U.S. president Donald Trump's hostile foreign policy towards Canada were reasons that led to a significant change in public opinion that favored the Liberals. Comparisons have been made to the Australian federal election held on May 3, 2025, where the incumbent centre-left government, led by the Labor Party, overturned a significant deficit in polling, made gains, and remained in government. Commentators spoke of a negative "Trump effect" as the Australian opposition conservative leader Peter Dutton also lost his seat.[190][191][192]

Strategic voting played a role in the election, which benefitted the Liberals, moving it closer to a two-party system.[11][12] The declining performance of the New Democratic Party (NDP) in the election was also attributed to strategic voting.[12][193] Alex Marland, the Jarislowsky chair in trust and political leadership at Acadia University in Nova Scotia, said that Trump's interference and threats significantly affected the results, stating, "It really galvanized progressives, people on the political left. You can see the collapse of the NDP vote. A big reason for people who would have voted NDP ending up voting Liberal was really because of fear over Donald Trump."[12] Gabriel Arsenault, a political science professor at the Université de Moncton, emphasised the results being closer to a two-party system. In December 2024, the Liberals and Conservatives were polling together around 65 percent of the intention votes versus the around 85 percent they got in the election. In reference to the NDP, Arsenault added, "[Pierre] Poilievre sought votes among workers, and usually that would be the main group where the NDP got its votes, so I think it has to transform itself."[12] As for the Green Party, which won only one seat, Arsenault said, "We'll have to see if this is just temporary because of Trump, or [if] this is illustrative of a bigger trend here."[12]

Analysis by The Economist, which called the 29-point swing comeback in polls by the Liberals as "one of the widest on record in any democracy",[6] noted that the two best predictors of the margin shift from Conservatives to Liberals were education and immigration: the Liberals gained in ridings with more university graduates and native-born voters, while the Conservatives benefited in ridings with more voters who were either foreign-born or did not hold degrees.[194] Religion was also a factor in certain results, where secular and Muslim voters tended to favour the Liberals while more heavily Jewish ridings swung to the Conservatives.[194]

Liberal Party

The Liberal Party regained a leading position in this election, reversing previous polling in which it trailed behind the Conservative Party. With a vote share of 43.8%, it achieved its highest level of support since 1980 and marked its strongest performance since taking office in 2015. Although the party secured 169 seats—falling three seats short of the 172 needed for a majority—it successfully formed a minority government. The Liberals led in Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, and the Atlantic provinces. Quebec saw the most notable gains, with the party winning 10 more seats than in 2021. The Liberals also performed well in the city of Toronto (particularly in the more urban and affluent areas south of Highway 401), reclaiming a seat lost in last year's by-election, and produced dominant margins in the Ottawa region. However, their seat count in Ontario dropped by five compared to the previous election, in part due to losses in the York region north of Toronto.[195] In Manitoba, the party won six seats, just one fewer than the Conservatives.[196][197]

Carney made a victory speech on election night after winning his seat of Nepean; he emphasized that regardless of which party Canadians supported, he would strive to be a prime minister for all. He said he would "always do my best to serve everyone who calls Canada home".[198] On international matters, Carney expressed serious concern regarding Trump. He criticized Trump for imposing tariffs and using trade pressure in attempts to weaken Canada's economy, while also publicly questioning the country's sovereignty.[198] He said, "There is someone trying to undermine our economy: Donald Trump."[199] In response to Trump's past remarks suggesting that Canada could become the 51st state of the U.S., Carney firmly declared, "The United States is not Canada. Canada will never, under any circumstance, become part of the United States."[198] Carney received congratulations from domestic leaders, including Premier Danielle Smith of Alberta, Premier Doug Ford of Ontario, Premier Scott Moe of Saskatchewan, and Mayor Olivia Chow of Toronto.[200]

Conservative Party

The Conservative Party achieved its highest vote share in decades in this election, garnering 41.3% of the vote—the highest for a conservative party since 1988 and the best result since the modern party's founding in 2003. The party secured 143 seats, second only to its majority government victory in 2011. Nevertheless, it still fell short of the Liberal Party in both vote share and seat count. Despite the overall electoral defeat, the Conservatives maintained a strong advantage in the three Prairie provinces. The party also made notable gains in areas traditionally less favourable to it, including the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Vancouver Island and surrounding coastal regions in British Columbia, as well as several working-class regions such as Windsor and northern Ontario which political analyst Douglas Todd stated "helped shatter the myth that people who normally vote NDP would never vote for the Conservatives".[201][202] Polling conducted for CBC News found that Conservative gains in York Region and Peel Region were driven by concerns about affordability, crime and immigration policies. [203]

In total, the Conservatives gained 23 seats—six more than the Liberals' gain of 17 seats. The largest increase was in Ontario, where they picked up 15 new seats, a third of which were in York Region; in British Columbia, they gained 5 seats, just one fewer than the Liberals. They also gained one seat each in Newfoundland and Labrador and in Quebec, while in Nova Scotia the party lost 2 seats and was left with only one. After the election results were announced, Conservative Party leader Pierre Poilievre delivered a concession speech in which he emphasized that he would continue to serve as Conservative Party leader, and that the party would remain an effective opposition in Parliament, focusing on issues such as the economy, cost of living, housing, and defending the interests of Canadians.[204] Shortly after the speech, it was confirmed that he had been defeated by Liberal Party candidate Bruce Fanjoy in the riding of Carleton.[205] Voters in the area told the CBC that Poilievre's support for the 2022 Freedom Convoy protest which occupied part of the city core and his pledge to reduce the public service contributed to his loss in the riding.[206] Calls for Poilievre to resign as Conservative leader grew following the election result.[207][208]

A few days after election day, Conservative MP Damien Kurek, who was re-elected with over 80% of the vote in the Alberta riding of Battle River—Crowfoot, one of the party's safest ridings, announced his intention to resign in order to allow Poilievre to run in the succeeding by-election.[209] Kurek will have to wait 30 days after the results of the election are published in the Canada Gazette in order to resign, and plans to run in Battle River-Crowfoot in the upcoming general election[210] Until Poilievre is officially back in the House, he will be ineligible to continue as Leader of the Opposition, resulting in former Conservative leader Andrew Scheer being appointed interim leader in the House of Commons.[211][212][213]

Bloc Québécois

In this election, the Bloc Québécois garnered only 6.3% of the national vote, with support in Quebec dropping to 27.7%. The party won 23 seats, nine fewer than in the previous election, marking its third-worst performance in history. The Bloc failed to consolidate its advantage in Quebec, with the Liberal Party capturing key constituencies. Several prominent members, including the party’s House Leader Alain Therrien, were defeated.

After learning the results of the election, party leader Yves-François Blanchet admitted his party had suffered a setback and accepted the voters' decision. He acknowledged the party's losses but pointed to external factors, such as Trump's tariff policies and controversial remarks about Canada, as well as the Liberal Party's perceived use of fear-based campaigning, as contributing to the defeat. Blanchet stressed that the Bloc would remain committed to standing up for Quebec's interests and called for cooperation among all parties in Parliament to meet the country's shared responsibilities. He added that the Bloc would continue to play a constructive role in Parliament to ensure Quebecers' voices are not sidelined at the federal level. He also noted that the seats won by the Bloc place it in a position of influence in a minority government. He said, "We will speak up for Quebec clearly and confidently, but we will do so in a way that fosters unity rather than division."[214][215]

New Democratic Party

In this election, the New Democratic Party secured only 6.3% of the national vote and won just 7 seats, marking the worst result in its history. Compared to the previous election, the party lost 18 seats—7 to the Liberals and 10 to the Conservatives—and its vote share dropped significantly. Party leader Jagmeet Singh also failed to win re-election. Falling short of the 12-seat threshold, the NDP lost its official party status for the first time since 1993.

On election night, having been defeated in Burnaby Central and with the NDP at risk of losing official party status, Jagmeet Singh announced that he would resign as party leader once an interim leader was chosen in advance of the next leadership election.[216] Singh confirmed that he had informed the party's senior leadership of his incoming resignation and said he would assist with the transition until an interim leader is chosen.[217] In a candid statement, Singh acknowledged the outcome as disappointing but emphasized that it was part of the democratic process. As party leader, he stated he must take political responsibility for the result. Singh said, "Leading the New Democratic Party has been one of the greatest honours of my life, although today's result is difficult to accept, my belief in this party remains unshaken. I believe it is time for new voices and new energy to take us into the next chapter."[218] Don Davies was selected as interim leader on May 5, 2025.[219]

Green Party

The Green Party won only one seat, one less than the previous election, receiving the party's worst popular vote since 2000. Its national vote share was 1.2%, a drop of 1.13 percentage points from 2.33% in 2021. The only seat secured was in the British Columbia riding of Saanich—Gulf Islands, where party leader Elizabeth May was re-elected. Meanwhile, co-leader Jonathan Pedneault failed to win in the riding of Outremont.

After the election results were announced, Green Party co-leader Pedneault expressed regret that the party had won only one seat and failed to gain broad support from voters. He acknowledged that the Greens had not achieved the breakthrough they had hoped for in this election. Pedneault stated that, as co-leader, he bore political responsibility for the outcome and thus chose to resign from his leadership position. He emphasized that this decision was not driven by personal disappointment, but by a commitment to responsible party leadership.[220]

International reactions

Carney received calls and messages of congratulations from world leaders, including Prime Minister Keir Starmer of the United Kingdom, President Donald Trump of the United States, President Emmanuel Macron of France, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese of Australia, and Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India.[221][222]

World leaders

  •  Australia: Prime Minister Anthony Albanese congratulated Carney on his election victory, expressing a commitment to strengthening the longstanding friendship between Australia and Canada. He emphasized the importance of continued cooperation amid global uncertainty for the benefit of both nations' citizens.[223]
  •  Brazil: President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva congratulated Carney on his election victory and said it intends to deepen cooperation "in areas of mutual interest, such as the promotion and protection of human rights and the fight against climate change". He signaled an interest in taking a step forward in a possible agreement between Mercosur and the Canadian government.[224]
  •  Croatia: Prime Minister Andrej Plenković congratulated Carney on election victory. He said: "I look forward to our future cooperation and strengthening of relations. We continue to stand together as NATO allies in confronting joint challenges and defending shared values."[225]
  •  Czech Republic: Prime Minister Petr Fiala congratulated Carney on his electoral victory, emphasizing that Canada is a key partner and ally of the Czech Republic. He expressed eagerness to strengthen bilateral cooperation, both within NATO and in the broader context of Canada–EU relations.[226]
  •  Estonia: President Alar Karis congratulated Carney on his election victory. He said: "Estonia deeply values our strong friendship & Canada's leadership in advancing international security & democratic values. I look forward to building strong cooperation bilaterally & within the transatlantic community."[227] Prime Minister Kristen Michal also congratulated Carney and the Liberal Party.[228]
  •  Finland: Prime Minister Petteri Orpo congratulated Carney on his election as Prime Minister of Canada and expressed his hopes for continued close cooperation between Finland and Canada. He also extended his best wishes to Carney in his new role.[229]
  •  France: President Emmanuel Macron congratulated Carney on his victory, praising his leadership as a symbol of a strong Canada amid global challenges. Macron expressed enthusiasm for deepening the Franco-Canadian friendship and looked forward to working closely "elbow to elbow" with the new Canadian leader.[230]
  •  Germany: Chancellor Olaf Scholz congratulated Carney on the election victory and emphasised that they share mutual values.[231]
  •  Iceland: Prime Minister Kristrún Frostadóttir congratulated Carney on the election victory and said that Iceland considers Canada to be one its closest allies.[232]
  •  India: Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated Carney and the Liberal Party on their election victory. Highlighting the shared democratic values, rule of law, and strong people-to-people ties between India and Canada, Modi expressed his intention to work with Carney to strengthen bilateral relations and expand opportunities for both nations.[233]
  •  Japan: Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba congratulated Carney and said he looked forward to working closely with Carney to "enhance our strategic partnership and jointly promote a free and open Indo-Pacific."[234]
  •  Latvia: President Edgars Rinkēvičs congratulated Carney on his electoral victory and continuing as Prime Minister of Canada. He said: "Latvia and Canada enjoy strong bilateral relations. We are particularly grateful for Canada's leadership of NATO Multinational brigade in Latvia. Look forward to continue."[235]
  •  Lithuania: President Gitanas Nauseda congratulated Carney on his election victory.[236]
  •  Luxembourg: Prime Minister Luc Frieden congratulated Carney on his victory in the election and hoped to co-operate further.[237]
  •  Malaysia: Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim congratulated Carney on his victory in the election. He expressed readiness to work closely with Carney to strengthen bilateral relations, particularly through the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). Anwar also highlighted that the election marks a new beginning for Canada, reaffirming the country's commitment to independence, resilience and principled leadership in uncertain times.[238]
  •  New Zealand: Prime Minister Christopher Luxon congratulated Carney on his election result. He said: "There's so much New Zealand and Canada share in common, with a lot more we can do together. I look forward to working with you as you get down to business."[239]
  •  Norway: Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre congratulated Carney on winning the election. He said that "Canada is a close friend, partner and ally. We will continue our cooperation, especially on security, Ukraine, Arctic and climate issues. We are strongest when we are united."[240]
  •  Sweden: Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson congratulated Carney for being elected Prime Minister of Canada and said: "Sweden and Canada are great friends and allies, and I look forward to further develop the excellent cooperation."[241]
  •  Taiwan: President Lai Ching-te extended congratulations to Carney and the Liberal Party on their election victory. He expressed appreciation for Canada's support and looked forward to strengthening bilateral ties through enhanced cooperation in technology, cultural exchange, and other areas.[242]
  •  Ukraine: President Volodymyr Zelenskyy congratulated Carney and the Liberal Party on their electoral victory, expressing deep appreciation for Canada's steadfast support. He acknowledged Canada's leadership in providing military, financial, and humanitarian aid, as well as imposing sanctions on Russia. Zelenskyy voiced confidence in an even stronger partnership grounded in shared values of peace, justice, and security.[243]
  •  United Kingdom: Prime Minister Keir Starmer congratulated Carney on his election victory and emphasized the importance of strengthening the economic relationship between the UK and Canada, highlighting shared goals of security and prosperity for working people.[244]
  •  United States: President Donald Trump congratulated Carney on his victory, with the two leaders agreeing to meet in the near future.[245][246]

Organizations

  •  European Union: President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen congratulated Carney and the Liberal Party on their election victory.[247]
  •  NATO: Secretary General Mark Rutte congratulated Carney on the election win. Rutte said that Canada is a valued member of NATO and he look forward to working together to build a stronger and fairer alliance, investing more in defence amd ramping up industrial production.[248]

Student vote results

Student votes are mock elections that run parallel to actual elections, in which students not of voting age participate. They are administered by Student Vote Canada. These are for educational purposes and do not count towards the results.[249] The Conservatives won a minority government in the poll.[250]

162 149 17 13 2
Conservative Liberal Bloc NDP Green
Map of the Student Vote results
Summary of the 2025 Canadian Student Vote
Party Leader Seats Popular vote
Elected % Δ Votes % Δ (pp)
Conservative Pierre Poilievre 162 47.23 Increase 74 326,201 36.36 Increase 11.28
Liberal Mark Carney 149 43.44 Increase 32 285,294 31.80 Increase 7.76
Bloc Québécois Yves-François Blanchet 17 4.96 Decrease 4 19,638 2.19 Increase 0.13
New Democratic Jagmeet Singh 13 3.79 Decrease 94 130,015 14.49 Decrease 13.98
Green Elizabeth May & Jonathan Pedneault 2 0.58 Decrease 1 66,628 7.43 Decrease 2.35
Other 0 0 Steady  37,735 4.21 Increase 0.27
People's Maxime Bernier 0 0 Steady 31,625 3.53 Decrease 3.27
Total 343 100.00 Increase 5 897,136 100.00 –
Source: Student Vote Canada[251]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Not the incumbent, but stood in this seat and won.
  2. ^ Though parties registered with Elections Canada can field candidates in any riding they wish, the Bloc Québécois has never fielded candidates outside of Quebec (78 seats), thus rendering it impossible for the party to gain a majority in Parliament.
  3. ^ Burnaby South, which Singh represented before the election, was abolished during the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution; Singh ran for re-election in the new riding of Burnaby Central, which encompasses much of the same territory.
  4. ^ At that time, their predecessor party, the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (then led by Brian Mulroney) was active. Moreover, this remains true even when combining the Progressive Conservative and Reform/Canadian Alliance vote shares from 1993 through 2000.
  5. ^ While formal results showed the Liberals winning 160 seats, those totals include Kevin Vuong, who was disavowed during the campaign by his party, and sat as an Independent in the House of Commons from 2021 to 2025.
  6. ^ Party affiliation of retiring MPs at the time of the 2021 federal election
  7. ^ Also endorsed incumbent NDP MPs.
  8. ^ Under the 2021 debate rules, the party would have qualified by having received over 4% (4.94%) of the vote in the 2021 election.[177] This criterion was removed in the 2025 eligibility rules.
  9. ^ Despite having two co-leaders, the Greens chose Pedneault to represent them in all debates and interviews.[184]
  10. ^ a b Invited on April 1. Invitation rescinded on April 16 due to the party running candidates in fewer than 90% of ridings.[176]
  11. ^ In the riding of Ponoka—Didsbury, Zarnab Zafar was endorsed by the Liberal Party, but, due to a clerical error with Elections Canada, her party affiliation was not registered.[114]
  12. ^ In the riding of Québec Centre, Conservative candidate Chanie Thériault had her paperwork rejected by Elections Canada; the party did not specify the reason(s).[114]
  13. ^ In the riding of South Shore—St. Margarets, NDP candidate Brendan Mosher dropped out of the race for personal reasons. Hayden Henderson was endorsed by the NDP, but was listed on the ballot as an Independent candidate.[114][117]
  14. ^ 159 Independents, 18 No Affiliation; 83 participated in the Longest Ballot Committee protest in the riding of Carleton.

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  228. ^ Michal, Kristen [@KristenMichalPM] (April 29, 2025). "Congratulations, @MarkJCarney and the Liberal Party, on your election win. Canada and Estonia share close ties built on trust and common values. Your contribution to Baltic security is highly valued. Looking forward to continue strengthening the bond between our nations. 🇪🇪🤝🇨🇦" (Tweet). Retrieved May 3, 2025 – via Twitter.
  229. ^ Orpo, Petteri [@PetteriOrpo] (April 29, 2025). "Congratulations @MarkJCarney for being elected as Prime Minister of Canada. I look forward to continued close cooperation between our countries and wish you success in your important role 🇫🇮🇨🇦" (Tweet). Retrieved May 2, 2025 – via Twitter.
  230. ^ Macron, Emmanuel [@EmmanuelMacron] (April 29, 2025). "Dear @MarkJCarney, congratulations on your victory. You embody a strong Canada in the face of today's challenges. France is glad to further strengthen the friendship which unites our two countries. I'm looking forward to working with you — 'elbow to elbow!'" (Tweet). Retrieved May 2, 2025 – via Twitter.
  231. ^ Bundeskanzler a.D. Olaf Scholz [@Bundeskanzler] (April 30, 2025). "Congratulations on your election victory, dear @MarkJCarney" (Tweet). Archived from the original on May 7, 2025. Retrieved May 7, 2025 – via Twitter. Canada and Germany are a "perfect match" – not only economically. We are united by our values. You can count on having close friends and allies in Europe and Germany.
  232. ^ Frostadóttir, Kristrún [@KristrunFrosta] (April 30, 2025). "Warmest congratulations to Prime Minister @MarkJCarney on your election victory. Iceland considers Canada among its closest allies and we look forward to further deepening our rich cooperation across a range of fields 🇮🇸🇨🇦" (Tweet). Retrieved May 5, 2025 – via Twitter.
  233. ^ Modi, Narendra [@narendramodi] (April 29, 2025). "Congratulations @MarkJCarney on your election as the Prime Minister of Canada and to the Liberal Party on their victory. India and Canada are bound by shared democratic values, a steadfast commitment to the rule of law, and vibrant people-to-people ties. I look forward to working with you to strengthen our partnership and unlock greater opportunities for our people" (Tweet). Retrieved May 2, 2025 – via Twitter.
  234. ^ Ishiba, Shigeru [@shigeruishiba] (April 29, 2025). "Heartfelt congratulations to @MarkJCarney. I look forward to working closely with you to enhance our strategic partnership and jointly promote a free and open Indo-Pacific" (Tweet). Retrieved May 3, 2025 – via Twitter.
  235. ^ Rinkēvičs, Edgars [@edgarsrinkevics] (April 29, 2025). "Congratulations to @MarkJCarney on your electoral victory and continuing as Prime Minister of Canada. Latvia and Canada enjoy strong bilateral relations. We are particularly grateful for Canada's leadership of NATO Multinational brigade in Latvia. Look forward to continue. 🇱🇻 🇨🇦" (Tweet). Retrieved May 3, 2025 – via Twitter.
  236. ^ Gitanas, Nausėda [@GitanasNauseda] (April 29, 2025). "Warm congratulations to @MarkJCarney on your election victory. Lithuania and Canada are close NATO allies, united by strong bilateral ties and shared values. Canada's unwavering commitment to the security of the Baltic region, NATO's eastern flank, and support for Ukraine is deeply valued. I look forward to working closely together to further strengthen Ukraine's security and deepen transatlantic unity at this critical time" (Tweet). Retrieved May 3, 2025 – via Twitter.
  237. ^ Frieden, Luc [@LucFrieden] (April 30, 2025). "Warm congratulations to @MarkJCarney on your election as Prime Minister of Canada" (Tweet). Archived from the original on May 7, 2025. Retrieved May 7, 2025 – via Twitter. In a world where cooperation between allies and friends matters more than ever, I look forward to working with you to further deepen our political and economic ties, based on our common values.
  238. ^ "PM Anwar ucap tahniah kepada Mark Carney atas kemenangan Pilihan Raya Kanada". Astro Awani (in Malay). April 29, 2025. Retrieved May 6, 2025.
  239. ^ Luxon, Christopher [@chrisluxonmp] (April 29, 2025). "Congratulations @MarkJCarney on your election result. There's so much New Zealand and Canada share in common, with a lot more we can do together. I look forward to working with you as you get down to business" (Tweet). Retrieved May 3, 2025 – via Twitter.
  240. ^ Gahr Støre, Jonas [@jonasgahrstore] (April 29, 2025). "Congratulations @MarkJCarney on winning the 🇨🇦 election. Canada is a close friend, partner and ally. We will continue our cooperation, especially on security, Ukraine, Arctic and climate issues. We are strongest when we are united" (Tweet). Retrieved May 3, 2025 – via Twitter.
  241. ^ Ulf Kristersson, Ulf [@SwedishPM] (April 29, 2025). "Congratulations @MarkJCarney for being elected Prime Minister of Canada! Sweden and Canada are great friends and allies, and I look forward to further develop the excellent cooperation" (Tweet). Retrieved May 2, 2025 – via Twitter.
  242. ^ Ching-te, Lai [@ChingteLai] (April 30, 2025). "Warmest congratulations to @MarkJCarney & the Liberal Party on their election victory. #Taiwan deeply appreciates #Canada's steadfast support & looks forward to deepening our partnership through closer cooperation in technology, cultural engagement & beyond" (Tweet). Retrieved May 2, 2025 – via Twitter.
  243. ^ Zelenskyy, Volodymyr [@ZelenskyyUa] (April 29, 2025). "Congratulations to @MarkJCarney and the Liberal Party on their victory in the Canadian federal election. Ukraine deeply values our close ties with Canada and the unwavering support of the Canadian people. We are sincerely grateful for Canada's principled leadership in supporting Ukraine — from military, financial, and humanitarian assistance to imposing sanctions against Russia. We are confident that our partnership will only grow stronger in our shared pursuit of peace, justice, and security" (Tweet). Retrieved May 2, 2025 – via Twitter.
  244. ^ Starmer, Kair [@Keir_Starmer] (April 29, 2025). "Congratulations to @MarkJCarney on your election victory. We will work together to deepen our economic relationship and deliver security for working people in the UK and Canada" (Tweet). Retrieved May 2, 2025 – via Twitter.
  245. ^ Murphy, Jessica (April 29, 2025). "Trump congratulates Canada's Carney as they agree to meet in 'near future'". BBC. Retrieved May 2, 2025.
  246. ^ Boynton, Sean (April 29, 2025). "Trump congratulates Carney on election win, agrees to future meeting: PMO". Global News. Retrieved May 2, 2025.
  247. ^ von Der Layen, Urusula [@vonderleyen] (April 29, 2025). "Congratulations to @MarkJCarney and the Liberal Party on their election victory. The bond between Europe and Canada is strong — and growing stronger. I look forward to working closely together, both bilaterally and within the G7. We'll defend our shared democratic values, promote multilateralism, and champion free and fair trade" (Tweet). Retrieved May 3, 2025 – via Twitter.
  248. ^ Rutte, Mark [@SecGenNATO] (April 29, 2025). "Congratulations to Prime Minister @MarkJCarney on the election win. Canada is a valued member of NATO. I look forward to working together to build an even stronger, fairer Alliance – investing more in defence & ramping up industrial production so we have what we need to stay safe" (Tweet). Retrieved May 3, 2025 – via Twitter.
  249. ^ "Student Vote". Student Vote Canada. Retrieved April 29, 2025.
  250. ^ Otis, Daniel (April 29, 2025). "Students in Canada elected the Conservatives in a mock federal election". CTVNews. Retrieved May 5, 2025.
  251. ^ "Student Vote Canada 2025 — Results". Retrieved April 29, 2025.
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