Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/All
Today's anniversaries
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Phạm Ngọc Thảo
- 1790 – President George Washington signed the Residence Act, selecting a new permanent site along the Potomac River for the capital of the United States, which later became Washington, D.C.
- 1950 – Korean War: A Korean People's Army unit massacred 31 prisoners of war of the U.S. Army on a mountain near the village of Tuman.
- 1965 – South Vietnamese Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo (pictured)—an undetected communist spy—was reported dead due to injuries sustained during his capture, but it is generally assumed he was killed on the orders of military officials.
- 1990 – A 7.8 MS earthquake struck the densely populated Philippine island of Luzon, killing an estimated 1,621 people.
- 2008 – A tainted milk powder scandal broke in China which ultimately involved an estimated 300,000 victims, the vast majority infants, with 54,000 hospitalized with kidney problems and six deaths.
- Mary Todd Lincoln (d. 1882)
- Stan McCabe (b. 1910)
- Will Ferrell (b. 1967)
- Alcides Ghiggia (d. 2015)
Selected anniversaries for January
[edit]January 1: Public Domain Day; Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Roman Rite Catholicism)
Lachlan Macquarie
- 1725 – J. S. Bach led the first performance of his chorale cantata Jesu, nun sei gepreiset, which features trumpet fanfares at the start and end.
- 1801 – Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi discovered the dwarf planet Ceres, naming it after the Roman goddess of agriculture and of motherly love.
- 1810 – Lachlan Macquarie (pictured) became Governor of New South Wales, eventually playing a major role in the social, economic and architectural development of the colony in Australia.
- 1960 – Three men were killed and two wounded in a mass shooting at a public house in Sheffield, England.
- 1994 – The revolutionary leftist Zapatista Army of National Liberation initiated twelve days of armed conflict in the Mexican state of Chiapas.
- Betsy Ross (b. 1752)
- Alfred Ely Beach (d. 1896)
- Gary Johnson (b. 1953)
- Lhasa de Sela (d. 2010)
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January 2: Feast day of Saint Gregory of Nazianzus and Saint Basil of Caesarea (Roman Rite Catholicism, Anglicanism)
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A. Mitchell Palmer
- 1865 – Uruguayan War: Brazilian and Colorado Party forces captured the city of Paysandú from its Uruguayan defenders.
- 1920 – Under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer (pictured), U.S. Department of Justice agents launched a series of raids against radical leftists and anarchists in more than 30 cities and towns across 23 states.
- 1991 – Sharon Pratt Dixon was sworn in as the mayor of Washington, D.C., becoming the first African-American woman to hold the position.
- 2004 – The Stardust space probe flew by the comet Wild 2 and collected particle samples from its coma, which were later returned to Earth.
- 2016 – Nimr al-Nimr, a prominent Shia cleric in Saudi Arabia, was executed by the Saudi government along with 46 other people.
- Salima Sultan Begum (d. 1613)
- Queen Emma of Hawaii (b. 1836)
- Mily Balakirev (b. 1837)
- Edgar Martínez (b. 1963)
Painting of the Battle of Princeton
- 250 – Decius ordered all people in the Roman Empire (except Jews) to perform a sacrifice to the Roman gods, resulting in widespread persecution of Christians.
- 1777 – American Revolutionary War: American forces commanded by George Washington defeated British troops at the Battle of Princeton (depicted).
- 1990 – United States invasion of Panama: Manuel Noriega, the deposed strongman of Panama, surrendered to American forces outside the apostolic nunciature in Panama City.
- 2002 – Second Intifada: Israeli forces seized MV Karine A, which was carrying 50 tons of smuggled weapons on behalf of the Palestinian Authority.
- George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (d. 1670)
- Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie (b. 1810)
- Savitribai Phule (b. 1831)
- Frenchy Bordagaray (b. 1910)
January 4: Colonial Repression Martyrs' Day in Angola (1961)
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Solomon Northup
- 1853 – Solomon Northup (pictured) regained his freedom after having been sold into slavery in the American South; his memoir Twelve Years a Slave later became a bestseller.
- 1970 – A magnitude-7.1 earthquake occurred in Tonghai County, China, killing at least 15,000 people.
- 1977 – The English punk-rock band Sex Pistols' lewd and disruptive behaviour at Heathrow Airport prompted the record label EMI to end their contract.
- 2010 – The Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest structure, officially opened in Dubai.
- 2020 – Sembawang Hot Spring Park in Singapore reopened after being redeveloped by the National Parks Board.
- Louis Braille (b. 1809)
- Brian Josephson (b. 1940)
- Albert Camus (d. 1960)
- Brian Horrocks (d. 1985)
January 5: Twelfth Night (Western Christianity)
Harry S. Truman
- 1757 – King Louis XV survived an assassination attempt by Robert-François Damiens, who later became the last person in France to be executed by drawing and quartering.
- 1869 – Te Kooti's War: After surviving a five-day siege in the pā at Ngātapa, Māori leader Te Kooti escaped from New Zealand's Armed Constabulary.
- 1919 – The German Workers' Party, the precursor of the Nazi Party, was founded by Anton Drexler.
- 1949 – In his State of the Union speech, U.S. president Harry S. Truman (pictured) announced: "Every segment of our population, and every individual, has a right to expect from his government a fair deal."
- 2003 – The Metropolitan Police arrested six people in conjunction with an alleged terrorist plot to release ricin on the London Underground, although no toxin was found.
- al-Mu'tasim (d. 842)
- Joseph Erlanger (b. 1874)
- Edmund Herring (d. 1982)
- Pierre Boulez (d. 2016)
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Constantine XI Palaiologos
- 1449 – Four years before the fall of Constantinople, Constantine XI Palaiologos (pictured) assumed the throne as the last Byzantine emperor.
- 1725 – J. S. Bach led the first performance of Liebster Immanuel, Herzog der Frommen, a chorale cantata for Epiphany.
- 1912 – German geophysicist Alfred Wegener presented his theory of continental drift, the precursor of plate tectonics, to the German Geological Society.
- 1953 – The inaugural Asian Socialist Conference, an organisation of socialist political parties, opened in Rangoon with 177 delegates, observers and fraternal guests.
- 2014 – The first episode of the documentary series Benefits Street aired on Channel 4, prompting discussion in the United Kingdom about welfare dependency.
- Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros (b. 1756)
- Earl Scruggs (b. 1924)
- Babrak Karmal (b. 1929)
- Sybil Plumlee (d. 2012)
January 7: Christmas (Eastern Christianity; Julian calendar); Victory over Genocide Day in Cambodia; Laba Festival in China (2025)
CQD in Morse code
- 1797 – The Italian tricolour was first adopted as an official flag by the government of the Cispadane Republic.
- 1904 – The Marconi International Marine Communication Company specified CQD (audio featured) as the distress signal to be used by its operators.
- 1939 – French physicist Marguerite Perey identified francium, the last element to be discovered in nature rather than by synthesis.
- 1979 – The People's Army of Vietnam captured Phnom Penh, marking the end of large-scale fighting in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.
- 2020 – After 253 days without an operational government, a second round of investiture votes produced Spain's first coalition government since the Second Republic.
- Francis Poulenc (b. 1899)
- Melly Goeslaw (b. 1974)
- Richard Hamming (d. 1998)
- Run Run Shaw (d. 2014)
Blackstone Library
- 1697 – Scottish student Thomas Aikenhead became the last person in Great Britain to be executed for blasphemy.
- 1904 – Blackstone Library (pictured), the first branch of the Chicago Public Library system, was dedicated.
- 1977 – Three bombs attributed to Armenian nationalists exploded across Moscow, killing seven people and injuring 37 people.
- 1981 – In Trans-en-Provence, France, a local farmer reported a UFO sighting claimed to be "perhaps the most completely and carefully documented sighting of all time".
- 2011 – Jared Lee Loughner opened fire at a public meeting held by U.S. representative Gabby Giffords in Tucson, Arizona, killing six people and injuring twelve others.
- Prince Albert Victor (b. 1864)
- Mary Arthur McElroy (d. 1917)
- Joseph Franklin Rutherford (d. 1942)
- T. J. Hamblin (d. 2012)
Aircraft involved in the Iran Air Flight 277 accident
- 1797 – War of the First Coalition: The siege of Kehl by Habsburg and Württembergian forces ended when French troops withdrew from their fortifications.
- 1917 – First World War: Troops of the British Empire defeated Ottoman forces at the Battle of Rafa on the Sinai–Palestine border.
- 1972 – The Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association lost to the Milwaukee Bucks, ending a 33-game winning streak, the longest in major American professional team sports.
- 1975 – The Great Storm spawned the first of 45 tornadoes over a three-day period in the Southeastern United States.
- 2011 – In poor weather conditions, Iran Air Flight 277 (aircraft pictured) crashed near Urmia Airport, Iran, killing 78 of the 105 people on board.
- T. W. Robertson (b. 1829)
- Carrie Chapman Catt (b. 1859)
- Farhan Akhtar (b. 1974)
- Lei Jieqiong (d. 2011)
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January 10: Tenth of Tevet (Judaism, 2025)
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New Orleans
- 236 – Pope Fabian, said to have been chosen by the Holy Spirit when a dove landed on his head, began his papacy.
- 1812 – New Orleans (pictured), the first steamship on the Mississippi River, arrived at New Orleans to complete its maiden voyage.
- 1929 – Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, the first volume of The Adventures of Tintin by the Belgian cartoonist Hergé, began serialisation.
- 1993 – The Braer Storm, the strongest extratropical cyclone ever recorded in the North Atlantic, reached peak intensity.
- Georg Forster (d. 1794)
- Hrithik Roshan (b. 1974)
- Yip Pin Xiu (b. 1992)
- Constantine II of Greece (d. 2023)
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January 11: Prithvi Jayanti in Nepal
Cover of Smoking and Health
- 1654 – Arauco War: The Mapuche-Huilliche of southern Chile defeated a slave-hunting Spanish army at the Battle of Río Bueno.
- 1693 – The most powerful earthquake recorded in Italy struck the island of Sicily, causing 60,000 deaths and prompting a period of architectural revival.
- 1914 – The Karluk, the flagship of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, sank after being crushed by ice.
- 1964 – In a landmark report (cover pictured), U.S. surgeon general Luther Terry issued a warning that tobacco smoking may be hazardous to health, concluding that it has a causative role in lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and other illnesses.
- 2003 – After Chicago police detective Jon Burge was discovered to have extracted forced confessions from more than 200 suspects, the governor of Illinois commuted the death sentences of 167 prisoners and pardoned four others.
- Min Bin (d. 1554)
- Socrates Nelson (b. 1814)
- Eva Le Gallienne (b. 1899)
- Eva Tanguay (d. 1947)
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January 12: Zanzibar Revolution Day in Tanzania (1964)
Comet McNaught
- 1659 – The fort at Allahabad was surrendered to the forces of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.
- 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War: Natal Native Contingent and British troops defeated Zulu forces in the Action at Sihayo's Kraal.
- 1899 – During a storm, the crew of Lynmouth Lifeboat Station transported their 10-ton lifeboat 15 mi (24 km) overland in order to rescue a damaged schooner.
- 1967 – Seventy-three-year-old psychology professor James Bedford became the first person to be cryonically preserved with intent of future resuscitation.
- 2007 – Comet McNaught (pictured) reached perihelion, becoming the brightest comet in over 40 years, with an apparent magnitude of −5.5.
- John Singer Sargent (b. 1856)
- Laura Adams Armer (b. 1874)
- Princess Patricia of Connaught (d. 1974)
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January 13: Eugenio María de Hostos's birthday in Puerto Rico (2025); Saint Knut's Day in Finland and Sweden
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William Price
- 1884 – Welsh physician William Price (pictured) was arrested for attempting to cremate his deceased infant son; this eventually led to the passing of the Cremation Act 1902 by Parliament.
- 1953 – Nine Moscow doctors were accused of a plot to poison members of the Soviet political and military leadership.
- 1968 – American singer Johnny Cash recorded his landmark album At Folsom Prison live at Folsom State Prison in California.
- 1972 – Ghanaian military officer Ignatius Kutu Acheampong led a coup to overthrow Prime Minister Kofi Abrefa Busia and President Edward Akufo-Addo.
- 2000 – Steve Ballmer replaced Bill Gates as the chief executive officer of Microsoft.
- Edmund Spenser (d. 1599)
- Art Ross (b. 1885 or 1886)
- Michael Bond (b. 1926)
- Claudia Emerson (b. 1957)
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January 14: Ratification Day in the United States (1784)
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Poster for the premiere of Tosca
- 1301 – King Andrew III died without any male heirs, ending the Árpád dynasty, which had ruled Hungary since the late 9th century.
- 1900 – Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca (poster pictured), based on the play La Tosca by French dramatist Victorien Sardou, premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome.
- 1960 – The Reserve Bank of Australia, the country's central bank and banknote-issuing authority, was established.
- 1970 – The self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra in southeastern Nigeria surrendered to the federal government less than three years after declaring independence, ending the Nigerian Civil War.
- 2018 – In the "Minneapolis Miracle", American football player Stefon Diggs caught a 61-yard (56 m) touchdown pass that secured the Minnesota Vikings' victory in the National Football Conference divisional playoff game.
- Berthe Morisot (b. 1841)
- George Pearce (b. 1870)
- Rambhadracharya (b. 1950)
- Arfa Karim (d. 2012)
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January 15: John Chilembwe Day in Malawi
Wilson Bentley photographing snowflakes
- 1857 – In British Hong Kong, hundreds of Europeans were non-lethally poisoned by arsenic in bread from a locally owned bakery, leading to geopolitical tension.
- 1885 – Wilson Bentley (pictured) took the first known photograph of a snowflake by attaching a bellows camera to a microscope.
- 1934 – At least 10,700 people died when a magnitude-8.0 earthquake struck Nepal and the Indian state of Bihar.
- 1991 – The Victoria Cross for Australia was instituted, making Australia the first Commonwealth realm with a separate Victoria Cross award in its honours system.
- 2001 – The first edit to the internet encyclopedia Wikipedia was made.
- 2009 – US Airways Flight 1549 struck a flock of Canada geese during its climb out from New York City and made an emergency landing in the Hudson River (featured).
- Theophylact (d. 849)
- Martin Luther King Jr. (b. 1929)
- Regina Margareten (d. 1959)
- Millie Knight (b. 1999)
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Jose Calugas
- 1275 – Eleanor of Provence received permission from her son King Edward I of England to expel Jews from the towns of Worcester, Marlborough, Cambridge and Gloucester.
- 1809 – Peninsular War: French forces under Jean-de-Dieu Soult attacked the British amphibious evacuation under Sir John Moore at Corunna in Galicia, Spain.
- 1862 – A pumping engine at a colliery in New Hartley, England, broke and fell down the shaft, trapping miners below and resulting in 204 deaths.
- 1942 – World War II: During the Battle of Bataan, U.S. Army sergeant Jose Calugas (pictured) organized a squad of volunteers to man an artillery position under heavy fire, an action that later earned him the Medal of Honor.
- 2018 – In Mrauk U, Myanmar, police fired into a crowd protesting the ban of an event to mark the anniversary of the end of the Kingdom of Mrauk U, resulting in seven deaths and twelve injuries.
- Isaac Komnenos (b. 1093)
- George Hunter Cary (b. 1832)
- Cliff Thorburn (b. 1948)
- Seungkwan (b. 1998)
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Queen Liliʻuokalani of Hawaii
- 1377 – Gregory XI, the last Avignon pope, entered Rome after a four-month journey from Avignon, returning the papacy to its original city.
- 1893 – Lorrin A. Thurston and the Citizens' Committee of Public Safety led the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and the government of Queen Liliʻuokalani (pictured).
- 1945 – World War II: Australian troops advanced along the northern part of Bougainville Island (in present-day Papua New Guinea) and began fighting Japanese forces in the Battle of Tsimba Ridge.
- 1948 – Indonesian National Revolution: The Renville Agreement between the Netherlands and Indonesian republicans was ratified, in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to resolve disputes arising from the Linggadjati Agreement of 1946.
- 1999 – In Little Saigon, California, a series of protests began when the owner of a video rental store displayed an image of Ho Chi Minh.
- Ellen Wood (b. 1814)
- Abram Lincoln Harris (b. 1899)
- Michelle Obama (b. 1964)
- Sunanda Pushkar (d. 2014)
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January 18: World Religion Day (2026)
United Nations Memorial Cemetery
- 1871 – A number of previously independent states united to form the German Empire, with Wilhelm I as German Emperor.
- 1951 – Construction began in Busan, South Korea, on the United Nations Military Cemetery (pictured), the only United Nations cemetery in the world.
- 1956 – Navvab Safavi, an Iranian Shia cleric and the founder of the fundamentalist group Fada'iyan-e Islam, was executed with three of his followers for attempting to assassinate Prime Minister Hossein Ala'.
- 1969 – Thousands of Japanese police stormed the University of Tokyo after six months of nationwide leftist university student protests and occupations.
- 1983 – Thirty years after his death, the International Olympic Committee presented commemorative medals to the family of American athlete Jim Thorpe, who had been stripped of his gold medals for playing semi-professional baseball before the 1912 Summer Olympics.
- Isabella Jagiellon (b. 1519)
- Elena Arizmendi Mejía (b. 1884)
- Philippe Starck (b. 1949)
- Bruce Chatwin (d. 1989)
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Iva Toguri
- 1419 – Hundred Years' War: The siege of Rouen ended with English troops capturing the city from Norman French forces.
- 1909 – A deed was recorded for David Hanbury to sell Island No. 2 in northern California to his brother John for $10 ($350.00 in 2024).
- 1977 – Iva Toguri (pictured), convicted of treason for broadcasting Japanese propaganda, was granted a full pardon by U.S. president Gerald Ford.
- 1996 – A tank barge and a tug grounded on a beach in Rhode Island, causing a spill of an estimated 828,000 U.S. gallons (3.13 million litres) of home heating oil.
- 2006 – In the deadliest aviation accident in Slovak history, an Antonov An-24 operated by the Slovak Air Force crashed in northern Hungary, killing 42 of the 43 people on board.
- Giuseppe Millico (b. 1737)
- Yordanka Youroukova (b. 1936)
- Choor Singh (b. 1911)
- Sarah Burke (d. 2012)
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January 20: Day of Nationwide Sorrow in Azerbaijan (1990); Martin Luther King Jr. Day in the United States (2025)
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- 1265 – Simon de Montfort summoned local representatives to the Palace of Westminster to attend a parliament, now considered to be the forerunner of the House of Commons of England.
- 1945 – World War II: In an operation that took nearly two months to complete, Germany began the evacuation of at least 1.8 million people from East Prussia in anticipation of the advancing Soviet Red Army.
- 2018 – A group of Taliban gunmen attacked and took hostages at the Hotel Inter-Continental Kabul, Afghanistan, sparking a 12-hour battle that left at least 21 people dead.
- Sebastian Münster (b. 1488)
- Agnes Mary Clerke (d. 1907)
- Yolanda González (b. 1961)
- Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh (b. 1965)
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January 21: National Hugging Day (United States)
Eruption of Mount Lamington
- 1793 – French Revolution: After being found guilty of high treason by the National Convention, Louis XVI was guillotined in Paris.
- 1919 – The First Dáil convened at the Mansion House in Dublin and adopted a declaration of independence calling for the establishment of the Irish Republic.
- 1951 – Mount Lamington, a volcano in Papua New Guinea, erupted (pictured) and killed more than 2,900 people.
- 1972 – Tripura, formerly part of the independent Twipra Kingdom, became a state of India.
- 2017 – Millions of people participated in the Women's March in Washington, D.C., and around the world to advocate for legislation and policies on human rights and other issues.
- Eusapia Palladino (b. 1854)
- Trương Tấn Sang (b. 1949)
- Jeff Koons (b. 1955)
- Frances Gertrude McGill (d. 1959)
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January 22: Little New Year in northern China (2025); Day of Unity of Ukraine
Cetshwayo
- 565 – Eutychius of Constantinople was arrested after he refused Byzantine emperor Justinian I's order to adopt the tenets of the Aphthartodocetae, a sect of non-Chalcedonian Christians.
- 1273 – Muhammad II became Sultan of Granada after his father's death in a riding accident.
- 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War: The Zulu forces of King Cetshwayo (pictured) achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of Isandlwana.
- 1973 – The U.S. Supreme Court's landmark decision in Roe v. Wade struck down laws restricting abortion during the first two trimesters of pregnancy.
- 2006 – Evo Morales was inaugurated as President of Bolivia, becoming the country's first indigenous president.
- 2012 – Croatia held a referendum in which it voted to become a member of the European Union.
- Christian Ramsay (d. 1839)
- Vito Cascio Ferro (b. 1862)
- S. Vithiananthan (d. 1989)
- Ursula K. Le Guin (d. 2018)
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January 23: Little New Year in southern China (2025)
Hongwu Emperor
- 1368 – The Hongwu Emperor (pictured) ascended to the throne, initiating the Ming dynasty, which would rule China for three centuries.
- 1571 – Queen Elizabeth I opened the Royal Exchange in London, giving it its royal title.
- 1870 – American Indian Wars: The United States Army killed about 200 Piegan Blackfeet, mostly women, children, and the elderly, in the Marias Massacre.
- 1915 – Rebels led by John Chilembwe attacked local plantation owners, beginning an uprising regarded as a key moment in the history of Malawi.
- 2003 – The final signal was detected from the NASA space probe Pioneer 10, then about 12 billion kilometres (7.5 billion miles) from Earth.
- William Pitt the Younger (d. 1806)
- Potter Stewart (b. 1915)
- Megawati Sukarnoputri (b. 1947)
- Salvador Dalí (d. 1989)
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January 24: Alasitas (La Paz, Bolivia); Day of the Unification of the Romanian Principalities (1859)
Sutter's Mill
- 1458 – The Estates unanimously proclaimed 14-year-old Matthias Corvinus King of Hungary after being persuaded to do so by his uncle Michael Szilágyi.
- 1848 – James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's Mill (reconstruction pictured) in Coloma, California, leading to the California gold rush.
- 1968 – Vietnam War: The 1st Australian Task Force launched Operation Coburg against the North Vietnamese army and the Viet Cong.
- 1977 – Spanish transition to democracy: Neo-fascists attacked an office in Madrid, killing five people and injuring four others.
- 1987 – About 20,000 protestors marched in a civil rights demonstration in Forsyth County, Georgia, United States.
- Signe Rink (b. 1836)
- Maria Tallchief (b. 1925)
- Madge Bellamy (d. 1990)
- Helena Kmieć (d. 2017)
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January 25: Feast day of Saint Gregory of Nazianzus in Eastern Christianity and of Dwynwen in Wales; Tatiana Day in Russia
Nellie Bly
- 1515 – Francis I, a great-great-grandson of Charles V, was crowned king of France in the Reims Cathedral.
- 1725 – Privateer Amaro Pargo was declared a hidalgo, a member of the Spanish nobility.
- 1765 – Port Egmont, the first British colony in the Falkland Islands, was founded.
- 1890 – American journalist Nellie Bly (pictured) completed a circumnavigation of the globe by land and sea in a then-record-breaking 72 days.
- 1998 – The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam detonated a truck bomb at the sacred Buddhist Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, killing 17 people.
- Mihrimah Sultan (d. 1578)
- Anna Gardner (b. 1816)
- Jane Bathori (d. 1970)
- Seunghee (b. 1996)
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January 26: Australia Day (1788); Republic Day in India (1950)
Photograph of the television broadcast of Hutchinson
- 1926 – Oliver Hutchinson appeared on television (pictured) in inventor John Logie Baird's first successful demonstration of using the technology to show humans.
- 1972 – JAT Flight 367 exploded in mid-air over Czechoslovakia; the only survivor of the 28 on board, flight attendant Vesna Vulović, fell 10,160 m (33,330 ft), setting the record for surviving the highest fall without a parachute.
- 1974 – Turkish Airlines Flight 301 crashed while taking off from İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport, killing 67 people.
- 2015 – A jet fighter crashed at Los Llanos Air Base in Albacete, Spain, killing 11 people and injuring 21 others.
- 2020 – A Sikorsky S-76B helicopter crashed in Calabasas, California, killing all nine people on board, including former basketball player Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gianna.
- Lady Katherine Grey (d. 1568)
- Bessie Coleman (b. 1892)
- Olga Tufnell (b. 1905)
- Jeanne Hébuterne (d. 1920)
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Map of Indian Territory
- 945 – The brothers Stephen and Constantine Lekapenos, having deposed their father as Byzantine emperor a few weeks earlier, were themselves overthrown by Constantine VII, their co-emperor.
- 1825 – On the advice of John C. Calhoun, President James Monroe asked Congress to organize Indian Territory (map pictured) west of the Mississippi River, laying the groundwork for Indian removal in the United States.
- 1869 – Former members of the overthrown Tokugawa shogunate proclaimed Japan's second-largest island, Hokkaido, to be the independent Republic of Ezo.
- 1945 – The Soviet Red Army liberated about 7,000 prisoners left behind by the Nazis in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- 2010 – Porfirio Lobo Sosa became the new president of Honduras, ending a constitutional crisis that had begun in 2009 when Manuel Zelaya was forcibly removed from office.
- Angela Merici (d. 1540)
- John Perkins (d. 1812)
- Perfecto Yasay Jr. (b. 1947)
- Zelda Rubinstein (d. 2010)
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January 28: Chinese New Year's Eve (2025)
Charles VI after the Bal des Ardents
- 1393 – King Charles VI of France (pictured) was nearly killed when several other dancers' costumes caught fire during a masquerade ball in Paris.
- 1568 – Delegates of the Three Nations of Transylvania adopted the Edict of Torda, allowing local communities to elect their preachers freely, in an unprecedented act of religious tolerance.
- 1671 – Anglo-Spanish War: In pursuit of retreating Spanish troops, English soldiers sacked the city of Panama.
- 1916 – The province of Manitoba passed a law that first granted some Canadian women the right to vote.
- 1941 – About three hours after Thai bombers raided Sisophon, a ceasefire paused hostilities in the Franco-Thai War.
- Joan II of Navarre (b. 1312)
- Agnes Sampson (d. 1591)
- Colette (b. 1873)
- Cicely Tyson (d. 2021)
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January 29: Chinese New Year (2025); Kansas Day (Kansas, United States); Korean New Year (2025); Tết (Vietnam, 2025)
Charles Curtis
- 757 – An Lushan, leader of a revolt against the Tang dynasty and emperor of Yan, was assassinated in a plot involving his own son, An Qingxu.
- 946 – The Abbasid caliph, al-Mustakfi, was deposed, going on to spend the rest of his life as a prisoner in the caliphal palace.
- 1907 – Kaw Nation citizen Charles Curtis (pictured) of Kansas became the first Native American U. S. Senator.
- 2006 – India's Irfan Pathan became the only bowler to take a Test cricket hat-trick in the opening over of a match.
- 2017 – A lone gunman carried out a mass shooting at a mosque in Quebec City, Canada, killing six people and injuring up to nineteen others.
- Mary Whitwell Hale (b. 1810)
- Sara Teasdale (d. 1933)
- Elin Rombo (b. 1976)
- Colleen McCullough (d. 2015)
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January 30: Martyrs' Day in India (1948); Fred Korematsu Day in parts of the United States
Launch of USS Monitor
- 1018 – Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, and Bolesław I, the Piast ruler of Poland, signed the Peace of Bautzen to end the German–Polish War.
- 1607 – Low-lying areas flooded around the coasts of the Bristol Channel in southwest England and south Wales, resulting in around 2,000 deaths.
- 1862 – The United States Navy launched USS Monitor (pictured), the first American ironclad warship.
- 1964 – In a bloodless coup, Nguyễn Khánh overthrew Dương Văn Minh's military junta in South Vietnam, less than three months after Minh's own coup.
- 2005 – Forty-six years to the day after the sinking of the Danish ocean liner MS Hans Hedtoft, Queen Margrethe II unveiled a memorial in Copenhagen to the 95 passengers and crew who perished.
- Lady Anne Clifford (b. 1590)
- Barbara La Marr (d. 1926)
- Professor Longhair (d. 1980)
- Tyla (b. 2002)
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January 31: Independence Day in Nauru (1968)
Rōnin portraits by Utagawa Yoshitora
- 1703 – Forty-seven rōnin (depicted) attacked the home of Kira Yoshinaka and killed him in an act of revenge for Asano Naganori, their dead feudal lord.
- 1850 – Ute Wars: On behalf of Utah territorial governor Brigham Young, militia leader Daniel H. Wells drafted an order for the Utah Territorial Militia to exterminate Timpanogos men deemed hostile, leading to the Provo River Massacre.
- 1900 – Datu Muhammad Salleh, leader of a series of major disturbances in North Borneo, was shot dead in Tambunan, but his followers did not give up for five more years.
- 2000 – Alaska Airlines Flight 261, experiencing problems with its horizontal stabilizer system, crashed in the Pacific Ocean off Anacapa Island, California, killing all 88 people on board.
- 2010 – James Cameron's Avatar became the first film to earn over US$2 billion worldwide.
- James G. Blaine (b. 1830)
- Preity Zinta (b. 1975)
- Moira Shearer (d. 2006)
- Lizabeth Scott (d. 2015)
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Selected anniversaries / On this day archive
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Selected anniversaries for February
[edit]February 1: Imbolc / Saint Brigid's Day in Ireland; Black History Month begins in the United States
Lunch counter from the Greensboro sit-ins
- 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn was signed, ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
- 1662 – Sino-Dutch conflicts: After besieging Fort Zeelandia for nine months, Ming loyalist Zheng Chenggong secured the Dutch East India Company's surrender and the end of their rule in Taiwan.
- 1896 – Giacomo Puccini's opera La bohème premiered at the Teatro Regio in Turin, Italy, eventually becoming one of the most frequently performed operas internationally.
- 1960 – Civil rights movement: Four African-American students staged the first of more than five months of sit-ins at an F. W. Woolworth lunch counter (pictured) in Greensboro, North Carolina, to protest the company's policy of racial segregation.
- 2021 – The Burmese military staged a coup d'état that deposed the democratically elected government of Aung San Suu Kyi, sparking nationwide protests and a civil war.
- Madame Sul-Te-Wan (d. 1959)
- Michelle Akers (b. 1966)
- Wojdan Shaherkani (b. 1996)
- Hildegard Knef (d. 2002)
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Medieval artwork of Conrad II
- 1033 – An assembly at the Abbey of Payerne crowned Conrad II (pictured) king of Burgundy.
- 1725 – J. S. Bach led the first performance of his chorale cantata Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin, BWV 125, based on Luther's paraphrase of the Nunc dimittis.
- 1848 – Mexican–American War: During the American occupation of Mexico City, diplomats signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war and had Mexico cede 1.36 million square kilometres (530,000 sq mi) of territory and the United States pay US$15 million.
- 1913 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, the world's largest train station by number of platforms, opened immediately after midnight.
- 1972 – The Troubles: Protestors burned the British Embassy in Ireland following the massacre of 14 civilians in Derry by British forces.
- Eleanor of Navarre (b. 1426)
- Gertrude Blanch (b. 1897)
- Hannah Ryggen (d. 1970)
- Mary Docherty (d. 2000)
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February 3: Lichun begins in East Asia (2025); Feast day of Saint Laurence of Canterbury (Western Christianity); Four Chaplains' Day in the United States
Eileen Collins
- 1047 – Emperor Henry III declared Drogo of Hauteville to be count of all Apulian and Calabrian Normans.
- 1862 – Moldavia and Wallachia formally united, creating the Romanian United Principalities.
- 1870 – Reconstruction era: The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, formally prohibiting race-based disenfranchisement in the United States.
- 1930 – The Communist Party of Indochina, the Communist Party of Annam and the Communist League of Indochina merged to form the Communist Party of Vietnam.
- 1995 – In mission STS-63, astronaut Eileen Collins (pictured) became the first woman to pilot the Space Shuttle.
- Caroline von Wolzogen (b. 1763)
- Dolly Rudeman (b. 1902)
- Umm Kulthum (d. 1975)
- Mary Healy (d. 2015)
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February 4: World Cancer Day (2000)
Execution of John Rogers
- 1488 – Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias landed in Mossel Bay, becoming the first European known to have sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and the southern tip of Africa.
- 1555 – Marian Restoration: Because he opposed Catholicism, John Rogers was burned at the stake (pictured) as the first English Protestant executed for heresy under the reign of Mary I.
- 1945 – World War II: American forces liberated the Santo Tomas Internment Camp in Manila, the largest enemy-civilian internment camp run by the Empire of Japan in the Philippines.
- 1999 – The Philippine-flagged freighter New Carissa ran aground near Coos Bay, Oregon, causing one of the worst oil spills in the state's history.
- Joan of France (d. 1505)
- Constance Markievicz (b. 1868)
- Betty Friedan (b. 1921)
- Louis Jordan (d. 1975)
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February 5: Constitution Day in Mexico (1917)
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Painting of the twenty-six
- AD 62 – Pompeii was severely damaged by a strong earthquake, which may have been a precursor to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that destroyed the town 17 years later.
- 1597 – As part of enforcing Toyotomi Hideyoshi's ban on Christianity in Japan, twenty-six Catholics, a mix of European missionaries and Japanese converts, were executed (depicted) near Nagasaki by crucifixion and impalement.
- 1861 – In a speech before the U.S. Congress, Representative John Edward Bouligny refused to join his fellow Louisiana congressmen in heeding the state's secession convention and resigning.
- 1967 – Cultural Revolution: The January Storm revolt in Shanghai reached its apogee as Maoist rebels proclaimed the establishment of the Shanghai People's Commune, a move the previously supportive Mao Zedong criticized.
- 2000 – Second Chechen War: As the Battle of Grozny came to a close, Russian forces summarily executed at least 60 civilians in Grozny's Novye Aldi suburb.
- Elizabeth Ryan (b. 1892)
- Queen Mary (b. 1972)
- Michalina Wisłocka (d. 2005)
- Marisa Del Frate (d. 2015)
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February 6: Sámi National Day (1917); Waitangi Day in New Zealand (1840)
Signing of the Washington Naval Treaty
- 590 – Vistahm and Vinduyih deposed their brother-in-law Hormizd IV, King of Kings of the Sasanian Empire.
- 1579 – Domingo de Salazar, a Spanish Dominican friar, was appointed the first bishop of Manila.
- 1865 – Finland established its modern system of secular municipalities, separate from church parishes.
- 1922 – Representatives from France, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom signed the Washington Naval Treaty (pictured), agreeing to limits on naval construction in the hopes of preventing an arms race.
- 1987 – Mary Gaudron became the first woman to be appointed a justice of the High Court of Australia.
- Aldus Manutius (d. 1515)
- Isabella Beeton (d. 1865)
- Zsa Zsa Gabor (b. 1917)
- Mary Beth Edelson (b. 1933)
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February 7: Independence Day in Grenada (1974)
Painting by Louis-Philippe Crépin
- 1365 – Albert, King of Sweden, granted a town charter to Ulvila, the third-oldest city in Finland.
- 1813 – Napoleonic Wars: Two evenly matched frigates, the French Aréthuse and the British Amelia, battled to a stalemate (depicted) at the Îles de Los off the Guinean coast.
- 1865 – The trustees of Seattle enacted an ordinance that expelled Native Americans from the newly incorporated town.
- 1900 – Second Boer War: British troops made a third unsuccessful attempt to lift the siege of Ladysmith in the Battle of Vaal Krantz.
- 2014 – Researchers announced the discovery of the Happisburgh footprints in Norfolk, England, the oldest known hominid footprints outside Africa, at more than 800,000 years old.
- Alfonsina Orsini (d. 1520)
- Margaret Fownes-Luttrell (b. 1726)
- Louisa Jane Hall (b. 1802)
- Anne Morrow Lindbergh (d. 2001)
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February 8: Feast day of Saint Josephine Bakhita (Catholicism); Military Foundation Day in North Korea (1948)
South Carolina Highway Patrolmen before the Orangeburg Massacre
- 421 – Honorius declared Constantius III to be his co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- 1250 – Seventh Crusade: The Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt defeated and captured King Louis IX of France at the Battle of Fariskur.
- 1575 – William of Orange founded Leiden University, the oldest university in the Netherlands.
- 1960 – The official groundbreaking of the Walk of Fame took place in Hollywood, Los Angeles, in California.
- 1968 – Law enforcement officers in Orangeburg, South Carolina (pictured), fired into a crowd of college students who were protesting segregation, killing three and injuring twenty-seven others.
- Jack Lemmon (b. 1925)
- Valerie Thomas (b. 1943)
- A. Chandranehru (d. 2005)
- Mary Wilson (d. 2021)
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February 9: Feast day of Saint Apollonia (in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy)
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John Quincy Adams
- 1825 – After no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in the previous year's presidential election, the United States House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams (pictured) as president in a contingent election.
- 1945 – World War II: Allied aircraft unsuccessfully attacked a German destroyer in Førde Fjord, Norway.
- 1950 – U.S. senator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 employees of the State Department of being communists, sparking a period of strong anti-communist sentiment known as McCarthyism.
- 1975 – The spacecraft and crew of the Soviet Soyuz 17 mission returned to earth after 29 days in orbit at the Salyut 4 station.
- 2020 – Japanese figure skater Yuzuru Hanyu won the Four Continents Championships to become the only man to complete a Super Slam.
- Adele Spitzeder (b. 1832)
- Ella D. Barrier (d. 1945)
- Vladimir Guerrero (b. 1975)
- Margareta Hallin (d. 2020)
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February 10: Feast day of Saint Scholastica (Christianity); National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe in Italy
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Delegates at the Inter-Allied Women's Conference
- 1355 – A tavern dispute between students of the University of Oxford and townspeople in Oxford became a riot that left about 90 people dead.
- 1919 – The Inter-Allied Women's Conference (delegates pictured) opened as a counterpart to the Paris Peace Conference, marking the first time that women were allowed formal participation in an international treaty negotiation.
- 1939 – Spanish Civil War: The Nationalists concluded their conquest of Catalonia and sealed the border with France.
- 2009 – The satellites Iridium 33 and Kosmos 2251 destroyed each other in the first accidental hypervelocity collision between two intact satellites in low Earth orbit.
- Ira Remsen (b. 1846)
- Edith Clarke (b. 1883)
- Joseph Lister (d. 1912)
- Joan Curran (d. 1999)
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February 11: National Foundation Day in Japan (660 BC)
- 1826 – London University, later University College London (pictured), was founded as the first secular university in England.
- 1851 – As part of celebrations marking the separation of Victoria from New South Wales, the inaugural first-class cricket match in Australia began at the Launceston Racecourse in Tasmania.
- 1976 – The Frente de Liberación Homosexual made their final public appearance, shortly before the group's dissolution due to political repression after the Argentine coup d'état.
- 2001 – The computer worm Anna Kournikova, which would affect millions of users worldwide, was released by a 20-year-old Dutch student.
- Thomas Edison (b. 1847)
- Helene Kröller-Müller (b. 1869)
- Keith Holyoake (b. 1904)
- Jennifer Aniston (b. 1969)
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February 12: Lantern Festival in China (2025); Lincoln's Birthday in some parts of the United States; Red Hand Day
Edvard Munch's The Scream
- 1691 – A papal conclave convened to select a new pope after the death of Pope Alexander VIII.
- 1924 – George Gershwin's composition Rhapsody in Blue premiered at Aeolian Hall in New York.
- 1994 – Edvard Munch's painting The Scream (pictured) was stolen from the National Gallery of Norway.
- 2003 – Protesters in La Paz and the Bolivian government brokered a deal to end two days of rioting against a proposed salary tax.
- Ethan Allen (d. 1789)
- Charles Darwin (b. 1809)
- Bill Russell (b. 1934)
- Anna Anderson (d. 1984)
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Coso artifact
- 1660 – The four-year-old Charles XI became King of Sweden upon his father's death.
- 1891 – Frances Coles was killed in the last of eleven unsolved murders of women that took place in or near the impoverished Whitechapel district in the East End of London.
- 1961 – Geode prospectors near Olancha, California, discovered what they claimed to be a 500,000-year-old rock with a 1920s-era spark plug encased within (pictured).
- 2017 – Kim Jong-nam, the half-brother of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, was assassinated using VX nerve agent in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- 2024 – The Taiwanese YouTuber Goodnight Chicken was arrested in Cambodia after staging a fake livestreamed kidnapping in Sihanoukville, leading to a two-year prison sentence.
- Muhammad ibn Ra'iq (d. 942)
- Isabella d'Este (d. 1539)
- Dorothy Bliss (b. 1916)
- Balu Mahendra (d. 2014)
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Detail from Pale Blue Dot
- 1655 – Arauco War: The Mapuche carried out a series of coordinated attacks against Spanish settlements and forts in colonial Chile, beginning a ten-year period of warfare.
- 1779 – Native Hawaiians killed the English explorer Captain James Cook as he attempted to kidnap Kalaniʻōpuʻu, the ruling chief of the island of Hawaii.
- 1990 – The NASA space probe Voyager 1 took Pale Blue Dot (detail pictured), a photograph of Earth from a record distance of 40.5 astronomical units (6.06 billion km; 3.76 billion mi).
- 2005 – The online video platform YouTube was founded by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim.
- 2007 – The first of several bombings in Zahedan, Iran, killed 18 members of the Revolutionary Guards.
- Valentin Friedland (b. 1490)
- Eleanora Atherton (b. 1782)
- Nadezhda Krupskaya (b. 1869)
- Vito Genovese (d. 1969)
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February 15: National Flag of Canada Day; Statehood Day in Serbia; Susan B. Anthony Day in some parts of the United States
Don Dunstan
- 438 – The Codex Theodosianus, a compilation of the laws of the Roman Empire, was published.
- 1763 – Prussia, Saxony and the Habsburg monarchy signed the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the Third Silesian War.
- 1940 – The official premiere of Paul Creston's Saxophone Sonata took place at the Carnegie Chamber Hall, with saxophonist Cecil Leeson, who commissioned the work, and Creston on piano.
- 1979 – Don Dunstan (pictured) resigned as Premier of South Australia, ending a decade of sweeping social liberalisation.
- 2018 – Following nationwide protests, Hailemariam Desalegn announced his resignation as prime minister of Ethiopia, remaining in post as a caretaker until he was succeeded by Abiy Ahmed.
- Gisela of Swabia (d. 1043)
- Matt Groening (b. 1954)
- Mo Tae-bum (b. 1989)
- Dawa Dem (d. 2018)
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February 16: Day of the Shining Star in North Korea; Elizabeth Peratrovich Day in Alaska
Act of Independence of Lithuania
- 1249 – King Louis IX dispatched André de Longjumeau as the French ambassador to the Mongol Empire.
- 1918 – The Council of Lithuania signed the Act of Independence (pictured), proclaiming the restoration of an independent Lithuania.
- 1922 – A landslide in Byblos revealed a sarcophagus in an underground tomb that was later discovered to be part of a large Bronze Age necropolis.
- 1996 – Eleven people died in a train collision in Silver Spring, Maryland, leading to the creation of comprehensive U.S. federal rules for the design of passenger cars.
- Richard of Dover (d. 1184)
- Coluccio Salutati (b. 1331)
- Michael Holding (b. 1954)
- Elizabeth Olsen (b. 1989)
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February 17: Presidents' Day in the United States (2025)
Helicopter stolen in the 1974 White House incident
- 1859 – Cochinchina campaign: French Navy forces captured the Citadel of Saigon, defended by 1,000 Vietnamese soldiers of the Nguyễn dynasty.
- 1904 – Italian composer Giacomo Puccini's Madama Butterfly premiered at La Scala in Milan to poor reviews, forcing him to revise the opera.
- 1964 – Gabonese military officers overthrew President Léon M'ba, but French forces, honouring a 1960 treaty, forcibly reinstated him two days later.
- 1974 – A U.S. Army soldier stole a Bell UH-1 helicopter (pictured) and landed it on the South Lawn of the White House in Washington, D.C.
- 2011 – Arab Spring: Bahraini security forces killed four protesters in a pre-dawn raid at the Pearl Roundabout in Manama, while the "Day of Rage" took place in Libya with nationwide protests against Muammar Gaddafi's government.
- Joseph Favre (b. 1849)
- María de las Mercedes Barbudo (d. 1849)
- Don Tallon (b. 1916)
- Hung Liu (b. 1948)
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February 18: First day of Ramadan (2026)
Protesters during the Revolution of Dignity
- 3102 BCE – According to Hindu scriptures, Kali Yuga, the last of the four stages that the world goes through as part of the cycle of yugas, began.
- 1814 – War of the Sixth Coalition: French troops led by Napoleon forced the Army of Bohemia to retreat after it advanced dangerously close to Paris.
- 1977 – The Xinjiang 61st Regiment Farm fire started during Chinese New Year when a firecracker ignited the wreaths of late Mao Zedong, killing 694 personnel.
- 2014 – A series of violent events (pictured) involving protesters, riot police, and unknown shooters began in Kyiv that culminated in the ousting of Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych five days later.
- Angilbert (d. 814)
- Per Brahe the Younger (b. 1602)
- Ōyama Sutematsu (d. 1919)
- DK (b. 1997)
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A depiction of the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903
- 1811 – Peninsular War: Outnumbered French forces under Édouard Mortier routed and nearly destroyed Spanish troops at the Battle of the Gebora near Badajoz, Spain.
- 1903 – A blockade against Venezuela (depicted), caused by President Cipriano Castro's refusal to pay foreign debts, was lifted.
- 1942 – World War II: U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, authorizing the forcible relocation of over 112,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps.
- 1948 – The Southeast Asian Youth Conference, which is believed to have inspired armed communist rebellions in different Asian countries, opened in Calcutta, India.
- Nicolaus Copernicus (b. 1473)
- Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama (b. 1938)
- Jennifer Doudna (b. 1964)
- Harper Lee (d. 2016)
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February 20: Day of the Heavenly Hundred Heroes in Ukraine (2014)
Avro CF-105 Arrow
- 1685 – The French colonization of Texas began with the landing of colonists led by Robert de La Salle near Matagorda Bay.
- 1959 – Canadian prime minister John Diefenbaker cancelled the Avro CF-105 Arrow (pictured) interceptor-aircraft program amid much political debate.
- 1970 – Wat Phra Dhammakaya, one of the largest Buddhist temples in Thailand, was founded in Pathum Thani.
- 1998 – At the age of 15, American figure skater Tara Lipinski became the then-youngest winner of an Olympic gold medal in the history of the Winter Olympic Games.
- Wulfric of Haselbury (d. 1154)
- Elizabeth Holloway Marston (b. 1893)
- Gail Kim (b. 1977)
- Tōru Takemitsu (d. 1996)
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Malcolm X
- 1746 – Jacobite rising of 1745: The siege of Inverness ended with British forces surrendering to the Jacobite army.
- 1862 – American Civil War: The Confederate Army began an attempt to gain control of the Southwest with a major victory in the Battle of Valverde.
- 1952 – A number of student protesters demanding the establishment of Bengali as an official language were killed by police in Dhaka, East Pakistan.
- 1965 – American Black nationalist Malcolm X (pictured) was assassinated while giving a speech in New York City's Audubon Ballroom.
- 1973 – After accidentally straying into Israeli-occupied airspace, Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 was shot down by two fighter aircraft, killing 108 of the 113 people on board.
- Gaius Caesar (d. AD 4)
- Léo Delibes (b. 1836)
- Incas (parakeet) (d. 1918)
- Elliot Page (b. 1987)
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Daytona International Speedway
- 1371 – Robert II became King of Scots as the first monarch of the House of Stewart.
- 1959 – Lee Petty won the first edition of the Daytona 500, a NASCAR auto race at the Daytona International Speedway (pictured) in Florida.
- 1974 – Samuel Byck attempted to hijack an aircraft at Baltimore/Washington International Airport with the intention of crashing it into the White House to assassinate U.S. president Richard Nixon, but he was stopped by police.
- 2019 – A group broke into the North Korean embassy in Madrid, Spain, and stole several mobile telephones and digital storage devices.
- Peder Syv (b. 1631)
- James Russell Lowell (b. 1819)
- Clarence 13X (b. 1928)
- Bronwyn Oliver (b. 1959)
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February 23: The Emperor's Birthday in Japan (1960)
Christian, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels
- 1725 – J. S. Bach first performed his Shepherd Cantata for the birthday of Christian, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (pictured).
- 1854 – The Orange River Convention was signed in Bloemfontein, with the United Kingdom agreeing to recognise the independence of the Orange Free State in present-day South Africa.
- 1886 – American inventor Charles Martin Hall discovered an inexpensive method of producing aluminium.
- 1987 – SN 1987A, the first supernova that modern astronomers were able to study in great detail, was observed from Earth occurring in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
- 2021 – Riots in four Ecuadorian prisons, caused by gang rivalries, resulted in the deaths of 79 inmates.
- al-Zafir (b. 1133)
- Allan MacLeod Cormack (b. 1924)
- Edward Elgar (d. 1934)
- Shiena Nishizawa (b. 1997)
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February 24: Independence Day in Estonia (1918)
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Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse
- 1711 – George Frideric Handel's Rinaldo, the first Italian-language opera written specifically for the London stage, premiered.
- 1809 – Napoleonic Wars: The British invasion of Martinique ended with the unconditional surrender of French admiral Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse (pictured), beginning a five-year occupation of the island.
- 1979 – Uganda–Tanzania War: Ugandan government forces fled Masaka as the Tanzania People's Defence Force bombarded and captured the town.
- 1989 – United Airlines Flight 811 experienced uncontrolled decompression after leaving Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii, blowing seats out of the aircraft and killing nine passengers.
- Æthelberht of Kent (d. 616)
- Judah Folkman (b. 1933)
- Nina Simonovich-Efimova (d. 1948)
- Leo Ornstein (d. 2002)
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February 25: Soviet Occupation Day in Georgia (1921); National Day in Kuwait (1961)
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USS Ranger
- 1843 – Royal Navy captain Lord George Paulet began a five-month occupation of the Hawaiian Islands.
- 1933 – USS Ranger (pictured), the United States Navy's first purpose-built aircraft carrier, was launched.
- 1951 – After being postponed due to World War II, the inaugural Pan American Games opened in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- 1994 – Israeli physician Baruch Goldstein opened fire on Palestinian Muslims praying at the mosque in Hebron's Cave of the Patriarchs, killing 29 people and wounding 125 others.
- 2009 – At their headquarters in Pilkhana, members of the Bangladesh Rifles began a mutiny that resulted in 82 deaths.
- Emma Catherine Embury (b. 1806)
- Elizabeth Gertrude Britton (d. 1934)
- Divya Bharti (b. 1974)
- Don Bradman (d. 2001)
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Nabonassar's name in Akkadian
- 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the reign of the Babylonian king Nabonassar (name in Akkadian pictured) began, marking a new era characterized by the systematic maintenance of chronologically precise historical records.
- 1914 – RMS Britannic, the third and largest Olympic-class ocean liner of the White Star Line after RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic, was launched at the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast.
- 1979 – The Superliner railcar entered revenue service with Amtrak.
- 1995 – Barings Bank, the oldest merchant bank in London, was declared insolvent after its head derivatives trader in Singapore, Nick Leeson, lost £827 million while making unauthorised trades on futures contracts.
- 2014 – Former editor-in-chief of Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pao Kevin Lau was stabbed, prompting concerns and protests about media freedom.
- Fatima bint al-Ahmar (d. 1349)
- Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll (b. 1629)
- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (b. 1954)
- Jennie Smillie Robertson (d. 1981)
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February 27: Feast day of Saint Gregory of Narek (Catholicism)
Memorial to the victims of the Sumgait pogrom
- 1776 – American Revolutionary War: A Patriot victory at the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge resulted in the arrests of 850 Loyalists over the following days.
- 1814 – Peninsular War: In the south of France, Spanish, British and Portuguese soldiers under the command of the Marquess of Wellington defeated French soldiers in the Battle of Orthez, causing the French to retreat east.
- 1988 – The Armenian community of Sumgait in Azerbaijan was the target of a violent pogrom (memorial pictured).
- 1996 – The multimedia franchise Pokémon was launched with the release of the video games Pocket Monsters Red and Green.
- Robert of Melun (d. 1167)
- Alice Hamilton (b. 1869)
- Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar (d. 1956)
- Leah Poulton (b. 1984)
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February 28: Tibetan New Year begins (2025); Kalevala Day in Finland; Peace Memorial Day in Taiwan
Ranavalona III of Madagascar
- 202 BC – Rebel leader Liu Bang declared himself Emperor Gaozu of Han after overthrowing the Qin dynasty, the first imperial dynasty of China.
- 1897 – Ranavalona III (pictured), the last sovereign ruler of the Kingdom of Madagascar, was deposed by French military forces.
- 1928 – Indian physicist C. V. Raman and his colleagues discovered what is now known as Raman scattering, for which he later became the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- 1975 – A London Underground train failed to stop at the terminal Moorgate station, crashing and causing the deaths of 43 people.
- 2002 – During a period of religious violence in Gujarat, India, mobs of Hindus attacked Muslims in Naroda Patiya and in Chamanpura, resulting in 166 deaths.
- Cornelius Gemma (b. 1535)
- Alfred von Schlieffen (b. 1833)
- Charles Bassett and Elliot See (d. 1966)
- Koesbini (d. 1991)
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February 29: Beginning of the Nineteen-Day Fast (Baháʼí Faith, 2024)
A damaged building from the 1960 Agadir earthquake
- 1704 – Queen Anne's War: French and Native American forces raided the English settlement of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing more than 50 colonists.
- 1944 – World War II: The Admiralty Islands campaign began when American forces assaulted Los Negros Island, the third largest of the Admiralty Islands.
- 1960 – The deadliest earthquake in Moroccan history (damaged building pictured) struck the city of Agadir, killing at least 12,000 people.
- 2004 – Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide was overthrown following popular rebel uprising.
- 2012 – Construction of Tokyo Skytree, the world's tallest tower and third-tallest structure, was completed.
- Oswald of Worcester (d. 992)
- Kamil Tolon (b. 1912)
- Oswaldo Payá (b. 1952)
- Carmel Busuttil (b. 1964)
More anniversaries:
Selected anniversaries / On this day archive
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Selected anniversaries for March
[edit]March 1: First day of Ramadan (2025); Disability Day of Mourning; Saint David's Day; Independence Day in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Longtaitou Festival in China (2025); Yap Day in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia
Dmitri Mendeleev
- 1562 – An attempt by François, Duke of Guise, to disperse a church service by Huguenots in Wassy, France, turned into a massacre, resulting in 50 dead, and starting the French Wars of Religion.
- 1869 – The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev (pictured) finished his design of the first periodic table.
- 1921 – The Australian cricket team, led by Warwick Armstrong, became the first team to complete a whitewash in the Ashes, an achievement that would not be repeated for 86 years.
- 1992 – A Bosnian-Serb wedding procession was attacked in Sarajevo, resulting in what is widely considered the first casualty of the Bosnian War.
- Roger North (d. 1734)
- Deke Slayton (b. 1924)
- Nick Griffin (b. 1959)
- Mustafa Barzani (d. 1979)
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March 2: Adwa Victory Day in Ethiopia
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Wilt Chamberlain
- 1484 – The College of Arms, one of the few remaining official heraldic authorities in Europe, was incorporated by royal charter in the City of London.
- 1776 – American Revolutionary War: Patriot militiamen from Georgia and South Carolina attempted to resist the British action to seize and remove supply ships anchored at Savannah, Georgia.
- 1949 – The B-50 Superfortress Lucky Lady II landed in Fort Worth, Texas, to complete the first non-stop circumnavigation of the world by airplane.
- 1962 – Playing for the Philadelphia Warriors, American basketball player Wilt Chamberlain (pictured) scored 100 points in a game against the New York Knicks, which remains an NBA record.
- 2022 – Russian forces captured the city of Kherson, the only regional capital to be taken during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
- Pope Adrian VI (b. 1459)
- Alexander Bullock (b. 1816)
- Bedřich Smetana (b. 1824)
- Ida Maclean (d. 1944)
March 3: Hinamatsuri in Japan
Célestine Galli-Marié as Carmen
- 1284 – The Statute of Rhuddlan was enacted, introducing English common law to the Principality of Wales.
- 1875 – Bizet's Carmen premiered at the Opéra-Comique in Paris, with mezzo-soprano Célestine Galli-Marié in the title role (pictured).
- 1891 – Shoshone National Forest in Wyoming was established as the first national forest in the United States.
- 1913 – Thousands of women marched in Washington, D.C., "in a spirit of protest" against the exclusion of women from American society.
- 1991 – Rodney King was beaten by Los Angeles Police Department officers during an arrest, causing public outrage that increased tensions between the African-American community and the police department over police brutality and social inequality.
- Antony Bek (d. 1311)
- Bonnie J. Dunbar (b. 1949)
- Xavier Bettel (b. 1973)
- May Cutler (d. 2011)
March 4: Feast day of Saint Casimir (Catholicism), Mardi Gras / Shrove Tuesday (2025)
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Władysław II Jagiełło
- 1386 – Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło (pictured), beginning the Jagiellonian dynasty.
- 1773 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart departed Italy after the last of his three journeys there.
- 1899 – Cyclone Mahina struck Bathurst Bay, Queensland, killing more than 300 people in one of the deadliest natural disasters in Australian history.
- 1918 – A case of influenza was recorded at Camp Funston, Kansas, conventionally marking the beginning of the Spanish flu pandemic.
- 2017 – Construction began on a 69-metre (226 ft) statue of the Buddha at Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen in Bangkok.
- Hindal Mirza (b. 1519)
- Rosalind Pitt-Rivers (b. 1907)
- Harold Barrowclough (d. 1972)
- Gary Gygax (d. 2008)
March 5: Ash Wednesday (Western Christianity, 2025); Learn from Lei Feng Day in China; St Piran's Day in Cornwall, England
Prototype Spitfire K5054
- 1811 – Peninsular War: At the Battle of Barrosa, Anglo-Iberian forces trying to lift the Siege of Cádiz defeated a French attack but could not break the siege itself.
- 1825 – Roberto Cofresí, one of the last Caribbean pirates, was apprehended after his flagship sloop Anne was captured by authorities.
- 1936 – The prototype (pictured) of the Supermarine Spitfire flew for the first time.
- 1981 – The ZX81, a pioneering British home computer, was launched by Sinclair Research, and went on to sell more than 1.5 million units around the world.
- Edward Cornwallis (b. 1713)
- J. R. Kealoha (d. 1877)
- Anna Akhmatova (d. 1966)
- Ailsa McKay (d. 2014)
William Speirs Bruce
- 845 – The Abbasid Caliphate executed 42 Byzantine officials who had been captured in the sack of Amorium of 838 for refusing to convert to Islam.
- 1447 – Tommaso Parentucelli was elected as Pope Nicholas V in Rome.
- 1904 – Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Led by William Speirs Bruce (pictured), the Antarctic region of Coats Land was discovered by the Scotia.
- 1988 – The Troubles: In Operation Flavius, the Special Air Service killed three volunteers of the Provisional Irish Republican Army conspiring to bomb a parade of British military bands in Gibraltar.
- 2000 – The Marine Parade Community Building, the mural cladding of which is the largest installation art in Singapore, was opened.
- Clark Shaughnessy (b. 1892)
- Joseph Berchtold (b. 1897)
- Shaukat Aziz (b. 1949)
- Cyprien Ntaryamira (b. 1955)
March 7: Feast day of Saints Perpetua and Felicity (Catholicism, Anglicanism, Lutheranism)
Police attacking civil rights activists outside Selma, Alabama
- 1573 – A peace treaty brought the Ottoman–Venetian War to an end, ceding Cyprus from the Republic of Venice to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1871 – José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, began a four-year premiership as Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil, the longest in the state's history.
- 1941 – The German submarine U-47, one of the most successful U-boats of World War II, disappeared with 45 men on board.
- 1965 – Unarmed civil rights activists marching from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, were attacked by police (pictured) on "Bloody Sunday".
- 2021 – A series of four explosions at a military barracks in Bata, Equatorial Guinea caused at least 107 deaths.
- Maurice Ravel (b. 1875)
- Masako Katsura (b. 1913)
- Mochtar Lubis (b. 1922)
- Divine (d. 1988)
March 8: International Women's Day; Aurat March in Pakistan
Io with two volcanic plumes
- 1576 – A Spanish colonial officer wrote a letter to King Philip II containing the first mention of the Maya ruins of Copán in present-day Honduras.
- 1910 – French aviator Raymonde de Laroche became the first woman to receive a pilot's licence.
- 1963 – The Ba'ath Party came to power in a coup d'état by a clique of quasi-leftist Syrian Army officers calling themselves the National Council for the Revolutionary Command.
- 1966 – Nelson's Pillar, a large granite pillar topped by a statue of Lord Nelson in Dublin, Ireland, was severely damaged by a bomb.
- 1979 – Images taken by Voyager 1 proved the existence of volcanoes on Io (pictured), a moon of Jupiter.
- Adela of Normandy (d. 1137)
- Louie Nunn (b. 1924)
- Alfons Rebane (d. 1976)
- Haseeb Ahsan (d. 2013)
March 9: Commonwealth Day in the Commonwealth of Nations (2026); National Heroes and Benefactors Day in Belize (2026)
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Kaʻiulani
- 1776 – Scottish philosopher Adam Smith publishes his book The Wealth of Nations, the first classical treatise on political economy.
- 1891 – Kaʻiulani (pictured) was appointed the heir apparent to the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom.
- 1925 – The Royal Air Force began a bombardment and strafing campaign against the mountain strongholds of Mahsud tribesmen in South Waziristan, present-day Pakistan.
- 1956 – In Tbilisi, Georgia, soldiers suppressed mass demonstrations against Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's policy of de-Stalinization.
- 1957 – The Andreanof Islands earthquake struck Hawaii and the Aleutian Islands, causing more than $5 million in damage from ground movement and a destructive tsunami.
- Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (d. 886)
- Catherine of Bologna (d. 1463)
- Friederike Caroline Neuber (b. 1697)
- Dick Walker (b. 1938)
March 10: Harriet Tubman Day in some parts of the United States
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Eliot Spitzer
- 1695 – Nine Years' War: At the Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas, Catalan miquelets attacked a column of French regular infantry and caused them to surrender.
- 1959 – An anti-Chinese uprising began as thousands of Tibetans surrounded the Potala Palace in Lhasa to prevent the Dalai Lama from leaving or being removed by the Chinese army.
- 1968 – Vietnam War/Laotian Civil War: North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao forces overwhelmed the American, Laotian, Thai, and Hmong defenders of Lima Site 85.
- 1977 – Astronomers using NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory discovered a faint ring system around Uranus.
- 2008 – The New York Times revealed that Eliot Spitzer (pictured), Governor of New York, had patronized a prostitution ring.
- Tvrtko I of Bosnia (d. 1391)
- Lillian Wald (b. 1867)
- Marie-Eugénie de Jésus (d. 1898)
- Rupert Bruce-Mitford (d. 1994)
Premiere poster of Rigoletto
- 1851 – The first performance of Verdi's Rigoletto took place at La Fenice in Venice (poster pictured).
- 1864 – The Great Sheffield Flood killed at least 240 people and damaged more than 600 homes, after a crack in the dam holding the Dale Dike Reservoir caused it to fail.
- 1993 – The U.S. Senate unanimously confirmed Janet Reno as the first female United States attorney general.
- 2007 – Georgian authorities accused Russia of orchestrating a helicopter attack in the Kodori Valley, in the breakaway territory of Abkhazia.
- 2020 – The World Health Organization (WHO) declares the COVID-19 virus epidemic a pandemic.
- Mary of Woodstock (b. 1278)
- Stanisław Koniecpolski (d. 1646)
- Ralph Abernathy (b. 1926)
- Gladys Pearl Baker (d. 1984)
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Andrew Watson
- 1537 – Croatian–Ottoman wars: After the execution of feudal lord Petar Kružić, Croatian forces at Klis surrendered to the Ottoman forces in exchange for their safe passage to northern locations.
- 1881 – Andrew Watson (pictured) captained the Scotland national football team against England, becoming the world's first black international footballer.
- 1947 – Cold War: U.S. president Harry S. Truman proclaimed the Truman Doctrine to help stem the spread of communism.
- 1952 – British diplomat Lord Ismay was appointed the first secretary general of NATO.
- 1971 – The Turkish Armed Forces executed a "coup by memorandum", forcing the resignation of Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel.
- 2006 – U.S. Army soldiers gang-raped a 14-year-old Iraqi girl and murdered her along with her family members.
- William Henry Perkin (b. 1838)
- Gemma Galgani (b. 1878)
- Zhao Wei (b. 1976)
- Arina Tanemura (b. 1978)
March 13: Fast of Esther (Judaism, 2025)
British attack on Cartagena de Indias
- 1741 – War of Jenkins' Ear: The British began an assault against Spanish forts in the Caribbean in the Battle of Cartagena de Indias (pictured).
- 1848 – Klemens von Metternich was forced to resign as the foreign minister of Austria following student demonstrations in Vienna.
- 1964 – Kitty Genovese was murdered in New York City, prompting research into the bystander effect due to the false story that neighbors witnessed the killing and did nothing to help her.
- 1996 – A mass shooting at a primary school occurred in Dunblane, Scotland, killing 16 children and a teacher and prompting tighter gun control in the United Kingdom.
- John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden (b. 1719)
- Adolf Anderssen (d. 1879)
- Meinhard Michael Moser (b. 1924)
- Jan Howard (b. 1929)
March 14: Sikh New Year's Day; White Day in parts of East Asia; Purim (Judaism, 2025); Pi Day
Gioachino Rossini
- 1309 – On Eid al-Fitr, the citizens of Granada stormed palaces in the city, deposing Sultan Muhammad III and placing his half-brother Nasr on the throne.
- 1864 – The Petite messe solennelle by Gioachino Rossini (pictured) was first performed in Paris, 34 years after his retirement as a composer.
- 1931 – Alam Ara, the first Indian sound film, premiered at the Majestic Cinema in Bombay.
- 1988 – China defeated Vietnam in a naval altercation while attempting to establish oceanographic observation posts on the Spratly Islands.
- 2021 – The Burmese military and police forces killed at least 65 civilians during the Hlaingthaya massacre in Yangon, including those protesting a recent coup d'état.
- Albert Einstein (b. 1879)
- Zita of Bourbon-Parma (d. 1989)
- Piri (b. 1999)
- Ieng Sary (d. 2013)
Julius Caesar
- 44 BC – Julius Caesar (bust pictured), the dictator of the Roman Republic, was stabbed to death by a group of senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus.
- 1823 – American sailor Benjamin Morrell erroneously reported the existence of New South Greenland, a phantom island, near Antarctica.
- 1916 – Six days after Pancho Villa and his cross-border raiders attacked Columbus, New Mexico, U.S. general John J. Pershing led a punitive expedition into Mexico to pursue him.
- 1917 – Russian Revolution: Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate in the February Revolution, ending three centuries of Romanov rule.
- 1943 – The deportation of 50,000 Jews from the Greek city of Thessaloniki began.
- 1951 – The Iranian oil industry was nationalized in a movement led by Mohammad Mosaddegh.
- Albert of Schwarzburg (d. 1327)
- Matthew Charlton (b. 1866)
- Ignace Tonené (d. 1916)
- Ruth Bader Ginsburg (b. 1933)
Cap badge of the Royal Welch Fusiliers
- 934 – Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period: Chinese general Meng Zhixiang proclaimed himself emperor and established Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
- 1689 – The Royal Welch Fusiliers (cap badge pictured), one of the oldest line-infantry regiments of the British Army, was founded.
- 1819 – The Bank for Savings in the City of New-York, the first savings bank in New York City, was incorporated.
- 1984 – William Buckley, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency station chief in Beirut, Lebanon, was kidnapped by Islamic fundamentalists.
- 1988 – Michael Stone, an Ulster loyalist, attacked the funeral of three Provisional IRA members, killing three attendees and injuring at least sixty others.
- Alaric Alexander Watts (b. 1797)
- Don Blasingame (b. 1932)
- Douglas Ahlstedt (b. 1945)
- Virginia Randolph (d. 1958)
March 17: Saint Patrick's Day (Christianity); Anniversary of the Unification of Italy (1861)
Dorchester Heights Monument
- 1864 – Second Schleswig War: In an attempt to end a Danish blockade, Eduard von Jachmann led a Prussian squadron in an attack against a Danish fleet led by Edvard van Dockum.
- 1902 – The Dorchester Heights Monument (pictured), memorializing the siege of Boston during the American Revolutionary War, was dedicated.
- 1957 – A plane crash on the slopes of Mount Manunggal killed Philippine president Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others.
- 1979 – The Penmanshiel Tunnel in the Scottish Borders collapsed during refurbishing construction, killing two workers, and leading to the abandonment of the tunnel.
- 2004 – Unrest in Kosovo broke out, resulting in the deaths of 28, the wounding of more than 600 others, and the destruction of several Serb Orthodox churches and shrines.
- Jocelin of Glasgow (d. 1199)
- Menno van Coehoorn (d. 1704)
- Pattie Boyd (b. 1944)
- Shu Xiuwen (d. 1969)
March 18: Feast day of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem (Christianity)
Traian Vuia's monoplane
- 363 – A fire began in Rome that resulted in the destruction of the Temple of Apollo Palatinus.
- 1277 – Charles I of Anjou acquired a claim on the Kingdom of Jerusalem in exchange for a significant sum of money.
- 1906 – Romanian inventor Traian Vuia became the first person to fly a heavier-than-air monoplane (pictured) with an unassisted takeoff.
- 1925 – The deadliest tornado in U.S. history spawned in Missouri and traveled more than 219 miles (352 km) across Illinois and Indiana, leaving one of the longest continuous tornado tracks ever recorded.
- 1977 – The punk group the Clash released their first single, "White Riot", described as their "most controversial song" due to its lyrics about class economics and race.
- 2019 – Syrian civil war: The U.S. Air Force carried out an airstrike in al-Baghuz Fawqani, killing as many as 80, a disputed number of whom were civilians.
- Matthew III Csák (d. 1321)
- Clem Hill (b. 1877)
- Johnny Papalia (b. 1924)
- Wali Mohammad Itoo (d. 1994)
March 19: Saint Joseph's Day (Western Christianity)
Zhao Bing
- 1279 – Mongol conquest of Song China: Zhao Bing (pictured), the last Song emperor, drowned at the end of the Battle of Yamen, bringing the Song dynasty to an end after three centuries.
- 1824 – American explorer Benjamin Morrell departed Antarctica after a voyage later plagued by claims of fraud.
- 1944 – The secular oratorio A Child of Our Time by Michael Tippett premiered at the Adelphi Theatre in London.
- 1998 – An unscheduled Ariana Afghan Airlines flight crashed into a mountain on approach into Kabul, killing all 45 people aboard.
- 2011 – First Libyan Civil War: The French Air Force launched Opération Harmattan, beginning foreign military intervention in Libya.
- Lord Edmund Howard (d. 1539)
- Greville Wynne (b. 1919)
- Joe Gaetjens (b. 1924)
- Lise Østergaard (d. 1996)
Chemical structure of zidovudine
- 1724 – Following the death of Pope Innocent XIII, a papal conclave convened in Rome to elect a new pope.
- 1861 – An earthquake occurred in the Argentine province of Mendoza, causing at least 6,000 deaths and destroying most of the buildings in the province's capital city.
- 1922 – The United States Navy commissioned its first aircraft carrier, USS Langley.
- 1944 – World War II: U.S. Marines made a landing on Emirau Island in the Bismarck Archipelago to develop an airbase as part of Operation Cartwheel.
- 1987 – The antiretroviral drug zidovudine (chemical structure pictured) became the first treatment approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for HIV/AIDS.
- 2014 – Taliban militants killed nine civilians in a mass shooting at the Kabul Serena Hotel in Afghanistan.
- Maud Menten (b. 1879)
- Willie Brown (b. 1934)
- Fernando Torres (b. 1984)
- Christel Boom (d. 2004)
March 21: Oltenia Day in Romania
Cover of L'enfant et les sortilèges
- 1913 – More than 360 were killed and 20,000 homes were destroyed in the Great Dayton Flood in Dayton, Ohio, U.S.
- 1925 – Ravel's opera L'enfant et les sortilèges (cover pictured), to a libretto by Colette, was premiered at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo.
- 1968 – War of Attrition: The Battle of Karameh took place between the Israel Defense Forces and allied troops of the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Jordanian Armed Forces.
- 1980 – The American soap opera Dallas aired the episode "A House Divided", which led to eight months of international speculation on "Who shot J.R.?"
- 2019 – A major explosion at a chemical plant in Yancheng, China, killed 78 people and injured 640 others.
- Ælla of Northumbria and Osberht of Northumbria (d. 867)
- Alice Henry (b. 1857)
- Al Williamson (b. 1931)
- Chinua Achebe (d. 2013)
March 22: World Water Day; Earth Hour (20:30 local time, 2025)
Charilaos Vasilakos (center) training for the marathon
- 106 – The Bostran era, the official era of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea, began.
- 1638 – Anne Hutchinson was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for her participation in the Antinomian Controversy.
- 1896 – Charilaos Vasilakos (pictured) won the first modern marathon in preparation for the inaugural Summer Olympics.
- 1913 – Phan Xích Long, the self-proclaimed emperor of Vietnam, was arrested for organising a revolt against the colonial rule of French Indochina, which was nevertheless carried out by his supporters the following day.
- 1995 – Russian cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov returned from the space station Mir aboard Soyuz TM-20 after 437 days in space, setting a record for the longest spaceflight.
- John Kemp (d. 1454)
- Yayoi Kusama (b. 1929)
- Abolhassan Banisadr (b. 1933)
- Rob Ford (d. 2016)
Bhagat Singh
- 1888 – Chaired by William McGregor, a meeting of ten English football clubs was held in London, eventually resulting in the establishment of the Football League.
- 1931 – Bhagat Singh (pictured), one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement, and two others were executed by the British authorities for their murder of a police officer.
- 1989 – Two researchers announced the discovery of cold fusion, a claim that was later discredited.
- 1994 – Aeroflot Flight 593 crashed into a hillside in Russia's Kemerovo Oblast, killing all 75 people on board, after the pilot's 15-year-old son unknowingly disabled the autopilot while seated at the controls.
- 2005 – A fire and explosion at an oil refinery in Texas City, the third-largest in the United States, killed 15 workers.
- Henry of Grosmont (d. 1361)
- Pierre-Simon Laplace (b. 1749)
- Akira Kurosawa (b. 1910)
- Kangana Ranaut (b. 1986)
March 24: Night of Power (Shia Islam, 2025); World Tuberculosis Day
Flag of Prince Edward Island
- 1387 – Hundred Years' War: An English fleet led by Richard Fitzalan attacked 250 to 360 French, Flemish and Castilian vessels in the Battle of Margate.
- 1934 – The Tydings–McDuffie Act came into effect, which provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence from the United States after a period of ten years.
- 1939 – Members of the German National Movement in Liechtenstein attempted to overthrow the government and provoke Liechtenstein's annexation into Nazi Germany.
- 1964 – Royal assent was given to Prince Edward Island's Provincial Flag Act, which outlined the design of its provincial flag (pictured).
- 2006 – Hannah Montana, starring Miley Cyrus as an actress whose alter ego is the titular character, premiered.
- Wulfred (d. 832)
- Theodora Kroeber (b. 1897)
- John Millington Synge (d. 1909)
- Chris Bosh (b. 1984)
March 25: Feast of the Annunciation (Christianity); Bangladesh Genocide Remembrance Day
Enrico Fermi
- 1458 – Wars of the Roses: A formal reconciliation ceremony between the Lancastrians and Yorkists led to a brief period of peace.
- 1725 – Bach's chorale cantata Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern was first performed on the Feast of the Annunciation, which coincided that year with Palm Sunday.
- 1934 – Enrico Fermi (pictured) published his discovery of neutron-induced radioactivity, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- 1949 – The Soviet Union began mass deportations of more than 90,000 "undesirable" people from the Baltic states to Siberia.
- Kō no Moronao (d. 1351)
- Melita Norwood (b. 1912)
- Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas (d. 1927)
- Russell Sherman (b. 1930)
Elbridge Gerry
- 1344 – Reconquista: The Muslim city of Algeciras surrendered after a 21-month siege and was incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile.
- 1651 – The Spanish ship San José ran aground onto coasts controlled by the indigenous Cunco people, who subsequently killed the crew.
- 1697 – The Safavid Empire began a four-year occupation of the Ottoman city of Basra on the Persian Gulf.
- 1812 – The Boston Gazette printed a cartoon coining the term "gerrymander", named after Governor Elbridge Gerry (pictured), who approved the legislation that created oddly shaped electoral districts.
- 1939 – Nationalist forces began their final offensive of the Spanish Civil War, at the end of which they controlled almost the entire country.
- 1999 – A jury began deliberations in the trial of Jack Kevorkian, an American practitioner of physician-assisted suicide who was charged with murder in the death of a terminally ill patient.
- 'Adud al-Dawla (d. 983)
- Julie-Victoire Daubié (b. 1824)
- Jörg Streli (b. 1940)
- D. M. Thomas (d. 2023)
March 27: Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania (1918)
Ball-and-stick model of sildenafil
- 1884 – Outraged by a jury's decision to convict a man of manslaughter instead of murder, a mob in Cincinnati, Ohio, began three days of rioting.
- 1899 – Philippine–American War: American forces defeated troops commanded by Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo at the Battle of Marilao River.
- 1998 – The Food and Drug Administration approved the drug sildenafil (chemical structure pictured), better known by the trade name Viagra, as the first treatment approved in the United States for erectile dysfunction.
- 1999 – NATO bombing of Yugoslavia: A U.S. Air Force F-117 stealth aircraft was shot down by a Yugoslav Army unit.
- 2020 – North Macedonia became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
- Jonathan Jennings (b. 1784)
- Doug Wilkerson (b. 1947)
- Elisheva Bikhovski (d. 1949)
- T. Sailo (d. 2015)
HMS Campbeltown during the St Nazaire Raid
- 1802 – German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers discovered Pallas, the second asteroid to be identified, but at the time considered to be a planet.
- 1935 – The Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will, directed by Leni Riefenstahl, premiered in Berlin.
- 1942 – Second World War: The port of Saint-Nazaire in German-occupied France was disabled by British naval forces (ship pictured).
- 1946 – The US Department of State released the Acheson–Lilienthal Report, a proposal for the international control of nuclear weapons.
- 1979 – British prime minister James Callaghan was defeated by one vote in a vote of no confidence after his government struggled to cope with widespread strikes during the Winter of Discontent.
- 1999 – Kosovo War: Serbian police and special forces killed around 93 Kosovo Albanians in the village of Izbica.
- Ernst Lindemann (b. 1894)
- Nasser Hussain (b. 1968)
- Lady Gaga (b. 1986)
- Charles Schepens (d. 2006)
March 29: Boganda Day in the Central African Republic (1959); Martyrs' Day in Madagascar (1947)
Mariner 10
- 1461 – Wars of the Roses: The Yorkists defeated the Lancastrian army at the Battle of Towton, allowing Edward IV to secure the English throne.
- 1882 – The Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, was founded by Michael J. McGivney in New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
- 1974 – NASA's Mariner 10 (pictured) became the first space probe to make a flyby of Mercury.
- 2014 – The first same-sex marriages in England and Wales took place following the passage of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013.
- Thomas Coram (d. 1751)
- Emilia Baeyertz (b. 1842)
- Sam Loxton (b. 1921)
- Ruth A. M. Schmidt (d. 2014)
March 30: Eid al-Fitr (Islam, 2025); Laetare Sunday (Western Christianity, 2025); Land Day in Palestinian communities (1976)
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Signing of the Treaty of Fes
- 1822 – The United States merged East Florida and West Florida to create the Florida Territory.
- 1912 – Sultan Abd al-Hafid signed the Treaty of Fes (depicted), making Morocco a French protectorate.
- 1977 – Annie Hall had its first screening at the LA Film Festival; it was voted the funniest screenplay ever by members of the Writers Guild of America.
- 2009 – The Manawan Police Academy in Lahore, Pakistan, was attacked and held for several hours by 12 gunmen, resulting in 16 deaths and 95 injuries.
- Nicolae Rădescu (b. 1874)
- William Hoapili Kaʻauwai (d. 1874)
- Karl Berger (b. 1935)
- Chrisye (d. 2007)
March 31: Cesar Chavez Day in various U.S. states (1927); International Transgender Day of Visibility
Woodcut picture of Matthew C. Perry
- 1854 – U.S. Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry (Japanese depiction pictured) and the Tokugawa shogunate signed the Convention of Kanagawa, forcing the opening of Japanese ports to American trade.
- 1959 – After a two-week escape journey from Tibet, the 14th Dalai Lama reached the Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh in India.
- 1964 – The Brazilian Armed Forces overthrew President João Goulart, establishing a military dictatorship that lasted 21 years.
- 2004 – The Old National Library Building in Singapore was closed to make way for a tunnel, despite widespread protests.
- Guru Angad (b. 1504)
- J. P. Morgan (d. 1913)
- Ewan McGregor (b. 1971)
- Ahmad Sayyed Javadi (d. 2013)
Selected anniversaries / On this day archive
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Selected anniversaries for April
[edit]April 1: April Fools' Day; Iranian Islamic Republic Day (1979)
Richard Plantagenet Campbell Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
- 1871 – The Duke of Buckingham (pictured) opened the first section of the Brill Tramway, a short railway line to transport goods between his lands and the national rail network.
- 2001 – Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands was legalized, making it the first country to do so.
- Aimery of Cyprus (d. 1205)
- Sophie Germain (b. 1776)
- Shivakumara Swami (b. 1907)
- Scott Joplin (d. 1917)
April 2: World Autism Awareness Day; feast day of Saint Francis of Paola (Catholicism); Malvinas Day in Argentina (1982)
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Hatton Garden Safe Deposit Ltd
- 1968 – 2001: A Space Odyssey, the epic science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick, premiered at the Uptown Theater in Washington, D.C.
- 1979 – Spores of anthrax were accidentally released from a military research facility near the city of Sverdlovsk, causing at least 68 deaths.
- 1982 – Argentine special forces invaded the Falkland Islands, sparking the Falklands War against the United Kingdom.
- 1992 – Bosnian War: At least 48 civilians were massacred in the town of Bijeljina in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- 2015 – Six elderly men burgled a safe-deposit facility (pictured) in Hatton Garden, London, and stole items worth up to an estimated £14 million.
- Prince George of Denmark (b. 1653)
- Wilhelmine Reichard (b. 1788)
- Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet (d. 1803)
- Elizabeth Catlett (d. 2012)
Rakesh Sharma
- 1043 – Edward the Confessor, usually considered to be the last king of the House of Wessex, was crowned King of England.
- 1984 – Aboard Soyuz T-11, Rakesh Sharma (pictured) became the first Indian to be launched into space.
- 1996 – A U.S. Air Force CT-43 crashed into a mountainside while attempting an instrument approach to Dubrovnik Airport in Croatia, killing all 35 people on board, including Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown.
- 2009 – A gunman opened fire at the American Civic Association in Binghamton, New York, U.S., killing thirteen and wounding four before committing suicide.
- 2013 – The northeastern section of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, experienced several flash floods that killed at least 100 people.
- Mukhtar al-Thaqafi (d. 687)
- Mary Carpenter (b. 1807)
- Reginald Heber (d. 1826)
- Gus Grissom (b. 1926)
April 4: Hansik in Korea (2024); Qingming Festival (traditional Chinese, 2025)
Alexios I Komnenos
- 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrated a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines.
- 1081 – The Komnenos dynasty came to full power with the coronation of Alexios I Komnenos (pictured) as Byzantine emperor.
- 1859 – Bryant's Minstrels premiered the minstrel song "Dixie" in New York City as part of their blackface show.
- 1905 – An earthquake hit the Kangra Valley in India, killing at least 20,000 people and destroying 100,000 buildings.
- 1949 – Twelve nations signed the North Atlantic Treaty, establishing NATO, an international military alliance whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.
- A. Thomas Bradbury (b. 1902)
- Martin Rundkvist (b. 1972)
- Xu Lai (d. 1973)
- Inez Robb (d. 1979)
April 5: Feast day of Saint Vincent Ferrer (Catholicism)
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Pocahontas
- 919 – The Fatimid Caliphate began a second unsuccessful invasion of Egypt, then under Abbasid rule.
- 1614 – Pocahontas (pictured), a Native American woman, married English colonist John Rolfe, leading to a period of peace between the Powhatan people and the inhabitants of Jamestown, Virginia.
- 1944 – Siegfried Lederer, a Czech Jew, escaped from Auschwitz with the aid of an SS officer who opposed the Holocaust.
- 1986 – The Libyan secret service bombed a discotheque in West Berlin, resulting in three deaths and 229 others injured.
- 2009 – The North Korean satellite Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 was launched from the Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground and passed over Japan, sparking concerns it may have been a trial run of technology that could be used to launch intercontinental ballistic missiles.
- al-Nuwayri (b. 1279)
- Thure de Thulstrup (b. 1848)
- Marie-Rosalie Cadron-Jetté (d. 1864)
- Judith Resnik (b. 1949)
ABBA
- 1776 – American Revolutionary War: Ships of the Continental Navy unsuccessfully attempted to capture HMS Glasgow near Block Island.
- 1808 – John Jacob Astor founded the American Fur Company, the profits from which made him the first multi-millionaire in the United States.
- 1974 – ABBA (pictured) won the Eurovision Song Contest representing Sweden with the song "Waterloo".
- 1994 – The aircraft carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down in Kigali; the event became the catalyst for the Rwandan genocide.
- 2009 – Mass protests began across Moldova against the results of the parliamentary election.
- James Mill (b. 1773)
- Donald Wills Douglas Sr. (b. 1892)
- Rose O'Neill (d. 1944)
- Mingyu (b. 1997)
April 7: National Beer Day in the United States
Artist's conception of 2001 Mars Odyssey
- 1655 – After a conclave lasting eighty days, the College of Cardinals elected Fabio Chigi as Pope Alexander VII.
- 1945 – World War II: U.S. forces sank the Japanese battleship Yamato during Operation Kikusui I in the East China Sea.
- 1994 – Rwandan Civil War: The Rwandan genocide began a few hours after the assassination of President Juvénal Habyarimana, with hundreds of thousands killed in the following 100 days.
- 1995 – First Chechen War: Russian paramilitary troops began a massacre of hundreds of civilians in Samashki, Chechnya.
- 2001 – NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey (artist's conception pictured), the longest-surviving continually active spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth, launched from Cape Canaveral.
- Berengar I of Italy (d. 924)
- Martha Ray (d. 1779)
- Joseph Lyons (d. 1939)
- Dave Arneson (d. 2009)
Little Nemo
- 1271 – Crusades: The Knights Hospitaller surrendered the Krak des Chevaliers, a castle in present-day Syria, to the army of the Mamluk sultan Baybars.
- 1904 – France and the United Kingdom signed the Entente Cordiale, agreeing to a peaceful coexistence after centuries of intermittent conflict.
- 1911 – American cartoonist Winsor McCay released the silent short film Little Nemo (featured), one of the earliest animated films.
- 1933 – The Australian state of Western Australia voted to secede from the federation, but efforts to implement the result proved to be unsuccessful.
- 1973 – The Progress Party was founded in a movie theater in Oslo, Norway.
- Caracalla (d. 217)
- Mary Dee (b. 1912)
- Christof May (b. 1973)
- TBJZL (b. 1993)
Admiral Scheer capsized in Kiel
April 9: Day of Valor in the Philippines (1942); Vimy Ridge Day in Canada (1917)
- 193 – Year of the Five Emperors: Septimius Severus was proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops at Carnuntum in modern-day Austria.
- 1388 – Despite being vastly outnumbered, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy defeated an Austrian army at the Battle of Näfels.
- 1945 – The German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer (pictured), the most successful capital-ship surface raider of the Second World War, was sunk by British bombers in port in Kiel.
- 2005 – Charles, Prince of Wales, married Camilla Parker Bowles in a civil ceremony at the Windsor Guildhall.
- 2021 – Myanmar civil war: Burmese military and police forces killed at least 82 civilians in the Bago massacre, including people protesting a recent coup d'état.
- Pope Benedict VIII (d. 1024)
- Isambard Kingdom Brunel (b. 1806)
- Mary Jackson (b. 1921)
First-edition cover of The Great Gatsby
- 1809 – Napoleonic Wars: The War of the Fifth Coalition began with the Austrian invasion of Bavaria, then a client state of France.
- 1815 – Mount Tambora in Indonesia began the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded history, killing at least 71,000 people and affecting temperatures worldwide.
- 1925 – The Great Gatsby (cover pictured), a novel by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald, was first published by Scribner's.
- 1970 – In the midst of business disagreements with his bandmates, Paul McCartney announced his departure from the Beatles.
- 2019 – Scientists from the Event Horizon Telescope project released the first image of the black hole at the center of the galaxy M87.
- Michael Tarchaniota Marullus (d. 1500)
- Samuel Hahnemann (b. 1755)
- Kishori Amonkar (b. 1932)
Mary II and William III
- 1689 – William III and Mary II (both pictured) were crowned joint sovereigns of England in a ceremony at Westminster Abbey.
- 1809 – Napoleonic Wars: A hastily assembled Royal Navy fleet launched an assault against the main strength of the French Atlantic Fleet; an incomplete victory led to political turmoil in Britain.
- 1951 – U.S. president Harry S. Truman relieved General of the Army Douglas MacArthur of his commands for making public statements about the Korean War that contradicted the administration's policies.
- 2001 – In a FIFA World Cup qualifying match, Australia defeated American Samoa 31–0, the largest margin of victory recorded in international football.
- Romanos III Argyros (d. 1034)
- Ewelina Hańska (d. 1882)
- Trevor Linden (b. 1970)
April 12: First day of Passover (Judaism, 2025); Third Month Fair begins in southwest China (2025); Cosmonautics Day in Russia; Yuri's Night
Great Fire of Valparaíso
- 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria was baptised by Bishop Paulinus of York.
- 1204 – Troops of the Fourth Crusade entered Constantinople and began a sack of the city, temporarily dissolving the Byzantine Empire.
- 1910 – SMS Zrínyi, one of the last pre-dreadnoughts built by the Austro-Hungarian Navy, was launched in Trieste.
- 1980 – Samuel Doe took control of Liberia in a coup d'état, overthrowing President William Tolbert and ending over 130 years of national democratic presidential succession.
- 2014 – A fire broke out near Valparaíso, Chile, eventually destroying at least 2,500 homes and leaving approximately 11,000 people homeless (damage pictured).
- Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia (d. 1125)
- Nicola Amati (d. 1684)
- Zelia Nuttall (d. 1933)
Van Cliburn
- 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British and Hessian forces conducted a surprise attack against a Continental Army outpost at Bound Brook, New Jersey.
- 1829 – The Roman Catholic Relief Act received royal assent, removing the most substantial restrictions on Catholics in the United Kingdom.
- 1958 – In the midst of the Cold War, American pianist Van Cliburn (pictured) won the inaugural International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow.
- 2009 – Andrew Hussie's webcomic Homestuck debuted, and concluded on the same day in 2016.
- 2017 – War in Afghanistan: In an airstrike in Nangarhar Province, the U.S. military dropped the most powerful conventional bomb used in combat.
- Henry De la Beche (d. 1855)
- Annie Jump Cannon (d. 1941)
- Günter Grass (d. 2015)
April 14: Tamil New Year and other New Year festivals in South and Southeast Asia (2024); N'Ko Alphabet Day in West Africa
Hailstones from the 1999 Sydney hailstorm
- 1471 – Wars of the Roses: The Yorkists under Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians at the Battle of Barnet, killing Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.
- 1945 – World War II: The German town of Friesoythe was razed by the 4th Canadian Division on the orders of Major General Christopher Vokes.
- 1999 – A storm dropped around 500,000 tonnes of hailstones on Sydney (examples pictured) and the east coast of New South Wales, causing about A$2.3 billion in damages, the costliest natural disaster in Australian insurance history.
- 2014 – Boko Haram militants kidnapped 276 schoolgirls from a government secondary school in the town of Chibok, Nigeria.
- Alexander Greenlaw Hamilton (b. 1852)
- Robert Carlyle (b. 1961)
- Rachel Carson (d. 1964)
April 15: Day of the Sun in North Korea; Jackie Robinson Day and Tax Day in the United States
Hillsborough Memorial
- 1632 – Thirty Years' War: A Swedish–German army defeated the forces of the Catholic League at the Battle of Rain, mortally wounding their commander Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly.
- 1923 – Ten Japanese-American children were killed in a racially motivated arson attack on a school in Sacramento, California.
- 1936 – Two Jews were killed near Tulkarm in Mandatory Palestine, an act widely viewed as the beginning of violence within the Arab revolt.
- 1989 – The Hillsborough disaster (memorial pictured), a human crush that caused 97 deaths in the worst disaster in British sporting history, occurred during an FA Cup match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest in Sheffield.
- 2019 – A fire severely damaged Notre-Dame de Paris, destroying the cathedral's timber spire and much of the roof.
- Leonardo da Vinci (b. 1452)
- Nikita Khrushchev (b. 1894)
- Claudia Cardinale (b. 1938)
- Emma Watson (b. 1990)
MV Sewol
- 1520 – A revolt of citizens in Toledo, Castile, opposed to the rule of the foreign-born Charles I began when the royal government attempted to unseat radical city councilors.
- 1862 – Slavery in Washington, D.C., ended when the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act became law.
- 1945 – Second World War: British and Canadian forces concluded the Liberation of Arnhem in the Netherlands from German occupation.
- 1948 – The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation, headquartered in Paris, was founded.
- 2014 – The ferry MV Sewol (pictured) capsized and sank off Donggeochado, South Korea, killing 306 people, mainly students from Danwon High School.
- Frederick I, Duke of Austria (d. 1198)
- Molly Brant (d. 1796)
- Ponnambalam Ramanathan (b. 1851)
April 17: Evacuation Day in Syria (1946)
Artist's impression of Kepler-186f
- 1080 – Canute IV became King of Denmark upon the death of his brother Harald III.
- 1809 – Napoleonic Wars: After a three-day chase, the French ship D'Hautpoul was captured off Puerto Rico by a British squadron under Alexander Cochrane.
- 1951 – The Peak District was designated the first national park in the United Kingdom.
- 1975 – The Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh, the capital of the Khmer Republic, ending the Cambodian Civil War and establishing the socialist state of Democratic Kampuchea.
- 2014 – NASA announced the discovery of Kepler-186f (pictured), the first exoplanet with a radius similar to Earth's discovered in the habitable zone of another star.
- Marino Faliero (d. 1355)
- Hannah Webster Foster (d. 1840)
- Karen Blixen (b. 1885)
- Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu (d. 1954)
Roland Garros
- 1775 – American Revolutionary War: Colonists Paul Revere and William Dawes, later joined by Samuel Prescott, began a midnight ride to warn residents of Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, about the impending arrival of British troops.
- 1881 – The painted ceilings of the Natural History Museum, London, were unveiled when the building opened its doors to the public.
- 1915 – World War I: Hit by ground fire, French aviation pioneer Roland Garros (pictured) landed his aircraft behind enemy lines and was taken prisoner by German forces.
- 1949 – The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 came into force, describing Ireland as a republic and ending its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations.
- 1975 – Aryabhata, India's first satellite, was launched from Kapustin Yar in the Soviet Union.
- Ippolita Maria Sforza (b. 1445)
- Polydore Vergil (d. 1555)
- Jean Guillou (b. 1930)
- Albert Einstein (d. 1955)
April 19: Primrose Day in London
Aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing
- 1713 – With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issued the Pragmatic Sanction, allowing the Habsburg hereditary possessions to be inherited by a daughter.
- 1809 – War of the Fifth Coalition: French general Louis-Nicolas Davout defeated an Austrian force in Lower Bavaria, allowing him to rejoin the main French army.
- 1987 – The fictional Simpson family made their first appearance in the short "Good Night", aired in a segment of the The Tracey Ullman Show.
- 1995 – A truck bombing destroyed much of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building (aftermath pictured) in Oklahoma City, killing 168 people and injuring more than 680 others.
- 2015 – Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African American, died of injuries sustained while in the custody of the Baltimore Police Department.
- Uesugi Kenshin (d. 1578)
- Elizabeth Dilling (b. 1894)
- Denis O'Brien (b. 1958)
Vädersolstavlan
April 20: Easter (Christianity, 2025); first day of Ridván (Baháʼí Faith, 2025); 420 (cannabis culture)
- 1535 – Sun dogs were observed over Stockholm, Sweden, inspiring Vädersolstavlan (pictured), the oldest coloured depiction of the city.
- 1657 – Anglo-Spanish War: The English navy sank much of a Spanish treasure fleet at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife off the Canary Islands, but was unable to capture the treasure.
- 1968 – Pierre Trudeau was sworn in as prime minister of Canada, succeeding Lester B. Pearson.
- 2004 – An incomplete tunnel leading to the Nicoll Highway MRT station in Singapore collapsed, resulting in four deaths and the station's relocation.
- 2010 – An explosion on Deepwater Horizon, an offshore rig in the Gulf of Mexico, resulted in the largest marine oil spill in history.
- William Bedloe (b. 1650)
- David Brainerd (b. 1718)
- Frances Ames (b. 1920)
- Kojo Laing (d. 2017)
April 21: Natale di Roma in Italy (AD 47); Patriots' Day in some parts of the United States (2025)
Wignacourt Aqueduct
- 900 – A debt was pardoned by the chief of Tondo on the island of Luzon and recorded on the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the earliest known calendar-dated document found in the Philippines.
- 1615 – The Wignacourt Aqueduct (pictured) in Malta was inaugurated, and was used to carry water to Valletta for about 300 years.
- 1725 – J. S. Bach's cantata Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden, was first performed on Easter Monday.
- 1925 or 1926 – Al-Baqi Cemetery in Medina, the site of the mausoleum of four of the Twelve Imams of Shia Islam, was demolished by Wahhabis.
- 1975 – South Vietnamese president Nguyễn Văn Thiệu resigned on hearing of the fall of Xuân Lộc, the last battle of the Vietnam War.
- Pope Alexander II (d. 1073)
- Antonín Kammel (b. 1730)
- Cheryl Gillan (b. 1952)
- Vivian Maier (d. 2009)
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Pedro Álvares Cabral
- 1500 – A fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral (pictured) anchored off present-day Brazil; he later claimed the land for the Portuguese Empire.
- 1885 – The first meeting of the Colonial Defence Committee, a standing committee of the British Colonial Office, was held to discuss the defence of Barbados.
- 1918 – The short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was established on territory formerly part of the Russian Empire.
- 1951 – Korean War: The Chinese People's Volunteer Army attacked positions occupied mainly by Australian and Canadian forces, starting the Battle of Kapyong.
- 2016 – The Paris Agreement, an international treaty on climate change, opened for signature and was signed by 175 parties.
- Philip of Poitou (d. 1208)
- Robert Ludwig Kahn (b. 1923)
- Regine Velasquez (b. 1970)
April 23: National Sovereignty and Children's Day in Turkey (1920)
Liberation of Flossenbürg
- 1467 – Ottoman wars in Europe: Albanian leader Skanderbeg defeated an Ottoman army under Ballaban Badera to raise the siege of Krujë.
- 1945 – World War II: The US Army's 90th Infantry Division liberated Flossenbürg concentration camp (pictured) in Germany, freeing 1,500 prisoners.
- 1976 – The American band the Ramones released their debut album, which became highly influential on the emerging punk rock movement.
- 1979 – Blair Peach, a New Zealand teacher, was fatally injured while taking part in an Anti-Nazi League demonstration against a National Front election meeting in Southall, London.
- 2018 – A man intentionally struck pedestrians with a van on Yonge Street in Toronto, Canada, leading to 11 deaths.
- Joan of France (b. 1464)
- Pandita Ramabai (b. 1858)
- Satyajit Ray (d. 1992)
April 24: Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day (1915); Yom HaShoah in Israel (2025)
Hubble Space Telescope
- 1837 – A fire broke out in Surat, India, which went on to destroy about 75% of the city.
- 1914 – The Franck–Hertz experiment, the first electrical measurement to clearly demonstrate quantum mechanics, was presented to the German Physical Society.
- 1916 – Irish republicans led by Patrick Pearse began the Easter Rising against British rule in Ireland, and proclaimed the Irish Republic an independent state.
- 1980 – Eight U.S. servicemen died in Operation Eagle Claw, a failed attempt to rescue the captives in the Iran hostage crisis.
- 1990 – The Hubble Space Telescope (pictured) was launched aboard STS-31 by Space Shuttle Discovery.
- 1993 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a truck bomb in London's financial district in Bishopsgate, killing one person, injuring forty-four others, and causing damage that cost £350 million to repair.
- Mellitus (d. 624)
- Kumar Dharmasena (b. 1971)
- Estée Lauder (d. 2004)
- Nancy Dorian (d. 2024)
April 25: Liberation Day in Italy (1945); Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand
USS Triton
- 1643 – First English Civil War: Despite being vastly outnumbered, a Parliamentarian force under James Chudleigh defeated a Royalist army near Okehampton, Devon, at the Battle of Sourton Down.
- 1915 – First World War: The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps landed at Anzac Cove while British and French troops landed at Cape Helles to begin the Allied invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire.
- 1960 – The U.S. Navy submarine Triton (pictured) completed the first submerged circumnavigation of the world.
- 1983 – The first issue of The Jakarta Post was published in Indonesia.
- 2015 – Nepal was struck by a magnitude-7.8 earthquake, killing more than 8,000 people.
- Naresuan (d. 1605)
- Georg Sverdrup (b. 1770)
- Emmeline B. Wells (d. 1921)
April 26: Koningsdag in the Netherlands
Lorenzo de' Medici
- 1478 – In a conspiracy to replace the Medici family as rulers of the Republic of Florence, the Pazzi family attacked Lorenzo de' Medici (pictured) and killed his brother Giuliano at Florence Cathedral.
- 1915 – First World War: Britain, France and Russia signed a secret treaty promising territory to Italy if it joined the war on their side.
- 1933 – The Gestapo, the official secret police force of Nazi Germany, was established.
- 1989 – A tornado struck the Manikganj District of Bangladesh and killed an estimated 1,300 people, making it the deadliest tornado in history.
- 1994 – Just before landing at Nagoya Airport, Japan, the copilot of China Airlines Flight 140 inadvertently triggered the takeoff/go-around switch, causing the aircraft to crash and killing 264 of the 271 people on board.
- Marcus Aurelius (b. 121)
- Alice Ayres (d. 1885)
- S. J. V. Chelvanayakam (d. 1977)
Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn
- 630 – Shahrbaraz usurped the throne of the Sasanian Empire from Ardashir III, but was himself killed six weeks later.
- 1650 – Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Covenanter forces defeated the Royalists at the Battle of Carbisdale near the village of Culrain, Scotland.
- 1945 – World War II: The photograph Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn (pictured) was taken after German troops withdrew to Norway at the end of the Lapland War.
- 1965 – Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation: British forces repelled a surprise Indonesian attack on a base at Plaman Mapu in Sarawak.
- 2005 – The Airbus A380, the world's largest passenger airliner, made its maiden flight from Toulouse, France.
- Ulysses S. Grant (b. 1822)
- Sheila Scott (b. 1922)
- Olivier Messiaen (d. 1992)
April 28: Workers' Memorial Day
Mounted police maintaining order at the 1923 FA Cup final
- 1253 – The Japanese monk Nichiren declared the mantra Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō, now a central part of Nichiren Buddhism.
- 1789 – Fletcher Christian, the acting lieutenant on board the Royal Navy ship Bounty, led a mutiny against the commander William Bligh in the South Pacific.
- 1923 – The FA Cup final (crowd and police pictured) between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United was held on the opening day of the Empire Stadium in London.
- 1945 – World War II: Benito Mussolini, the deposed fascist dictator of Italy, was executed by partisans in Giulino.
- 1983 – The West German news magazine Stern published excerpts from the purported diaries of Adolf Hitler, later revealed to be forgeries.
- Bajirao I (d. 1740)
- Jane Cobden (b. 1851)
- Regina Martínez Pérez (d. 2012)
HMS Endeavour
- 1760 – Seven Years' War: France began an unsuccessful attempt to retake Quebec City, which had been captured by Britain.
- 1770 – On his first voyage, British explorer James Cook and the crew of HMS Endeavour (pictured) landed at Botany Bay, making the first recorded European landfall on the eastern coast of Australia.
- 1922 - Sixteen-year-old Lilian Salkeld became the first woman to walk from London to Brighton
- 1945 – World War II: The U.S. Army liberated Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, and killed German prisoners of war.
- 1995 – Before a crowd of about 165,000 at the Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, Ric Flair and Antonio Inoki competed in the main event of Collision in Korea, the highest attended professional wrestling event of all time.
- 2015 – The ringleaders of the Bali Nine were executed in Indonesia for attempting to smuggle 8.3 kg (18 lb) of heroin to Australia in 2005.
- George Farquhar (d. 1707)
- Marietta Blau (b. 1894)
- John Compton (b. 1925)
- Giacomo dalla Torre (d. 2020)
April 30: Yom HaZikaron in Israel (2025)
Evacuees on the USS Midway
- 311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians officially ended in the eastern Roman Empire.
- 1943 – Second World War: The Royal Navy submarine HMS Seraph began Operation Mincemeat to deceive Germany about the upcoming invasion of Sicily.
- 1963 – A refusal by the Bristol Omnibus Company and the Transport and General Workers' Union to permit the employment of black bus crews led to a bus boycott in Bristol, England.
- 1975 – American forces completed a helicopter evacuation (aircraft and evacuees pictured) of U.S. citizens, South Vietnamese civilians and others from Saigon, just before North Vietnamese troops captured the city and ended the Vietnam War.
- 2021 – A crowd crush killed 45 people during the annual pilgrimage to the tomb of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai in Israel.
- Marie of the Incarnation (d. 1672)
- Emily Stowe (d. 1903)
- Kirsten Dunst (b. 1982)
Selected anniversaries / On this day archive
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Selected anniversaries for May
[edit]May 1: Beltane and Samhain in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively; Maharashtra Day in Maharashtra, India (1960); International Workers' Day; Law Day, Loyalty Day and National Day of Prayer (2025) in the United States
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Empire State Building
- 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retired as co-rulers of the Roman Empire, being succeeded by Galerius and Constantius Chlorus.
- 1794 – War of the Pyrenees: France regained nearly all the land it lost to Spain the previous year with its victory in the Second Battle of Boulou.
- 1931 – New York City's Empire State Building (pictured), at the time the tallest building in the world, opened.
- 1974 – Argentine president Juan Perón expelled Montoneros from a demonstration in the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, forcing the group to become a clandestine organization.
- Alexander William Williamson (b. 1824)
- Anna Jarvis (b. 1864)
- Eldridge Cleaver (d. 1998)
Mireya Moscoso in 2012
- 1559 – Presbyterian clergyman John Knox returned from exile to lead the Scottish Reformation.
- 1889 – The Treaty of Wuchale was signed, ending the Italo-Ethiopian War, but differences in translation later led to another war.
- 1964 – Vietnam War: An explosion attributed to Viet Cong commandos caused the escort carrier USNS Card to sink in the port of Saigon.
- 1999 – Mireya Moscoso (pictured) became the first woman to be elected President of Panama.
- 2014 – Two mudslides in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan, killed at least 350 people.
- Marutha of Tikrit (d. 649)
- Mary Moser (d. 1819)
- Giacomo Meyerbeer (d. 1864)
- Engelbert Humperdinck (b. 1936)
May 3: World Press Freedom Day; Constitution Memorial Day in Japan (1947); Constitution Day in Poland (1791)
Benty Grange helmet
- 1481 – The largest of a series of earthquakes struck the island of Rhodes, causing an estimated 30,000 casualties.
- 1848 – The Benty Grange helmet (pictured), a boar-crested Anglo-Saxon helmet similar to those mentioned in the contemporary epic poem Beowulf, was discovered in Derbyshire, England.
- 1939 – Subhas Chandra Bose formed the All India Forward Bloc, a faction within the Indian National Congress, in opposition to Gandhi's tactics of nonviolence.
- 1999 – A Doppler on Wheels team measured the fastest winds recorded on Earth, at 143.6 m/s (321 mph; 517 km/h), in a tornado near Bridge Creek, Oklahoma.
- Elizabeth Bacon (d. 1621)
- Jacob Riis (b. 1849)
- Bob McCallister (b. 1934)
- Ron Hextall (b. 1964)
May 4: Youth Day in China; Literary Day in Taiwan; Star Wars Day
Pope Alexander VI
- 1493 – Pope Alexander VI (pictured) issued the papal bull Inter caetera, establishing a line of demarcation dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal.
- 1776 – American Revolution: The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations became the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown.
- 1942 – World War II: Aircraft from Imperial Japanese Navy vessels attacked Allied naval forces, beginning the Battle of the Coral Sea, the first naval action in which the participating ships never sighted or fired directly at each other.
- 1974 – An all-female Japanese team reached the summit of Manaslu in the Himalayas, becoming the first women to climb a peak higher than 8,000 metres (26,247 ft) above sea level.
- 1979 – Margaret Thatcher became the first female prime minister of the United Kingdom.
- John Nevison (d. 1684)
- Nettie Stevens (d. 1912)
- Audrey Hepburn (b. 1929)
May 5: Lixia begins in China (2025); Children's Day in Japan; Cinco de Mayo in Mexico and the United States
Isaac Stern Auditorium, Carnegie Hall
- 1646 – First English Civil War: Charles I surrendered himself to Scottish Covenanter leader David Leslie near Newark, England.
- 1864 – American Civil War: Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign in Virginia began with the inconclusive Battle of the Wilderness in Spotsylvania County.
- 1891 – Carnegie Hall (interior pictured) in New York City, built by the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, officially opened with a concert conducted by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.
- 1980 – The British Special Air Service recaptured the Iranian embassy in London following a six-day siege after Iranian Arab separatists had seized it.
- Samuel Cooper (d. 1672)
- William George Beers (b. 1841)
- Irene Gut Opdyke (b. 1918)
The Grand Palace in the 1860s
- 1536 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire: Sapa Inca emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui's army began a ten-month siege of Cusco against a garrison of Spanish conquistadors and Indian auxiliaries led by Hernando Pizarro.
- 1782 – Construction began on the Grand Palace (pictured) in Bangkok, the official residence of the king of Thailand.
- 1915 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: SY Aurora, anchored in McMurdo Sound, broke loose during a gale, beginning a 312-day ordeal in the Ross Sea and Southern Ocean for her 18-man crew.
- 2004 – The final episode of the television sitcom Friends was aired.
- 2013 – Amanda Berry escaped from the Cleveland, Ohio, home of her captor, Ariel Castro, having been held there with two other women for ten years.
- Henry David Thoreau (d. 1862)
- Martin Brodeur (b. 1972)
- Reg Grundy (d. 2016)
Maximilien Robespierre
- 1487 – Granada War: Forces of Aragon and Castile began a siege of Málaga, a Muslim city in the south of the Iberian Peninsula.
- 1794 – French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre (pictured) established the Cult of the Supreme Being as the new state religion of the French First Republic.
- 1798 – War of the First Coalition: A British garrison repelled a French attack on the Îles Saint-Marcouf off the Normandy coast, inflicting heavy losses.
- 1937 – Employees at Fleischer Studios in New York City went on strike in the animation industry's first major labor strike.
- 1946 – Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita founded the telecommunications corporation Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, later renamed Sony.
- Mary of Modena (d. 1718)
- Tore Wretman (b. 1916)
- Willard Boyle (d. 2011)
May 8: Anniversary of the birth of Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico (1753); Victory in Europe Day (1945)
Lady Blanche Arundell
- 1643 – First English Civil War: The first siege of Wardour Castle ended after six days with the surrender of the Royalist garrison under Lady Blanche Arundell (pictured).
- 1842 – A train derailed and caught fire near Versailles, France, killing at least 52 people.
- 1927 – French aviators Charles Nungesser and François Coli aboard the biplane L'Oiseau Blanc took off from Paris, attempting to make the first non-stop flight to New York, only to disappear before arrival.
- 1963 – In Huế, South Vietnam, soldiers opened fire into a crowd of Buddhists protesting against a government ban on the flying of the Buddhist flag on Phật Đản, killing nine and sparking the Buddhist crisis.
- 1972 – Four members of Black September hijacked Sabena Flight 571 to demand the release of 315 Palestinians convicted on terrorism charges.
- Thomas Drury (b. 1551)
- Helena Blavatsky (d. 1891)
- Beatrice Worsley (d. 1972)
May 9: Europe Day in the European Union; Liberation Day in the Channel Islands (1945)
Hotel Polen fire
- 1877 – An earthquake struck northern Chile, leading to the deaths of 2,385 people, mostly victims of the ensuing tsunami, as far away as Hawaii and Fiji.
- 1944 – World War II: The Japanese Take Ichi convoy arrived at Halmahera in the Dutch East Indies after losing many ships and thousands of troops to Allied attacks while attempting to carry two divisions of troops from China to New Guinea.
- 1977 – The Hotel Polen in Amsterdam was destroyed by fire (pictured), leaving 33 people dead.
- 1980 – Part of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge in Florida collapsed after a pier was struck by MV Summit Venture, killing 35 people.
- 2001 – Police at the Ohene Djan Stadium in Accra, Ghana, fired tear gas to quell unrest at a football match, leading to a stampede that killed 126 people.
- Al-Adid (b. 1151)
- John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair (d. 1747)
- Yukiya Amano (b. 1947)
Ethan Allen demanding the surrender of Fort Ticonderoga
- 28 BC – Chinese astronomers during the Han dynasty made the first precisely dated observation of a sunspot.
- 1775 – American Revolutionary War: A small force of Patriots led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured Fort Ticonderoga (depicted) in New York, without significant injury or incident.
- 1933 – As part of Nazi Germany's persecution of transgender people, thousands of books taken from the Institute for Sexual Science were burned in Bebelplatz square for being "un-German".
- 1940 – British prime minister Neville Chamberlain resigned and formally recommended Winston Churchill as his successor.
- 2005 – Vladimir Arutyunian attempted to assassinate U.S. president George W. Bush and Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili in Tbilisi using a hand grenade, which failed to detonate.
- Leonhart Fuchs (d. 1566)
- Karl Barth (b. 1886)
- Arthur Kopit (b. 1937)
HMS Beagle
- 868 – A copy of the Diamond Sutra was printed in Tang-dynasty China, making it the world's oldest dated printed book.
- 1820 – HMS Beagle (pictured), the ship that would take Charles Darwin on his voyage, was launched.
- 1889 – Bandits attacked a U.S. Army paymaster's escort in the Arizona Territory, stealing more than $28,000.
- 1970 – Lubbock, Texas, was struck by a tornado that left 26 people dead.
- 2010 – Gordon Brown resigned as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party after failing to strike a coalition agreement with the Liberal Democrats.
- 2022 – Myanmar civil war: Government troops killed 37 unarmed civilians in Mondaingbin.
- Richard Feynman (b. 1918)
- Judy Ann Santos (b. 1978)
- Zenna Henderson (d. 1983)
May 12 : Pesach Sheni in Judaism (2025)
B-17 bombers intercepting the Rex
- 1743 – War of the Austrian Succession: Habsburg ruler Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Bohemia after Austrian forces drove French troops from the territory.
- 1938 – During an exercise to demonstrate air power, United States Army Air Corps bomber aircraft intercepted the Italian ocean liner SS Rex (pictured) 620 nautical miles (1,100 km) off the US Atlantic coast.
- 1948 – The United Kingdom publicly announced that it was independently developing nuclear weapons, after the US Atomic Energy Act of 1946 ended cooperation on the matter.
- 1968 – Vietnam War: The 1st Australian Task Force began the defence of Fire Support Base Coral in the largest unit-level action of the war for the Australian Army.
- 1998 – Four students were shot and killed by Indonesian soldiers at Trisakti University in Jakarta, which led to widespread riots and the resignation of President Suharto nine days later.
- Thomas Palaiologos (d. 1465)
- Otto Frank (b. 1889)
- Moto Hagio (b. 1949)
Aftermath of the Enschede explosion
- 1909 – The inaugural edition of the Giro d'Italia, a long-distance multiple-stage bicycle race, began in Milan; the Italian cyclist Luigi Ganna was the eventual winner.
- 1958 – US vice president Richard Nixon's motorcade was attacked by a mob in Caracas, Venezuela.
- 2000 – An explosion (aftermath pictured) at a fireworks factory in Enschede, Netherlands, resulted in 23 deaths and approximately €450 million in damage.
- 2008 – Nine bombs placed by the Indian Mujahideen, then an unknown terrorist group, exploded in a 15-minute period in Jaipur, India, killing 80 people and injuring more than 200 others.
- Maria Theresa (b. 1717)
- John Littlejohn (d. 1836)
- Alicja Iwańska (b. 1918)
- Gary Cooper (d. 1961)
May 14: Feast day of Saint Matthias (Catholicism)
Monument to the Battle of Lewes
- 1264 – Second Barons' War: King Henry III was defeated at the Battle of Lewes (monument pictured) and forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, making Simon de Montfort the de facto ruler of England.
- 1857 – Mindon Min was crowned as King of Burma.
- 1863 – American Civil War: Union troops captured Jackson, the capital of Mississippi.
- 1931 – Five people were killed in Ådalen, Sweden, as soldiers opened fire on an unarmed trade union demonstration.
- 1948 – David Ben-Gurion publicly read the Israeli Declaration of Independence at a building later called Independence Hall in Tel Aviv.
- Fanny Imlay (b. 1794)
- Mary Seacole (d. 1881)
- Miranda Cosgrove (b. 1993)
- Taruni Sachdev (b. 1998; d. 2012)
May 15: Feast day of Saint Carthage (Catholicism); Nakba Day in Palestinian communities; Peace Officers Memorial Day in the United States
Statue of Valentinian II
- 392 – Roman emperor Valentinian II (pictured) was found hanged in his residence in Vienne, in present-day France.
- 1725 – Bach led the first performance of his cantata Ich bin ein guter Hirt, BWV 85, about Jesus as the Good Shepherd.
- 1855 – Thieves stole 224 pounds (102 kg) of gold from a train travelling from London to Folkestone, England.
- 1864 – American Civil War: A small Confederate force, which included cadets from the Virginia Military Institute, forced the Union army out of the Shenandoah Valley.
- 1916 – Jesse Washington, a teenage African-American farmhand, was lynched in Waco, Texas.
- Hilary of Galeata (d. 558)
- Emily Dickinson (d. 1886)
- K. M. Cariappa (d. 1993)
May 16: Malcolm X Day in some parts of the United States (2025)
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Junko Tabei
- 1426 – Mohnyin Thado captured Sagaing to become the king of Ava, in present-day Myanmar.
- 1605 – After a scuffle in which one cardinal had several bones broken, a papal conclave convened in Rome elected Camillo Borghese as Pope Paul V.
- 1929 – The first Academy Awards ceremony was held at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles, California.
- 1975 – Japanese climber Junko Tabei (pictured) became the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
- Pietro da Cortona (d. 1669)
- William H. Seward (b. 1801)
- Amanda Asay (b. 1988)
May 17: International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia
Anne of Denmark
- 1590 – Anne of Denmark (pictured) was crowned the queen consort of Scotland in a ceremony at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh.
- 1863 – American Civil War: At the Battle of Big Black River Bridge in Mississippi, Union forces under John A. McClernand defeated a Confederate rearguard and captured around 1,700 men.
- 1900 – The first copies of the children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum were printed.
- 1954 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education, outlawing racial segregation in public schools because "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and therefore unconstitutional.
- 1987 – An Iraqi jet fired two Exocet missiles at the American frigate USS Stark, killing 37 personnel and injuring 21 others.
- Caroline of Brunswick (b. 1768)
- Erik Satie (b. 1866)
- Little Gerhard (b. 1934)
- Maggie Laubser (d. 1973)
May 18: Haitian Flag Day in Haiti (1803); Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Crimean Tatar Genocide in Ukraine
The Bath School after the explosions
- 1302 – Armed insurrectionists massacred the occupying French garrison in Bruges, Flanders, killing approximately 2,000 people.
- 1695 – An earthquake measuring Ms7.8 struck Shanxi Province in northern China, resulting in at least 52,600 deaths.
- 1927 – Disgruntled school board treasurer Andrew Kehoe set off explosives with timers and a rifle (aftermath pictured), causing the Bath School disaster in the Bath Consolidated School in Michigan, killing 44 people in the deadliest mass murder in a school in United States history.
- 2009 – The Sri Lanka Army killed Velupillai Prabhakaran, the leader and founder of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, to bring an end to the 26-year Sri Lankan civil war.
- Thomas Midgley Jr. (b. 1889)
- Ester Boserup (b. 1910)
- Jean-François Théodore (d. 2015)
May 19: Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day in Turkey (1919); Victoria Day in Canada (2025)
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle
- 1655 – Anglo-Spanish War: England invaded Spanish Jamaica, capturing it a week later.
- 1743 – French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin published the design of a mercury thermometer using the centigrade scale, with 0 representing the melting point of water and 100 its boiling point.
- 1828 – The United States Congress passed the largest tariff in the nation's history, which resulted in severe economic hardship in the American South.
- 1915 – First World War: Australian and New Zealand troops repelled the third attack on Anzac Cove, inflicting heavy casualties on the attacking Ottoman forces.
- 2018 – The wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle (both pictured) took place at St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle, England.
- Alcuin (d. 804)
- Claude Vignon (b. 1593)
- Nora Ephron (b. 1941)
- John Gorton (d. 2002)
May 20: National Day of Remembrance in Cambodia (1975); National Awakening Day in Indonesia (1908)
- 325 – The First Council of Nicaea (depicted), the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church, was formally opened by Constantine the Great.
- 794 – According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, King Æthelberht II of East Anglia was beheaded on the orders of Offa of Mercia.
- 1714 – J. S. Bach led the first performance of his Pentecost cantata Erschallet, ihr Lieder at the chapel of Schloss Weimar.
- 1927 – With the signing of the Treaty of Jeddah, the United Kingdom recognized the sovereignty of Ibn Saud over Hejaz and Nejd, which later merged to become Saudi Arabia.
- 1941 – World War II: German paratroopers began the Battle of Heraklion on the island of Crete, capturing the airfield and port in Heraklion ten days later.
- William Fargo (b. 1818)
- Gertrude Guillaume-Schack (d. 1903)
- Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi (d. 2021)
May 21: World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
Busoni c. 1897
- 1138 – The Crusades: The siege of Shaizar ended, and the Emir of Shaizar became a vassal of the Byzantine Empire.
- 1864 – American Civil War: The inconclusive Battle of Spotsylvania Court House in Virginia ended with combined Union and Confederate casualties totaling around 31,000.
- 1894 – The Manchester Ship Canal, linking Manchester in North West England to the Irish Sea, officially opened, becoming the world's largest navigation canal at the time.
- 1925 – The opera Doktor Faust, unfinished when composer Ferruccio Busoni (pictured) died, was premiered in Dresden.
- 2014 – A Taiwanese man carried out a stabbing spree on a Taipei Metro train, killing four people and injuring 24 others.
- Feng Dao (d. 954)
- Tommaso Campanella (d. 1639)
- Armand Hammer (b. 1898)
- Linda Laubenstein (b. 1947)
May 22: National Maritime Day in the United States; Unity Day in Yemen
Prayut Chan-o-cha
- 1766 – A magnitude-7.1 earthquake struck Constantinople and was followed by a tsunami that caused significant damage.
- 1874 – Giuseppe Verdi's Requiem was first performed in the San Marco church in Milan to commemorate the first anniversary of Alessandro Manzoni's death.
- 1998 – In Public Prosecutor v Taw Cheng Kong, the Court of Appeal of Singapore overruled a High Court decision in the only time a statute in Singapore had been ruled unconstitutional.
- 2014 – Prayut Chan-o-cha (pictured), the commander-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army, launched a coup d'état against the caretaker government following six months of political crisis.
- Jovan Vladimir (d. 1016)
- John Forest (d. 1538)
- Charles Aznavour (b. 1924)
- Apolo Ohno (b. 1982)
May 23: Aromanian National Day
Louis of Nassau
- 1568 – The Dutch Revolt broke out when rebels led by Louis of Nassau (pictured) invaded Friesland at the Battle of Heiligerlee.
- 1873 – The North-West Mounted Police, the forerunner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, was established to bring law and order to and assert Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Territories.
- 1934 – During a strike against the Electric Auto-Lite company in Toledo, a fight began between nearly 10,000 American strikers and sheriff's deputies, later involving the Ohio National Guard.
- 1999 – Professional wrestler Owen Hart died immediately before a World Wrestling Federation match after dropping 70 feet (21 m) onto the ring during a botched entrance.
- Ignaz Moscheles (b. 1794)
- Franz Xaver von Baader (d. 1841)
- David Lewis (d. 1981)
- Luis Posada Carriles (d. 2018)
May 24: Aldersgate Day (Methodism)
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Eric XIV of Sweden
- 1567 – The mentally ill King Erik XIV of Sweden (pictured) and his guards murdered five incarcerated nobles, including some members of the influential Sture family.
- 1689 – The Act of Toleration became law, granting freedom of worship to English nonconformists under certain circumstances, but deliberately excluding Catholics.
- 1798 – The Irish Rebellion of 1798 began, with battles beginning in County Kildare and fighting later spreading across the country.
- 1963 – United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy met with African American author James Baldwin in an unsuccessful attempt to improve race relations.
- 2014 – A gunman involved in Islamic extremism opened fire at the Jewish Museum of Belgium in Brussels, killing four people.
- Robert Hues (d. 1632)
- Philip Pearlstein (b. 1924)
- Magnus Manske (b. 1974)
- Stormé DeLarverie (d. 2014)
May 25: Africa Day (1963); Independence Day in Jordan (1946)
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A memorial to George Floyd following his murder
- 1810 – The Primera Junta, the first independent government in Argentina, was established in an open cabildo in Buenos Aires, marking the end of the May Revolution.
- 1940 – Second World War: German troops captured Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, forcing British forces to evacuate via Dunkirk.
- 1955 – Joe Brown and George Band, members of the British Kangchenjunga expedition, made the first ascent of the world's third-highest mountain but deliberately did not set foot on the summit.
- 1967 – Having purged a group of rivals, Supreme Leader of North Korea Kim Il Sung delivered the "May 25 teaching", entrenching his son Kim Jong Il as his designated successor.
- 2020 – George Floyd, a black American man, was murdered (memorial pictured) during an arrest by a white police officer in Minneapolis, sparking violent riots in the U.S. and other countries where dozens of people were killed and armed militias took control of parts of Seattle and Minneapolis for months.
- Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi (d. 1607)
- Anna Maria Rückerschöld (d. 1805)
- Gustav Holst (d. 1934)
- Cillian Murphy (b. 1976)
May 26: Memorial Day (2025) in the United States; National Sorry Day in Australia; Independence Day in Georgia (1918)
Damage to the Interstate 40 bridge
- 1644 – Portuguese Restoration War: Portuguese and Spanish forces both claimed victory at the Battle of Montijo.
- 1894 – Germany's Emanuel Lasker defeated Wilhelm Steinitz to become the world chess champion, beginning a record 27-year reign.
- 1999 – Manchester United won the UEFA Champions League final to become the first English football club to win three major championships in the same season.
- 2002 – Barges being towed destroyed part of a bridge (aftermath pictured) near Webbers Falls, Oklahoma, causing vehicles to fall into the Robert S. Kerr Reservoir on the Arkansas River.
- Augustine of Canterbury (d. 604)
- Isaac Franklin (b. 1789)
- Jeremy Corbyn (b. 1949)
- Elizabeth Peer (d. 1984)
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Manchu Prince Dorgon
- 1644 – Manchu regent Dorgon (depicted) defeated rebel leader Li Zicheng of the Shun dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to enter and conquer the capital city of Beijing.
- 1799 – War of the Second Coalition: Austrian forces defeated the French Army of the Danube, capturing the strategically important Swiss town of Winterthur.
- 1954 – The security clearance of American nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, head of Project Y, was revoked.
- 1967 – Australians voted overwhelmingly to include Indigenous Australians in population counts for constitutional purposes and to allow the federal government to make special laws affecting them in states.
- 1997 – A destructive F5-rated tornado tracked through a subdivision of homes northwest of Jarrell, Texas, killing 27 people.
- Diego Ramírez de Arellano (d. 1624)
- Julia Ward Howe (b. 1819)
- Cilla Black (b. 1943)
- Gérard Jean-Juste (d. 2009)
May 28: Republic Day in Armenia (1918); Independence Day in Azerbaijan (1918)
Mozaffar ad-Din
- 585 BC – According to the Greek historian Herodotus, a solar eclipse, accurately predicted by Thales of Miletus, abruptly ended the Battle of Halys between the Lydians and the Medes.
- 1644 – English Civil War: Royalist troops stormed and captured the Parliamentarian stronghold of Bolton, leading to a massacre of defenders and local residents.
- 1901 – Mozaffar ad-Din (pictured), Shah of Persia, granted exclusive rights to prospect for oil in the country to William Knox D'Arcy.
- 1937 – The rise of Neville Chamberlain culminated with his accession as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, being summoned to Buckingham Palace to "kiss hands".
- 2002 – An independent commission appointed by the Football Association voted two-to-one to allow Wimbledon F.C. to relocate from London to Milton Keynes.
- Robert Baldock (d. 1327)
- Francis Gleeson (b. 1884)
- Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (b. 1925)
- Kylie Minogue (b. 1968)
May 29: Feast day of Saint Paul VI (Catholicism)
Headline in the New York Times
- 1233 – Mongol–Jin War: The Mongols entered and began looting Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin dynasty of China, after a 13-month siege.
- 1416 – A squadron of the Venetian navy captured many Ottoman ships at the Battle of Gallipoli, confirming Venetian naval superiority in the Aegean Sea for the next few decades.
- 1913 – During the premiere of the ballet Le Sacre du printemps by Igor Stravinsky at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, the avant-garde nature of the music and choreography caused a near-riot in the audience (report pictured).
- 1999 – Charlotte Perrelli, representing Sweden, won the Eurovision Song Contest, the first edition not to feature an orchestra or live accompaniment.
- 2011 – Residents of Portland, Oregon, held a rally called Hands Across Hawthorne in response to an attack against a gay couple holding hands while crossing the Hawthorne Bridge.
- Benedetto Pistrucci (b. 1783)
- G. K. Chesterton (b. 1874)
- Hubert Opperman (b. 1904)
- Uroš Drenović (d. 1944)
May 30: Statehood Day in Croatia (1990)
Johann Sebastian Bach
- 1431 – Hundred Years' War: After being convicted of heresy, Joan of Arc was burned at the stake in Rouen, France.
- 1723 – Johann Sebastian Bach (pictured) assumed the office of Thomaskantor in Leipzig, presenting the cantata Die Elenden sollen essen in St. Nicholas Church.
- 1922 – The Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., featuring a sculpture of the sixteenth U.S. president Abraham Lincoln by Daniel Chester French, opened.
- 1963 – Buddhist crisis: A protest against pro-Catholic discrimination was held outside the National Assembly of South Vietnam in Saigon, the first open demonstration against President Ngô Đình Diệm.
- 2008 – The Convention on Cluster Munitions, prohibiting the use, transfer, and stockpiling of cluster bombs, was adopted.
- Ma Xifan (d. 947)
- Colin Blythe (b. 1879)
- Norris Bradbury (b. 1909)
- Wynonna Judd (b. 1964)
May 31: Dragon Boat Festival in China and Taiwan (2025); World No Tobacco Day
Bessarion
- 455 – Petronius Maximus, the ruler of the Western Roman Empire, was stoned to death by a mob as he fled Rome ahead of the arrival of a Vandal force that sacked the city.
- 1223 – Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus': Mongol forces defeated a Kievan Rus' army at the Battle of the Kalka River in present-day Ukraine.
- 1468 – Cardinal Bessarion (pictured) announced his donation of 746 Greek and Latin codices to the Republic of Venice, forming the Biblioteca Marciana.
- 1935 – A magnitude-7.7 earthquake struck Balochistan in British India, now part of Pakistan, killing between 30,000 and 60,000 people.
- 2013 – An extremely large, powerful, and erratic tornado struck Central Oklahoma, killing eight people and injuring more than 150 others.
- Albertino Mussato (d. 1329)
- Joseph Grimaldi (d. 1837)
- Dina Boluarte (b. 1962)
- Mbaye Diagne (d. 1994)
Selected anniversaries / On this day archive
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Selected anniversaries for June
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Wreckage of American Airlines Flight 1420
- 1676 – Scanian War: The Swedish warship Kronan, one of the largest ships in the world at the time, sank at the Battle of Öland with the loss of around 800 men.
- 1857 – The Revolution of the Ganhadores, the first general strike in Brazil, began in Salvador, Bahia.
- 1974 – In an informal article in a medical journal, Henry Heimlich introduced the concept of abdominal thrusts, commonly known as the Heimlich maneuver, to treat victims of choking.
- 1988 – Group representation constituencies were introduced to the parliament of Singapore.
- 1999 – On landing at Little Rock National Airport in the U.S. state of Arkansas, American Airlines Flight 1420 overran the runway and crashed (wreckage pictured), resulting in 11 deaths.
- Kitabatake Chikafusa (d. 1354)
- Louisa Caroline Tuthill (d. 1879)
- Tom Holland (b. 1996)
- Faizul Waheed (d. 2021)
June 2: Festa della Repubblica in Italy (1946); King's Official Birthday in New Zealand (2025); Western Australia Day (2025)
Luigi Galleani
- 1802 – Henry Hacking killed the Aboriginal Australian resistance fighter Pemulwuy after Philip Gidley King ordered that he be brought in dead or alive.
- 1919 – First Red Scare: The anarchist followers of Luigi Galleani (pictured) set off eight bombs in eight cities across the United States.
- 1953 – Queen Elizabeth II was crowned at Westminster Abbey in London.
- 1973 – Della Aleksander co-presented an episode of Open Door on transgender women's lives.
- 2023 – A collision between two passenger trains and a parked freight train near the city of Balasore, Odisha, in eastern India resulted in 296 deaths and more than 1,200 people injured.
- Bernard of Wąbrzeźno (d. 1603)
- William Salmon (b. 1644)
- Gilbert Baker (b. 1951)
- Radoje Pajović (d. 2019)
June 3: Martyrs Day in Uganda
Silhouette of Jack Jouett
- 1781 – American Revolutionary War: Jack Jouett (pictured) rode 40 miles (64 km) to warn Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia legislature of British cavalry who had been sent to capture them.
- 1892 – Liverpool F.C., one of England's most successful football clubs, was founded.
- 1937 – Half a year after abdicating the British throne, Edward, Duke of Windsor, married American socialite Wallis Simpson in a private ceremony in France.
- 1969 – During a SEATO exercise in the South China Sea, a collision between HMAS Melbourne and USS Frank E. Evans resulted in the latter vessel being cut in two and the deaths of 74 personnel.
- 1982 – A failed assassination attempt was made on Shlomo Argov, the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom, triggering an Israeli decision to invade Lebanon three days later.
- Garret Hobart (b. 1844)
- Eric A. Havelock (b. 1903)
- Franz Kafka (d. 1924)
- Pierre Poilievre (b. 1979)
June 4: Trianon Treaty Day in Romania (1920)
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German submarine U-505
- 1784 – Élisabeth Thible became the first woman to fly in an untethered hot air balloon, covering a distance of 4 km (2.5 mi) and reaching an estimated altitude of 1,500 m (4,900 ft).
- 1944 – World War II: A United States Navy task group captured German submarine U-505 (pictured).
- 1974 – Major League Baseball's Cleveland Indians hosted Ten Cent Beer Night, but had to forfeit the game to the Texas Rangers due to rioting by drunken fans.
- 1989 – Following the death of Ruhollah Khomeini, the Assembly of Experts elected Ali Khamenei to be Supreme Leader of Iran.
- Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1489)
- Benjamin Huntsman (b. 1704)
- Miguel de Azcuénaga (b. 1754)
- Chester Nez (d. 2014)
June 5: World Environment Day; Day of Arafah (Islam)
Antonio Luna
- 1897 – The Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law was passed, instituting the protection of structures and artifacts in Japan designated National Treasures.
- 1899 – Antonio Luna (pictured), Commanding General of the Philippine Army, was assassinated in the midst of the Philippine–American War.
- 1997 – Anticipating a coup attempt, President Pascal Lissouba of the Republic of the Congo ordered the detention of his rival Denis Sassou Nguesso, initiating a second civil war.
- 2004 – Noël Mamère, the mayor of Bègles, conducted a marriage ceremony for two men, even though same-sex marriage in France had not yet been legalised.
- 2009 – After almost two months of civil disobedience, at least 31 people were killed in clashes between the National Police and indigenous people in Bagua province, Peru.
- Ivy Compton-Burnett (b. 1884)
- Theippan Maung Wa (b. 1899)
- Elizabeth Gloster (b. 1949)
- Megumi Nakajima (b. 1989)
June 6: National Day of Sweden, Eid al-Adha (Islam)
Shivaji
- 1674 – Shivaji (pictured), who led a resistance to free the Maratha from the Bijapur Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, was crowned the first chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.
- 1749 – A plot by Muslim slaves in Malta to assassinate Manuel Pinto da Fonseca of the Knights Hospitaller was uncovered.
- 1813 – War of 1812: The British ambushed an American encampment near present-day Stoney Creek, Ontario, capturing two senior officers.
- 1912 – The largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century began, forming the volcano Novarupta in the Alaska Peninsula.
- 1944 – World War II: Operation Overlord, the largest amphibious military operation in history, began with Allied troops landing on the beaches of Normandy in France.
- Robert Passelewe (d. 1252)
- John A. Macdonald (d. 1891)
- Sukarno (b. 1901)
- Maria Alyokhina (b. 1988)
Monument of Branimir
- 879 – Pope John VIII officially recognised Croatia as an independent state, and Branimir (monument pictured) as its duke.
- 1628 – The Petition of Right, a major English constitutional document that set out specific liberties of individuals, received royal assent from King Charles I.
- 1917 – First World War: The British Army detonated 19 ammonal mines under German lines, killing perhaps 10,000 in the deadliest non-nuclear man-made explosion in history during the Battle of Messines.
- 1948 – Anti-Jewish riots broke out in the French protectorate in Morocco, during which 44 people were killed and 150 injured.
- 1969 – In their only UK concert, the rock supergroup Blind Faith, featuring Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood and Ginger Baker, debuted in London's Hyde Park in front of 100,000 fans.
- Roderigo Lopes (d. 1594)
- Paul Gauguin (b. 1848)
- Louise Erdrich (b. 1954)
- Mike Pence (b. 1959)
Margaret Bondfield
- 1826 – In York, Upper Canada, members of the Family Compact destroyed William Lyon Mackenzie's printing press in the Types Riot after Mackenzie accused them of corruption.
- 1929 – Margaret Bondfield (pictured) became the first female member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom when she was named Minister of Labour by Ramsay MacDonald.
- 1941 – World War II: The Allies commenced the Syria–Lebanon campaign against Vichy French possessions in the Levant.
- 1953 – An F5 tornado struck Flint and Beecher, Michigan, causing 116 fatalities, 844 injuries and $19 million in damage during a larger tornado outbreak sequence.
- Muhammad (d. 632)
- Suharto (b. 1921)
- Leo Walmsley (d. 1966)
- Kim Clijsters (b. 1983)
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Abraham Whipple
- 1549 – The first Book of Common Prayer was legally mandated by Parliament, introducing a fully vernacular Protestant liturgy to the Church of England.
- 1772 – In an act of defiance against the Navigation Acts, American colonists led by Abraham Whipple (pictured) attacked and burned the British schooner Gaspee.
- 1928 – Australian aviator Charles Kingsford Smith and his crew landed the Southern Cross in Brisbane, completing the first transpacific flight.
- 1999 – Yugoslav Wars: The Kumanovo Agreement was signed, bringing an end to the Kosovo War the next day.
- Sarah Rapelje (b. 1625)
- Doveton Sturdee (b. 1859)
- Charles Wuorinen (b. 1938)
- Brian Williamson (d. 2004)
John Diefenbaker
- 1624 – Thirty Years' War: France and the Dutch Republic concluded the Treaty of Compiègne, a mutual defence alliance.
- 1786 – Ten days after being formed by an earthquake, a landslide dam on the Dadu River in China was destroyed by an aftershock, causing a flood that killed an estimated 100,000 people.
- 1861 – American Civil War: The Confederate Army only suffered eight casualties in its victory at the Battle of Big Bethel in York County, Virginia.
- 1957 – Led by John Diefenbaker (pictured), the Progressive Conservative Party won a plurality of House of Commons seats in the Canadian federal election.
- 1987 – Mass protests demanding direct presidential elections broke out across South Korea.
- Isabella Andreini (d. 1604)
- Gustave Courbet (b. 1819)
- Theo Sommer (b. 1930)
- Jun (b. 1996)
George Wallace protesting desegregation at the University of Alabama
- 1594 – Philip II of Spain recognized the sovereign rights of the principalía, local Philippine nobles and chieftains who had converted to Catholicism.
- 1724 – Johann Sebastian Bach directed his cantata O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort, BWV 20 in Leipzig on the first Sunday after Trinity, beginning his chorale cantata cycle.
- 1914 – Around 2,000 members of European society attended a ball at Kenwood House, England, in one of the last major social events before the outbreak of the First World War.
- 1963 – The University of Alabama was desegregated as Governor George Wallace stepped aside after defiantly blocking the entrance to an auditorium (pictured).
- Roger Bresnahan (b. 1879)
- Sheila Heaney (b. 1917)
- A. Thurairajah (d. 1994)
- Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (d. 2014)
June 12: Dia dos Namorados in Brazil; Loving Day in the United States (1967)
- 1798 – Following the successful French invasion of Malta, the Knights Hospitaller surrendered Malta to Napoleon, initiating two years of occupation.
- 1864 – Union general Ulysses S. Grant pulled his troops out of the Battle of Cold Harbor in Hanover County, Virginia, ending one of the bloodiest, most lopsided battles in the American Civil War.
- 1914 – As part of the Ottoman Empire's policies of ethnic cleansing, Turkish irregulars began a six-day massacre in the predominantly Greek town of Phocaea.
- 1954 – Dominic Savio, who was 14 years old at his death in 1857, was canonized by Pope Pius XII, making him one of the youngest non-martyred saints in the Catholic Church.
- 1994 – The Boeing 777, the world's largest twinjet, made its maiden flight.
- Æthelflæd (d. 918)
- Samuel Cooper (b. 1798)
- Eugénie Brazier (b. 1895)
- Malekeh Malekzadeh Bayani (d. 1999)
USS Jeannette
- 1525 – Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, beginning the practice of clerical marriage in Protestantism.
- 1881 – The Jeannette expedition to reach the North Pole from the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait came to an end when the USS Jeannette (pictured), after having been trapped in ice for almost two years, was crushed and sank.
- 1952 – Soviet aircraft shot down a Swedish military plane carrying out signals-intelligence gathering operations, followed three days later by the shootdown of a second plane searching for the first one.
- 1969 – Preston Smith, Governor of Texas, signed a law converting a research arm of Texas Instruments into the University of Texas at Dallas.
- 2013 – Some of the closest advisors and collaborators of Czech prime minister Petr Nečas were arrested for corruption.
- Henry Middleton (d. 1784)
- Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre (b. 1804)
- Charles Algernon Parsons (b. 1854)
- Fran Allison (d. 1989)
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Killing of Sudbury and Hales
- 1381 – During the Peasants' Revolt in England, rebels stormed the Tower of London, killing Simon Sudbury, Lord Chancellor, and Robert Hales, Lord High Treasurer (both pictured).
- 1644 – First English Civil War: Prince Maurice abandoned his siege of Lyme Regis in Dorset after learning of the approach of a Parliamentarian relief force.
- 1934 – The landmark Australian Eastern Mission concluded after a three-month diplomatic tour of East and South-East Asia.
- 2014 – War in Donbas: An Ilyushin Il-76 transport aircraft of the Ukrainian Air Force was shot down by forces of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic, killing all 49 people on board.
- Qalaherriaq (d. 1856)
- Emmeline Pankhurst (d. 1928)
- Heike Friedrich (b. 1976)
- Moon Tae-il (b. 1994)
June 15: Trinity Sunday (2025), Eid al-Ghadir (Shia Islam, 2025), Father's Day (various, 2025)
Sallie Gardner at a Gallop
- 1215 – King John of England and a group of rebel barons agreed on the text of Magna Carta, an influential charter of rights.
- 1800 – War of the Second Coalition: The signing of the Convention of Alessandria brought temporary peace between France and Austria.
- 1878 – Eadweard Muybridge took a series of photographs to prove that all four feet of a horse leave the ground when it gallops (animation pictured), which became the basis of motion pictures.
- 1944 – World War II: The United States Army Air Forces began the first air raid of its strategic bombing campaign against the Japanese archipelago, although little damage was caused.
- 1996 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a truck bomb in the commercial centre of Manchester, England, injuring more than 200 people and causing widespread damage to buildings.
- Lisa del Giocondo (b. 1479)
- Adam Eckfeldt (b. 1769)
- James K. Polk (d. 1849)
- Hoshi (b. 1996)
June 16: Foundation Day of the Akal Takht (Sikhism)
James Joyce
- 632 – The final king of the Sasanian Empire of Iran, Yazdegerd III, ascended the throne at the age of eight.
- 1819 – A strong earthquake in the Kutch district of Gujarat, India, caused a local zone of uplift that dammed the Nara River, which was later named the Allah Bund ('Dam of God').
- 1904 – Irish author James Joyce (pictured) began a relationship with Nora Barnacle, and subsequently used the date to set the actions for his 1922 novel Ulysses, commemorated as Bloomsday.
- 1936 – A Junkers Ju 52 aircraft of Norwegian Air Lines crashed into a mountainside near Hyllestad, Norway, killing all seven people on board.
- 1997 – The English rock band Radiohead released their landmark third album OK Computer in the United Kingdom.
- John Cheke (b. 1514)
- Tomás Yepes (d. 1674)
- Helen Traubel (b. 1899)
- Tony Gwynn (d. 2014)
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Mumtaz Mahal
- 1579 – Explorer Francis Drake landed in a region of present-day California, naming it New Albion and claiming it for England.
- 1631 – Mumtaz Mahal (pictured), wife of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, died in childbirth; Jahan spent the next seventeen years constructing her mausoleum, the Taj Mahal.
- 1919 – Hundreds of Canadian soldiers rioted in Epsom, England, leading to the death of a British police officer.
- 1952 – Guatemalan Revolution: The Guatemalan Congress passed Decree 900, redistributing unused land greater than 224 acres (0.91 km2) in area to local peasants.
- M. C. Escher (b. 1898)
- Richard Gagnon (b. 1948)
- Amari Cooper (b. 1994)
- Mohamed Morsi (d. 2019)
Cadaver Tomb of René of Chalon
- 1898 – The Cadaver Tomb of René of Chalon (pictured) in Bar-le-Duc, France, was designated a monument historique.
- 1958 – English composer Benjamin Britten's one-act opera Noye's Fludde was premiered at the Aldeburgh Festival.
- 1967 – American musician Jimi Hendrix burned his guitar on stage at the end of a performance at the Monterey International Pop Festival in California.
- 1981 – The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk, the first operational aircraft to be designed around stealth technology, made its maiden flight.
- 1994 – The Troubles: Ulster Volunteer Force members attacked a crowded bar in Loughinisland, Northern Ireland, with assault rifles, killing six people.
- Rogier van der Weyden (d. 1464)
- Ambrose Philips (d. 1749)
- Lou Brock (b. 1939)
- Stephanie Kwolek (d. 2014)
June 19: Juneteenth in the United States (1865)
Lou Gehrig baseball card
- 1785 – The proprietors of King's Chapel, Boston, voted to adopt James Freeman's Book of Common Prayer, thus establishing the first Unitarian church in the Americas.
- 1838 – The Maryland province of the Jesuits contracted to sell 272 slaves to buyers in Louisiana in one of the largest slave sales in American history.
- 1939 – American baseball player Lou Gehrig (pictured) was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, now commonly known in the United States as "Lou Gehrig's disease".
- 2009 – War in Afghanistan: British forces began Operation Panther's Claw, in which more than 350 troops made an aerial assault on Taliban positions in southern Afghanistan.
- Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (d. 1844)
- Sarah Rosetta Wakeman (d. 1864)
- Aage Bohr (b. 1922)
- Clayton Kirkpatrick (d. 2004)
June 20: World Refugee Day; Eid al-Mubahalah (Shia Islam, 2025)
Queen Victoria
- 1837 – Queen Victoria (pictured) acceded to the British throne, beginning a 63-year reign.
- 1921 – British Army officer Thomas Stanton Lambert was assassinated by the Irish Republican Army near Moydrum, Ireland.
- 1959 – The extratropical remnants of an Atlantic hurricane reached the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada, causing 22 fishing boats to capsize and killing 35 people.
- 1979 – Bill Stewart, an American journalist, was executed by Nicaraguan Guardia forces.
- 1982 – The International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide, the first major conference in genocide studies, opened despite Turkish attempts to cancel it due to the inclusion of presentations on the Armenian genocide.
- John of Lancaster (b. 1389)
- Fritz Koenig (b. 1924)
- Edith Windsor (b. 1929)
- Ulf Merbold (b. 1941)
June 21: Fête de la Musique; International Day of Yoga; National Indigenous Peoples Day in Canada; Xiazhi in China (2025)
Replica of the Manchester Baby
- 217 BC – Second Punic War: The Carthaginians under Hannibal ambushed a Roman army at the Battle of Lake Trasimene, capturing or killing 25,000 men.
- 1848 – In the Wallachian Revolution, Ion Heliade Rădulescu and Christian Tell proclaimed a new republican government in present-day Romania.
- 1898 – In a bloodless event during the Spanish–American War, the United States captured Guam from Spain.
- 1919 – During a general strike in Winnipeg, Canada, members of the Royal North-West Mounted Police attacked a crowd of strikers, armed with clubs and revolvers.
- 1948 – The Manchester Baby (replica pictured), the world's first stored-program computer, ran its first program.
- Joko Widodo (b. 1961)
- Lana Del Rey (b. 1985)
- Soad Hosny (d. 2001)
- Wendy Saddington (d. 2013)
June 22: Windrush Day (United Kingdom)
George V and Mary after their coronation
- 1593 – Habsburg troops defeated a larger Ottoman force at the Battle of Sisak in the Kingdom of Croatia, triggering the Long Turkish War.
- 1911 – King George V and Queen Mary (both pictured) were crowned at Westminster Abbey in London.
- 1941 – World War II: As Axis troops began their invasion of the Soviet Union, the Lithuanian Activist Front started an uprising to liberate Lithuania from Soviet occupation.
- 1979 – Former British Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe was acquitted of conspiracy to murder Norman Scott, who had accused Thorpe of having a relationship with him.
- 2002 – A magnitude-6.5 earthquake struck northwestern Iran, killing at least 230 people and injuring 1,300 others; the official response, perceived to be slow, later caused widespread public anger.
- Howard Staunton (d. 1874)
- Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (d. 1937)
- Elizabeth Warren (b. 1949)
- Meryl Streep (b. 1949)
June 23: Grand Duke's Official Birthday in Luxembourg
Moraine Lake, Banff National Park
- 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In an action off Trapani, Sicily, a Venetian fleet captured all 27 opposing Genoese vessels.
- 1865 – Stand Watie became the last Confederate general of the American Civil War to surrender to Union forces.
- 1887 – The Parliament of Canada passed the Rocky Mountains Park Act, creating Banff National Park (pictured) in Alberta as the country's first national park.
- 1991 – The first instalment of the video-game series Sonic the Hedgehog was released in North America.
- Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (d. 1324)
- Len Hutton (b. 1916)
- Bill Torrey (b. 1934)
- Joss Whedon (b. 1964)
Julia Gillard
- 1374 – An outbreak of dancing mania, in which crowds of people danced themselves to exhaustion, began in Aachen (in present-day Germany) before spreading to other parts of Europe.
- 1717 – The first Grand Lodge of Freemasonry, the Premier Grand Lodge of England, was founded in London.
- 1724 – On the Feast of St. John the Baptist, Bach led the first performance of Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV 7, the third cantata of his chorale cantata cycle.
- 1943 – Amid racial tensions, U.S. Army military police shot and killed a black serviceman after a confrontation at a pub in Bamber Bridge, England.
- 2010 – Julia Gillard (pictured) was sworn in as the first female prime minister of Australia after incumbent Kevin Rudd declined to contest a leadership spill in the Labor Party.
- William Arnold (b. 1587)
- John Lloyd Cruz (b. 1983)
- Lisa (b. 1987)
- Rodrigo (d. 2000)
Original rainbow flag
- 1658 – Anglo-Spanish War: The largest battle ever fought on Jamaica, the three-day Battle of Rio Nuevo, began.
- 1910 – The United States Congress passed the Mann Act, which prohibited the interstate transport of females for "immoral purposes".
- 1944 – World War II: U.S. Navy and Royal Navy ships bombarded Cherbourg, France, to support U.S. Army units engaged in the Battle of Cherbourg.
- 1978 – The rainbow flag (original version pictured) representing gay pride was first flown at the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day parade.
- 2009 – Singer Michael Jackson died as a result of the combination of drugs in his body.
- B. J. Habibie (b. 1936)
- Sonia Sotomayor (b. 1954)
- Hillel Slovak (d. 1988)
- David Goldblatt (d. 2018)
Douglas Skymaster plane Amana
- 1740 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Spanish troops stormed the British-held strategically crucial position of Fort Mose in Spanish Florida.
- 1945 – At a conference in San Francisco, delegates from 50 nations signed a charter establishing the United Nations.
- 1950 – A Douglas DC-4 Skymaster aircraft (pictured) crashed after departing from Perth, becoming the worst peacetime aviation accident in Australia's history.
- 2010 – A G20 summit, the largest and most expensive security operation in Canadian history, began in downtown Toronto.
- 2015 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the right of same-sex couples to marry is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.
- Robert the Lotharingian (d. 1095)
- George IV of the United Kingdom (d. 1830)
- Walter C. Root (d. 1925)
- Pavel Belyayev (b. 1925)
June 27: Helen Keller Day in the United States
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Depiction of Pope Agatho
- 678 – Pope Agatho (depicted), later venerated as a saint in both the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, began his pontificate.
- 1800 – War of the Second Coalition: French forces won a victory at the Battle of Neuburg, ending Austrian control over the River Danube.
- 1905 – First Russian Revolution: The crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin began a mutiny against their officers.
- 1950 – Korean War: Five North Korean aircraft attacked an American air convoy above Suwon Air Base in the first air engagement of the Korean War.
- 2015 – Ignition of corn starch caused a dust fire at a water park in New Taipei City, Taiwan, killing 15 people and injuring more than 400 others.
- Wilhelmina FitzClarence, Countess of Munster (b. 1830)
- Frank Rattray Lillie (b. 1870)
- Harry Pollitt (d. 1960)
- Nico Rosberg (b. 1985)
Ned Kelly
- 1880 – Police captured Australian bank robber and cultural icon Ned Kelly (pictured) after a gun battle in Glenrowan, Victoria.
- 1895 – The U.S. Court of Private Land Claims ruled that James Reavis's claim to 18,600 sq mi (48,000 km2) of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico was "wholly fictitious and fraudulent".
- 1904 – In the worst maritime disaster involving a Danish merchant ship, SS Norge ran aground on Hasselwood Rock and sank in the North Atlantic, resulting in more than 635 deaths.
- 1950 – Korean War: South Korean forces began the Bodo League massacre, summarily executing tens of thousands of suspected North Korean sympathizers.
- 1969 – In response to a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City, groups of gay and transgender people began demonstrations, a watershed event for the worldwide gay rights movement.
- Charles Cruft (b. 1852)
- Olga Sapphire (b. 1907)
- Meralda Warren (b. 1959)
- Aparna Rao (d. 2005)
June 29: Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (Western Christianity)
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Jayne Mansfield
- 1613 – The original Globe Theatre in London burned to the ground after a cannon employed for special effects misfired during a performance of Henry VIII and ignited the roof.
- 1764 – One of the strongest tornadoes in history struck Woldegk in present-day northeastern Germany, killing one person.
- 1950 – The United States defeated England during the FIFA World Cup in one of the greatest upsets in the competition's history.
- 1967 – Actress Jayne Mansfield (pictured), her boyfriend Sam Brody, and their driver were killed in a car accident outside of New Orleans, while her children Miklós, Zoltán, and Mariska Hargitay escaped with only minor injuries.
- 2020 – Reddit banned r/The_Donald, a pro-Trump subreddit, for rule violations and antagonizing the company.
- Ernest Fanelli (b. 1860)
- Ludwig Beck (b. 1880)
- Paul Klee (d. 1940)
- Nestor Binabo (d. 2023)
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- 1598 – Anglo-Spanish War: After a 15-day siege Spanish troops in San Juan, modern-day Puerto Rico, surrendered to an English force under Sir George Clifford.
- 1905 – Nadir of American race relations: A mob of white Americans killed eight people in Oconee County, Georgia, as part of a mass lynching.
- 1960 – The Belgian Congo gained independence from colonial rule, beginning a period of instability that would lead to the dictatorship of Joseph-Désiré Mobutu.
- 1963 – The coronation of Pope Paul VI took place, the last such ceremony before its abandonment by later popes.
- 2015 – An Indonesian Air Force military transport aircraft (pictured) crashed near a residential neighborhood in Medan, killing 139 people.
- William Oughtred (d. 1660)
- Toyohara Kunichika (b. 1835)
- Cody Rhodes (b. 1985)
- Chris Gragg (b. 1990)
Selected anniversaries / On this day archive
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Selected anniversaries for July
[edit]July 1: Canada Day (1867)
Sack of Lunenburg
- 1782 – American Revolutionary War: Five American privateer vessels raided the British settlement at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (depicted).
- 1935 – The first Grant Park Music Festival was held in Chicago's Grant Park.
- 1940 – Second World War: The Grand Quartier Général of the French Army was disbanded, following the French surrender.
- 1960 – Ghana became a republic, with Kwame Nkrumah as its first president.
- 1970 – The Belfast Banking Company, which issued banknotes in Northern Ireland, merged with its rival Northern Bank.
- Erik Satie (d. 1925)
- Diana, Princess of Wales (b. 1961)
- Learie Constantine (d. 1971)
- Liv Tyler (b. 1977)
A demonstration against the Soviet blockade of Lithuania
- 1779 – American Revolutionary War: French troops landed near St. George's, Grenada, and began their capture of the island.
- 1990 – Singing Revolution: The Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania (pictured) was lifted when the Lithuanian parliament agreed to suspend the effects of their act to re-establish Lithuania as a state.
- 1998 – Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J. K. Rowling, the second novel of the Harry Potter series, was published.
- 2013 – In the Indonesian province of Aceh on the northern end of Sumatra, a Mw 6.1 strike-slip earthquake killed at least 35 people and injured 276 others.
- 2020 – A landslide at a jade mine in Hpakant killed 175–200 miners, the deadliest mining accident in Burmese history.
- Walter Potter (b. 1835)
- Ernest Hemingway (d. 1961)
- Alex Morgan (b. 1989)
- Julian McMahon (d. 2025)
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The 2017 Boundary Fire
- 1810 – Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811: A French frigate squadron under Guy-Victor Duperré defeated a convoy of three British East Indiamen near the Comoro Islands.
- 1970 – The Troubles: The British Army began the Falls Curfew in Belfast, Northern Ireland, which resulted in greater Irish republican resistance.
- 1988 – The US Navy warship Vincennes shot down Iran Air Flight 655 over the Persian Gulf, killing all 290 people aboard.
- 2005 – Same-sex marriage became legal in Spain with the coming into effect of a law passed by the Cortes Generales.
- 2017 – In Arizona, the Boundary Fire (pictured) burned out after 32 days, burning 17,788 acres (7,199 ha) of the Coconino and Kaibab National Forests.
- Leoš Janáček (b. 1854)
- Bo Xilai (b. 1949)
- Lisa Kahn (d. 2013)
- Diogo Jota and André Silva (d. 2025)
July 4: Independence Day in the United States (1776); Republic Day in the Philippines (1946); Liberation Day in Rwanda (1994)
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Keir Starmer at 10 Downing Street
- 414 – Byzantine emperor Theodosius II proclaimed his elder sister Aelia Pulcheria as Augusta.
- 1848 – The cornerstone of the Washington Monument, made to honor inaugural president, George Washington, is laid out in Washington, D.C.
- 1954 – In what is known as "The Miracle of Bern", West Germany defeated Hungary 3–2 to win the FIFA World Cup.
- 1988 – Kylie Minogue's first album, Kylie, was released, and went on to top the charts in the UK and New Zealand.
- 2024 – Keir Starmer (pictured) leads the Labour Party to a landslide victory in the United Kingdom general election, ending fourteen years of Tory rule.
- John Adams and Thomas Jefferson (d. 1826)
- Suzanne Lenglen (d. 1938)
- Álvaro Uribe (b. 1952)
- Roland Ratzenberger (b. 1960)
July 5: Fifth of July in New York
Coat of arms of the Regency of Algiers
- 1830 – Algiers surrendered to French invaders, ending the Regency of Algiers (coat of arms pictured).
- 1922 – Brazilian Army rebels took over Fort Copacabana and launched a rebellion in Rio de Janeiro against President Epitácio Pessoa and President-elect Artur Bernardes.
- 1937 – The Hormel Foods Corporation introduced Spam, the canned precooked meat product that would eventually enter into pop culture, folklore, and urban legend.
- 1950 – Korean War: In the first encounter between North Korean and American forces, an unprepared and undisciplined U.S. Army task force was routed at the Battle of Osan.
- 1990 – An explosion at a petrochemical plant in Channelview, Texas, killed 17 people and injured five others.
- Gerard 't Hooft (b. 1946)
- Shohei Ohtani (b. 1994)
- Régine Crespin (d. 2007)
- Jon Landau (d. 2024)
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Nicolae Ceausescu
- 1483 – The last monarch of the House of York and the Plantagenet dynasty, Richard III, was crowned King of England.
- 1801 – French Revolutionary Wars: A Royal Navy squadron failed to eliminate a smaller French Navy squadron at Algeciras before they could join their Spanish allies.
- 1962 – The United States conducted the Sedan nuclear test as part of Project Plowshare, a program to investigate the use of nuclear explosions for civilian purposes.
- 1971 – After visiting several Asian communist countries, Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu (pictured) gave a speech on a number of neo-Stalinist and socialist-realist ideals, which became known as the July Theses.
- 1989 – A Palestinian Islamic Jihad member carried out a suicide attack by hijacking a bus and forcing it into a ravine near Kiryat Ye'arim, Israel.
- Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca (b. 1782)
- Maria Goretti (d. 1902)
- George W. Bush (b. 1946)
- Zhu De (d. 1976)
Memorial service for the shot Dallas police officers
- 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British forces caught up with American troops withdrawing from Ticonderoga, capturing more than 200 men at the Battle of Hubbardton.
- 1898 – US president William McKinley signed the Newlands Resolution, annexing Hawaii as a territory of the United States.
- 1911 – Four countries signed the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention, which banned the hunting of seals in the pelagic zone.
- 1974 – West Germany won the FIFA World Cup final against the Netherlands at the Munich Olympiastadion.
- 2016 – A U.S. Army Reserve veteran ambushed and shot at police officers (memorial service pictured) in Dallas, killing five of them and injuring nine others, before being killed by a bomb attached to a police robot.
- Fernande Sadler (b. 1869)
- Henri Nestlé (d. 1890)
- James Marriott (b. 1997)
- Alfredo Di Stéfano (d. 2014)
Shinzō Abe
- 1776 – The United States Declaration of Independence received its first formal public reading, in Philadelphia.
- 1874 – Members of the North-West Mounted Police at Fort Dufferin began their March West, their first journey to the Canadian Prairies.
- 1947 – Following reports of the capture of a "flying disc" by U.S. Army Air Forces personnel near Roswell, New Mexico, the military stated that the crashed object was a conventional weather balloon.
- 1990 – West Germany won the FIFA World Cup final against defending champions Argentina, with Andreas Brehme scoring the game's only goal.
- 2022 – Former Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe (pictured) was shot and killed with an improvised firearm due to resentment against the Unification Church.
- Etta Lemon (d. 1953)
- Tzipi Livni (b. 1958)
- Virgil van Dijk (b. 1991)
- Kim Il Sung (d. 1994)
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Italy players celebrating
- 1763 – The Mozart family grand tour began, presenting child prodigies Maria Anna and Wolfgang in Western Europe.
- 1877 – The inaugural Wimbledon Championship, the world's oldest tennis tournament, began in London.
- 1981 – Nintendo released the arcade game Donkey Kong, which featured the debut of Mario, one of the most famous characters in video-game history.
- 2006 – Italy won their fourth World Cup title, defeating France 5–3 on penalties following a 1–1 draw after extra time (players pictured).
- 2008 – Under the belief that Israel and the United States were planning to attack its nuclear program, Iran conducted the Great Prophet III missile test and war games exercise.
- Elizabeth of Austria (b. 1526)
- Courtney Love (b. 1964)
- Shin Jae-chul (d. 2012)
- Fernando de la Rúa (d. 2019)
July 10: Independence Day in the Bahamas (1973)
Depiction of the Isshi incident
- 645 – In a plot to eliminate the Japanese Soga clan, Prince Naka no Ōe assassinated Soga no Iruka (depicted), beginning the Isshi incident.
- 1519 – Zhu Chenhao declared Ming emperor Zhengde to be a usurper, beginning the Prince of Ning rebellion.
- 1668 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660): Henry Morgan with an English privateer force landed at Porto Bello (in modern-day Panama) in an attempt to capture the Spanish city.
- 1925 – Indian mystic and spiritual master Meher Baba began his silence until his death in 1969, only communicating by means of an alphabet board or by unique hand gestures.
- 1978 – Moktar Ould Daddah, the first president of Mauritania, was ousted in a coup d'état led by Mustafa Ould Salek.
- Ladislaus IV of Hungary (d. 1290)
- Catherine Cornaro (d. 1510)
- Ed Lowe (b. 1920)
- Mahathir Mohamad (b. 1925)
July 11: Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Genocide in Poland
Spain squad celebrating
- 1833 – Yagan, a Noongar warrior wanted for leading attacks on British colonists in Western Australia, was killed, becoming a symbol of the unjust and sometimes brutal treatment of indigenous Australians by colonial settlers.
- 1936 – New York City's Triborough Bridge, the "biggest traffic machine ever built", opened to traffic.
- 1982 – Italy defeated West Germany 3–1 to win their third FIFA World Cup title.
- 1991 – Shortly after taking off from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 caught fire and crashed, killing all 261 people on board.
- 2010 – Spain defeated the Netherlands 1–0 after extra time to win their first FIFA World Cup title (pictured lifting the trophy).
- Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo (b. 1896)
- Giorgio Armani (b. 1934)
- Lady Bird Johnson (d. 2007)
- Satoru Iwata (d. 2015)
Saint Basil's Cathedral
- 1561 – Saint Basil's Cathedral (pictured), located in Red Square, Moscow, was consecrated.
- 1963 – Sixteen-year-old Pauline Reade, the first victim of serial killers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley, disappeared in Gorton, England.
- 1979 – Rowdy fans at Comiskey Park in Chicago stormed the field during a Major League Baseball promotional event at which a crate of disco records was blown up.
- 1998 – France defeated the defending champions Brazil 3–0 to win their first FIFA World Cup title.
- 2006 – Hezbollah forces crossed the Israel–Lebanon border and attacked Israeli military positions while firing rockets and mortars at Israeli towns, sparking a five-week war.
- Alexander Hamilton (d. 1804)
- Malala Yousafzai (b. 1997)
- Shai Gilgeous-Alexander (b. 1998)
- Mau Piailug (d. 2010)
July 13: Kashmir Martyrs' Day in Pakistan
Mario Götze scoring the winning goal
- 1643 – English Civil War: Royalist forces defeated the Parliamentarians at the Battle of Roundway Down near Devizes, Wiltshire.
- 1794 – The Battle of Trippstadt between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria began.
- 1831 – Wallachian officials adopted the Regulamentul Organic, which engendered a period of reforms that provided for the westernization of the local society.
- 1962 – In an unprecedented reshuffle, British prime minister Harold Macmillan dismissed seven members of his cabinet.
- 2014 – Germany won the FIFA World Cup final against Argentina, with Mario Götze scoring the game's only goal (pictured) in the extra time.
- Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (d. 1491)
- Kate Sheppard (d. 1934)
- Ernő Rubik (b. 1944)
- Ken Jeong (b. 1969)
July 14: Bastille Day in France (1789); Festino di Santa Rosalia begins in Palermo, Italy
The seal of Louis VIII of France
- 1223 – Louis VIII (seal pictured) became King of France and began a three-year reign.
- 1798 – The Sedition Act became law, making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the U.S. government.
- 1865 – A seven-man team made the first ascent of the Matterhorn, marking the end of the golden age of alpinism.
- 1960 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1-11 ditched off Polillo Island in the Philippines, killing one person and injuring 44.
- 2014 – Lightning strikes started four fires in the Methow River in the American state of Washington, collectively known as the Carlton Complex Fire.
- Andreas Joseph Hofmann (b. 1752)
- Georgiana Hill (b. 1825)
- Harry Atwood (d. 1967)
- Ivana Trump (d. 2022)
July 15: Statehood Day in Ukraine (2022)
- 1410 – The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald, the decisive engagement of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
- 1815 – Aboard HMS Bellerophon, French emperor Napoleon surrendered to Royal Navy captain Frederick Lewis Maitland, concluding the Napoleonic Wars.
- 1983 – Sega's first home video game console, the SG-1000 (pictured), was released in Japan.
- 2009 – A Mw 7.8 earthquake struck a remote region of Fiordland, New Zealand, the country's largest earthquake magnitude since the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake.
- 2018 – Croatian Mario Mandžukić scored the first own goal in a FIFA World Cup final in their defeat to France.
- Rembrandt (b. 1606)
- Nina Bari (d. 1961)
- Cherry (b. 1975)
- Celeste Holm (d. 2012)
Phạm Ngọc Thảo
- 1790 – President George Washington signed the Residence Act, selecting a new permanent site along the Potomac River for the capital of the United States, which later became Washington, D.C.
- 1950 – Korean War: A Korean People's Army unit massacred 31 prisoners of war of the U.S. Army on a mountain near the village of Tuman.
- 1965 – South Vietnamese Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo (pictured)—an undetected communist spy—was reported dead due to injuries sustained during his capture, but it is generally assumed he was killed on the orders of military officials.
- 1990 – A 7.8 MS earthquake struck the densely populated Philippine island of Luzon, killing an estimated 1,621 people.
- 2008 – A tainted milk powder scandal broke in China which ultimately involved an estimated 300,000 victims, the vast majority infants, with 54,000 hospitalized with kidney problems and six deaths.
- Mary Todd Lincoln (d. 1882)
- Stan McCabe (b. 1910)
- Will Ferrell (b. 1967)
- Alcides Ghiggia (d. 2015)
July 17: Constitution Day in South Korea (1948); World Emoji Day
A vehicle on the Manchester Metrolink
- 1453 – The Battle of Castillon, the last engagement of the Hundred Years' War, ended with the English losing all holdings in France except the Pale of Calais.
- 1918 – RMS Carpathia, which had rescued survivors of the 1912 Titanic sinking, was sunk by a German U-boat with the loss of five crew.
- 1948 – The Summer Olympics torch relay, nicknamed the "relay of peace", began in Olympia, Greece.
- 1992 – The Manchester Metrolink (pictured), the first modern street-running light-rail system in the United Kingdom, was officially opened.
- 1996 – TWA Flight 800 exploded in mid-air and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York.
- Queen Camilla (b. 1947)
- Billie Holiday (d. 1959)
- Wonwoo (b. 1996)
- Edward Heath (d. 2005)
Nadia Comăneci on the balance beam
- 1290 – King Edward I issued an edict to expel all Jews from England.
- 1723 – Johann Sebastian Bach directed the first performance of his cantata Erforsche mich, Gott, und erfahre mein Herz in Leipzig.
- 1976 – At the Olympic Games in Montreal, Nadia Comăneci (pictured) became the first person to score a perfect 10 in a modern Olympics gymnastics event.
- 1989 – American actress Rebecca Schaeffer was shot and killed by Robert John Bardo, eventually prompting the passage of anti-stalking laws in California.
- 1995 – Selena's album Dreaming of You, instrumental in popularizing Tejano music, was released posthumously.
- Benito Juárez (d. 1872)
- Richard Branson (b. 1950)
- M.I.A. (b. 1975)
- Amy Gillett (d. 2005)
Detail from The Day the Earth Smiled, with Earth as a pale dot between Saturn's rings
- 1845 – A fire in Manhattan, New York, destroyed 345 buildings, killed 30 people, and caused at least $5 million in damage.
- 1903 – French cyclist Maurice Garin won the first edition of the Tour de France.
- 1919 – Following Peace Day celebrations marking the end of the First World War, English ex-servicemen unhappy with unemployment and other grievances rioted and burned down Luton Town Hall.
- 1997 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army announced that it would resume its ceasefire, ending its 28-year campaign against British rule in Northern Ireland.
- 2013 – The NASA spacecraft Cassini took a photograph of Saturn with Earth in the distance (detail pictured), for which people were invited to "wave at Saturn".
- Margaret Fuller (d. 1850)
- Nicola Sturgeon (b. 1970)
- Christopher Luxon (b. 1970)
- Janusz Zajdel (d. 1985)
Forensic experts at the site of the Suruç bombing
- 1807 – French brothers Claude and Nicéphore Niépce received a patent for their Pyréolophore, one of the world's first internal combustion engines.
- 1951 – Abdullah I of Jordan was assassinated while visiting the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.
- 1976 – The Viking 1 lander became the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission.
- 1997 – USS Constitution, one of the United States Navy's original six frigates, sailed for the first time in 116 years after a full restoration.
- 2015 – A suicide attack (aftermath pictured) in Suruç, Turkey, for which Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility, killed 34 people and injured 104 others.
- Alexander the Great (b. 356 BC)
- Amanda Clement (d. 1971)
- Bruce Lee (d. 1973)
- Gisele Bündchen (b. 1980)
July 21: Belgian National Day (1831), Marine Day in Japan (2025)
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Sirimavo Bandaranaike
- 905 – Louis III, Holy Roman Emperor, was captured and blinded during his attempt to restore Carolingian power over Italy by King Berengar I.
- 1877 – Much of central Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was burned and looted during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.
- 1960 – Sirimavo Bandaranaike (pictured) was sworn in as prime minister of Ceylon, becoming the world's first democratically elected female head of government.
- 1990 – The Taiwanese military ordered the deportation of dozens of illegal immigrants from mainland China in sealed boat holds, causing 25 deaths due to suffocation.
- 2007 – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the final book in the popular Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling, was released and sold 15 million copies in its first 24 hours, making it the fastest-selling book in history.
- Nelson Dewey (d. 1889)
- Fiammetta Wilson (d. 1920)
- Johnny Peirson (b. 1925)
- Erling Haaland (b. 2000)
July 22: Feast day of Saint Mary Magdalene (Christianity)
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Stanley Forman
- 1802 – Gia Long conquered Hanoi and unified modern-day Vietnam, which had experienced centuries of feudal warfare.
- 1817 – Windham William Sadler made the first successful aerial crossing of the Irish Sea, by balloon.
- 1975 – Stanley Forman (pictured) took the Pulitzer Prize–winning photo Fire Escape Collapse, which spurred action to improve the safety of fire escapes across the United States.
- 1997 – Written and illustrated by Eiichiro Oda, One Piece, the best-selling manga series in history, debuted in Weekly Shōnen Jump.
- 2002 – The Israel Defense Forces bombed the home of Salah Shehade, the leader of the military arm of the Palestinian organization Hamas, killing him, his family and neighboring civilians.
- Bob Dole (b. 1923)
- Albertus Soegijapranata (d. 1963)
- Sándor Kocsis (d. 1979)
- Prince George of Wales (b. 2013)
July 23: Seventeenth of Tammuz (Judaism, 2024), Birthday of Haile Selassie (Rastafari)
Megawati Sukarnoputri reciting the oath of office
- 1921 – The first National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party opened in a house in Shanghai.
- 1940 – Sumner Welles, U.S. Under Secretary of State, issued a declaration that the U.S. government would not recognize the Soviet Union's annexation of the Baltic states.
- 1982 – A helicopter crashed during the filming of Twilight Zone: The Movie in Valencia, California, killing actor Vic Morrow and two child actors.
- 2001 – Megawati Sukarnoputri was sworn in (pictured) as the first female president of Indonesia following her predecessor's impeachment.
- 2010 – The English-Irish boy band One Direction were formed while auditioning for the 2010 series of the British singing competition The X Factor.
- John Babcock (b. 1900)
- Sergio Mattarella (b. 1941)
- Olivia Manning (d. 1980)
- Amy Winehouse (d. 2011)
July 24: Pioneer Day in Utah, United States (1847)
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Depiction of the Albanian revolt of 1910
- 1411 – Scottish clansmen led by Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles, and Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, fought the Battle of Harlaw near Inverurie, Scotland.
- 1910 – Ottoman forces captured the city of Shkodër, ending the Albanian revolt of 1910 (depicted).
- 1920 – Franco-Syrian War: At the Battle of Maysalun forces of the Arab Kingdom of Syria were defeated by a French army moving to occupy the territory allocated to them by the San Remo conference.
- 1923 – The Treaty of Lausanne was signed to settle part of the partition of the Ottoman Empire, establishing the boundaries of Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey.
- 2019 – Boris Johnson became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after winning the Conservative Party leadership election.
- Martin Van Buren (d. 1862)
- Zelda Fitzgerald (b. 1900)
- Nayib Bukele (b. 1981)
- Hamzah Haz (d. 2024)
July 25: National Day of Galicia, Saint James's Day, Tenjin Matsuri
The Concorde involved in the Air France Flight 4590 accident
- 1261 – Alexios Strategopoulos led Nicaean forces to recapture Constantinople, leading to the reestablishment of the Byzantine Empire and the end of the Latin Empire.
- 1893 – The Corinth Canal was formally opened, bisecting the narrow Isthmus of Corinth in Greece to connect the Ionian Sea's Gulf of Corinth with the Aegean Sea's Saronic Gulf.
- 1950 – Korean War: After American troops withdrew, North Korean forces captured the village of Yongdong in South Korea.
- 2000 – Air France Flight 4590 (plane used pictured), a Concorde en route from Paris to New York, crashed in Gonesse, France, killing all 109 passengers on board and four people on the ground.
- 2010 – WikiLeaks published 75,000 classified documents about the War in Afghanistan in one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history.
- Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem (d. 1190)
- Matt LeBlanc (b. 1967)
- Meg Donnelly (b. 2000)
- Azimzhan Askarov (d. 2020)
July 26: Independence Day in the Maldives (1965), Kargil Vijay Diwas in India
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Hillary Clinton
- 1551 – The Knights Hospitaller surrendered the Castello of Gozo to the Ottoman Empire following a brief siege, leading to the mass enslavement and dispersal of the Gozitan population.
- 1778 – On the orders of Catherine the Great the first of tens of thousands of Greek and Armenian Christians were removed from Crimea and resettled in Pryazovia.
- 1953 – In Short Creek, Arizona, police conducted a mass arrest of approximately 400 Mormon fundamentalists for polygamy.
- 1993 – Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashed into a mountain during a failed attempt to land at Mokpo Airport, South Korea, leading to the deaths of 68 people on board.
- 2016 – Hillary Clinton (pictured) became the first female nominee for president of the United States by a major political party at the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia.
- Carl Jung (b. 1875)
- Ana María Matute (b. 1925)
- George W. Romney (d. 1995)
- Olivia de Havilland (d. 2020)
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Visby Cathedral
- 1225 – Saint Mary's Church on Gotland, later to become Visby Cathedral (pictured), was consecrated.
- 1955 – The Austrian State Treaty came into effect, ending the Allied occupation of Austria, although the country was not free of Allied troops until October.
- 1965 – Mattachine Midwest, a gay rights organization in Chicago, held its first meeting.
- 2010 – Police in Tokyo found the mummified remains of Sogen Kato, thought to have died in 1978, leading to widespread inquiries into the status of isolated elderly people in Japan.
- 2020 – A major oil spill from the Colonial Pipeline was discovered in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina.
- Joe Tinker (b. 1880; d. 1948)
- Carlos Vila Nova (b. 1959)
- Piet de Jong (d. 2016)
- Edna O'Brien (d. 2024)
Reconstruction of the Sutton Hoo helmet
- 1540 – King Henry VIII of England had his chief minister Thomas Cromwell executed for treason and heresy.
- 1866 – Aged 18, Vinnie Ream became the youngest artist and first woman to receive a United States government commission for a statue—that of Abraham Lincoln currently in the Capitol rotunda.
- 1911 – The Australasian Antarctic Expedition began with the departure of SY Aurora from London.
- 1939 – During the excavation of a 7th-century ship burial at Sutton Hoo in Suffolk, England, archaeologists discovered a helmet (reconstruction pictured) that is widely associated with King Rædwald of East Anglia.
- 2005 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army announced the formal end of its armed campaign to overthrow British rule in Northern Ireland and create a united Ireland.
- Johann Sebastian Bach (d. 1750)
- Maximilien Robespierre (d. 1794)
- Clara Ng (b. 1973)
- Huma Qureshi (b. 1986)
Combined coat of arms of Charles and Diana
- 1567 – The infant James VI was crowned King of Scotland at Stirling.
- 1900 – Italian-American anarchist Gaetano Bresci assassinated King Umberto I of Italy in Monza.
- 1922 – The Yomiuri Shimbun reported that up to 100 Korean workers who were constructing a hydroelectric plant on the Shinano River in Japan had been murdered and thrown into the river.
- 1950 – Korean War: Over fears that North Korean soldiers were infiltrating refugee columns, U.S. forces concluded a four-day massacre of hundreds of civilians through shootings and air attacks near the village of Nogeun-ri.
- 1981 – An estimated worldwide television audience of 750 million watched the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (combined coat of arms depicted) at St Paul's Cathedral in London.
- Dag Hammarskjöld (b. 1905)
- Elizabeth Dole (b. 1936)
- Ali Sami Yen (d. 1951)
- Christian Benítez (d. 2013)
Uruguay 1930 team
- 1865 – Off the coast of Crescent City, California, the steamer Brother Jonathan struck an uncharted rock and sank, killing 225 people; its cargo of gold coins was not retrieved until 1996.
- 1930 – In Montevideo, the Uruguay national football team (team depicted) won the first FIFA World Cup, winning the final against Argentina 4–2.
- 1966 – In London, the England national football team won the FIFA World Cup, winning the final against West Germany 4–2 after extra time.
- 1975 – American labor-union leader Jimmy Hoffa disappeared after last being seen outside a restaurant near Detroit.
- 2006 – Lebanon War: The Israeli Air Force attacked a three-story building near the Lebanese village of Qana, killing at least 28 civilians, including 16 children.
- Emily Brontë (b. 1818)
- Jürgen Klinsmann (b. 1964)
- Julia Robinson (d. 1985)
- Ingmar Bergman (d. 2007)
July 31: Lā Hae Hawaiʻi (Flag Day) and Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (Sovereignty Restoration Day) in Hawaii (1843)
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
- 1009 – Sergius IV became the 142nd pope, succeeding John XVIII.
- 1777 – The Second Continental Congress passed a resolution commissioning the Marquis de Lafayette (pictured) as a major general in the American revolutionary forces.
- 1941 – The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring authorised SS General Reinhard Heydrich to handle preparations for "the Final Solution of the Jewish question".
- 1971 – Apollo program: The Lunar Roving Vehicle was first used during the Apollo 15 mission to the Moon.
- 2002 – Hamas detonated a bomb at the Mount Scopus campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, killing nine students and injuring about 100 more.
- Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd (d. 1948)
- Dean Cain (b. 1966)
- Victoria Azarenka (b. 1989)
- Fidel V. Ramos (d. 2022)
Selected anniversaries / On this day archive
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Selected anniversaries for August
[edit]August 1: Lughnasadh in the Northern Hemisphere; Buwan ng Wika begins in the Philippines; PLA Day in China (1927)
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Cars on the I-35W bridge after the collapse
- 527 – Upon the death of Justin I, his nephew and adopted son Justinian I became the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
- 1876 – Colorado was admitted as the 38th U.S. state.
- 1971 – The Concert for Bangladesh, a pair of benefit concerts organised by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar for refugees of the Bangladesh genocide, took place at Madison Square Garden in New York.
- 2004 – Nearly 400 people died in a supermarket fire in Asunción, Paraguay, when exits were locked to prevent people from stealing merchandise.
- 2007 – Bridge 9340, carrying Interstate 35W across the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, suffered a catastrophic failure and collapsed (aftermath pictured), killing 13 people and injuring 145 others.
- Mark Antony (d. 30 BC)
- Helen Sawyer Hogg (b. 1905)
- Bastian Schweinsteiger (b. 1984)
- Fahd of Saudi Arabia (d. 2005)
August 2: Roma Holocaust Memorial Day
Drawing of the interior of the Tower Subway
- 1870 – One of the world's earliest underground tube railways opened in the Tower Subway (interior depicted), a tunnel beneath the River Thames in London.
- 1923 – Calvin Coolidge became the 30th president of the United States after Warren G. Harding suffered a fatal heart attack.
- 1932 – At the California Institute of Technology, American physicist Carl David Anderson proved the existence of antimatter with the discovery of the positron, for which he would receive the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics.
- 1971 – The English rock band the Who released Who's Next, the group's only album to top the UK charts.
- 2007 – Raúl Iturriaga, a former deputy director of the Chilean secret police, was captured in Viña del Mar after having been on the run following a kidnapping conviction.
- Bertha Lutz (b. 1894)
- Jean-Pierre Melville (d. 1973)
- Stefanie Clausen (d. 1981)
- JD Vance (b. 1984)
Jesse Owens in the long jump at the 1936 Olympics
- 1347 – Hundred Years' War: The French town of Calais capitulated to English forces after an eleven-month siege, ending the Crécy campaign.
- 1903 – Macedonian rebels in Kruševo proclaimed a republic, which existed for ten days before Ottoman forces destroyed the town.
- 1936 – African-American athlete Jesse Owens won the first of his four gold medals at the Berlin Olympics, dashing Nazi leaders' hopes of Aryan domination at the games.
- 1971 – Fighting Dinosaurs, a fossil specimen featuring a Velociraptor and a Protoceratops in combat, was unearthed in the Djadochta Formation of Mongolia.
- 1997 – The Sky Tower, then the tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere at 328 m (1,076 ft), opened in Auckland, New Zealand.
- Herbert Armitage James (b. 1844)
- Tony Bennett (b. 1926)
- Frumka Płotnicka (d. 1943)
- Alexander Mair (d. 1969)
Glassell's black marlin
- 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: A combined Anglo-Dutch fleet under the command of George Rooke and allied with Archduke Charles captured Gibraltar from Spain.
- 1914 – World War I: Adhering to the terms of the Treaty of London, the United Kingdom declared war on Germany in response to the latter's invasion of Belgium.
- 1953 – Alfred C. Glassell Jr. caught a black marlin weighing 1,560 lb (710 kg) (pictured) off the coast of Peru, setting the record for the largest bony fish caught by hand.
- 1997 – French supercentenarian Jeanne Calment died at the age of 122 years, 164 days, with the longest confirmed human lifespan in history.
- 2014 – Julieka Ivanna Dhu, an Aboriginal Australian woman, died in police custody after her deteriorating condition was mocked and ignored.
- John Venn (b. 1834)
- Joseph Calleia (b. 1897)
- Maurice Richard (b. 1921)
- Jessica Mauboy (b. 1989)
August 5: Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day in Croatia (1995)
Henry I of England
- 1100 – Henry I (pictured) was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey.
- 1716 – Austro-Turkish War: The Ottoman army were defeated in their attempt to capture the Habsburgs-controlled Petrovaradin Fortress despite having double the number of soldiers.
- 1816 – Sir John Barrow, secretary at the Admiralty, rejected a proposal to use Francis Ronalds's electrical telegraph, deeming it "wholly unnecessary".
- 1888 – Bertha Benz made the first long-distance automobile trip, driving 106 km (66 mi) from Mannheim to Pforzheim, Germany, in a Benz Patent-Motorwagen.
- 1949 – An earthquake registering 6.4 Ms struck near Ambato, Ecuador, killing 5,050 people.
- 1984 – A Biman Bangladesh Airlines aircraft crashed while attempting to land in Dhaka, killing 49 people in the deadliest aviation accident in Bangladeshi history.
- 2012 – An American white supremacist carried out a mass shooting at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, killing six people and wounding four others.
- Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe (d. 1799)
- Tom Thomson (b. 1877)
- Pete Burns (b. 1959)
- Eddie Nolan (b. 1988)
Street fighting during the Battle of Saint-Malo
- 686 – Second Fitna: Pro-Alid forces defeated the Umayyad Caliphate in the Battle of Khazir, allowing them to take control of Mosul in present-day Iraq.
- 1623 – After the death of Gregory XV, a papal conclave in Rome elected Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII.
- 1944 – World War II: Allied forces attacked German fortifications at Saint-Malo, France, beginning the Battle of Saint-Malo (pictured).
- 1979 – An earthquake struck along the Calaveras Fault near Coyote Lake, California, injuring sixteen people.
- 1997 – Korean Air Flight 801 crashed into a hill on approach to Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport in Guam, killing 228 of the 254 people aboard.
- 2011 – A series of riots broke out in several London boroughs and in cities and towns across England in response to the shooting of Mark Duggan by Metropolitan Police officers.
- Ludwig Ross (d. 1859)
- George Kenney (b. 1889)
- Lucille Ball (b. 1911)
- Edsger W. Dijkstra (d. 2002)
August 7: Assyrian Martyrs Day (1933)
Harvard Mark I input/output and control
- 1744 – Prussia declared its intervention in the War of the Austrian Succession on behalf of Charles VII, beginning the Second Silesian War.
- 1909 – Fifty-nine days after leaving New York City with three passengers, Alice Huyler Ramsey arrived in San Francisco to become the first woman to drive an automobile across the contiguous United States.
- 1944 – IBM presented the first program-controlled calculator to Harvard University, after which it became known as the Mark I (pictured).
- 1998 – Car bombs exploded simultaneously at the American embassies in the East African capital cities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya, killing more than 200 people and injuring more than 4,000 others.
- Hugh Foliot (d. 1234)
- Joseph Marie Jacquard (d. 1834)
- Sidney Crosby (b. 1987)
- Jane Withers (d. 2021)
LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin
- 1264 – Reconquista: In the early stages of the Mudéjar revolt, Muslim rebels captured the Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera in present-day Spain, holding it for about two months.
- 1919 – The Third Anglo-Afghan War ended with the United Kingdom signing a treaty to recognise the independence of the Emirate of Afghanistan.
- 1929 – The German airship Graf Zeppelin (pictured) departed Lakehurst, New Jersey, on a flight to circumnavigate the world.
- 2009 – Nine people died when a tour helicopter and a small private airplane collided over the Hudson River in Hoboken, New Jersey.
- 2014 – The World Health Organization declared the Western African Ebola epidemic, which began in December 2013, to be a public health emergency of international concern.
- Christoph Ludwig Agricola (d. 1724)
- Esther Hobart Morris (b. 1814)
- Ernest Lawrence (b. 1901)
- S.Coups (b. 1995)
August 9: International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples; National Women's Day in South Africa (1956); National Day in Singapore (1965)
First Smokey Bear poster
- 1821 – The statue of A'a from Rurutu was presented to members of the London Missionary Society on the south Pacific island of Ra'iatea.
- 1934 – The Blue Lotus, the fifth volume of The Adventures of Tintin by the Belgian cartoonist Hergé and noted for its emphasis on countering negative misconceptions of Chinese people, began serialisation.
- 1944 – The United States Forest Service authorized the use of Smokey Bear (pictured) as its mascot to replace Bambi.
- 1974 – On the verge of an impeachment and removal from office amid the Watergate scandal, Richard Nixon became the first president of the United States to resign.
- 2014 – Michael Brown, an 18-year-old African-American man, was killed by a white police officer in Ferguson, Missouri, resulting in widespread protests and unrest.
- Stephen of Anjou (d. 1354)
- Ernst Haeckel (d. 1919)
- Brett Hull (b. 1964)
- Gay van der Meer (d. 2014)
August 10: Qixi Festival in China (2024)
Painting of the insurrection of 10 August 1792
- 1792 – French Revolution: Insurrectionists in Paris stormed the Tuileries Palace (depicted), effectively ending the French monarchy until it was restored in 1814.
- 1864 – José Antônio Saraiva announced that the Brazilian military would exact reprisals after Uruguay's governing Blanco Party refused Brazil's demands, beginning the Uruguayan War.
- 1953 – First Indochina War: The French Union withdrew its forces from Operation Camargue against the Việt Minh in central modern-day Vietnam.
- 2019 – Having already caused severe flooding in the Philippines, Typhoon Lekima made landfall in Zhejiang, China, killing 45 people in the province.
- William Lowndes Yancey (b. 1814)
- Adah Isaacs Menken (d. 1868)
- Marie-Claire Alain (b. 1926)
- Jennifer Paterson (d. 1999)
- 1309 – Reconquista: Aragonese forces led by King James II landed on the coast of Almería, beginning an ultimately unsuccessful siege of the city, then held by the Emirate of Granada.
- 1786 – Francis Light founded George Town (city hall pictured), the first British settlement in Southeast Asia and the present-day capital of the Malaysian state of Penang.
- 1979 – Two Aeroflot passenger jets collided in mid-air near Dniprodzerzhynsk in the Ukrainian SSR, killing all 178 people on both aircraft.
- 1999 – Ken Levine's System Shock 2 was released to mediocre sales, but later received critical acclaim and influenced subsequent first-person shooter game design.
- 2012 – At least 306 people were killed and 3,000 others injured in a pair of earthquakes near Tabriz, Iran.
- John Hunyadi (d. 1456)
- Andreas Vogt (b. 1880)
- Kaname Harada (b. 1916)
- Clare Nott (b. 1986)
Quagga mare at London Zoo
- 1834 – A race riot in Philadelphia destroyed African-American businesses and killed two people.
- 1883 – The last known quagga (example pictured), a subspecies of the plains zebra, died at Natura Artis Magistra, a zoo in Amsterdam.
- 1914 – World War I: Belgian troops won a victory at the Battle of Halen, but were ultimately unable to stop the German invasion of Belgium.
- 1944 – World War II: In Sant'Anna di Stazzema, Italy, the Waffen-SS and the Brigate Nere murdered about 560 local villagers and refugees and burned their bodies.
- Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria (b. 1629)
- John C. Young (b. 1803)
- Carlos Mesa (b. 1953)
- Ladi Kwali (d. 1984)
Damage caused by Hurricane Charley
- 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: The Duke of Marlborough led Allied forces to a crucial victory at the Battle of Blenheim.
- 1724 – Bach led the Thomanerchor in Leipzig in the first performance of the chorale cantata, Nimm von uns, Herr, du treuer Gott, BWV 101.
- 1999 – The Act on National Flag and Anthem was adopted, formally establishing the Hinomaru and "Kimigayo" as the Japanese national flag and anthem, respectively.
- 2004 – Merely 22 hours after Tropical Storm Bonnie struck the U.S. state of Florida, Hurricane Charley inflicted further damage to the region (example pictured).
- Jules Massenet (d. 1912)
- Bobby Clarke (b. 1949)
- Ida McNeil (d. 1974)
- Tigran Petrosian (d. 1984)
August 14: Independence Day in Pakistan (1947)
Roosevelt and Churchill
- 1264 – War of Saint Sabas: A Genoese fleet captured or sank most of the ships of a Venetian trade convoy off the Albanian coast.
- 1816 – The United Kingdom formally annexed the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, administering the islands from the Cape Colony in South Africa.
- 1941 – After a secret meeting in Newfoundland, British prime minister Winston Churchill and U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (both pictured) issued the Atlantic Charter, establishing a vision for a post–World War II world.
- 2021 – A magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck in Haiti, killing at least 2,248 people and causing $1.5 billion in damages and economic loss.
- Qian Hongzuo (b. 928)
- Anders Bure (b. 1571)
- Bobby Eaton (b. 1958)
- Magic Johnson (b. 1959)
August 15: Independence Day in India (1947); National Liberation Day of Korea (1945)
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Peter, King of Hungary
- 718 – Forces of the Umayyad Caliphate abandoned a year-long siege of Constantinople, ending their goal of conquering the Byzantine Empire.
- 1038 – Upon the death of his uncle Stephen I, Peter (depicted) became the second king of Hungary.
- 1909 – A military coup against the government of Dimitrios Rallis began in the neighbourhood of Goudi in Athens, Greece.
- 1944 – World War II: Allied forces began Operation Dragoon, their invasion of southern France.
- 1998 – The Troubles: A car bomb attack carried out by the Real Irish Republican Army killed 29 people and injured approximately 220 others in Omagh, Northern Ireland.
- Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos (d. 1022)
- Charles Comiskey (b. 1859)
- Bernard Fanning (b. 1969)
- Hanna Greally (d. 1987)
San Sebastian Church in Manila
- 1777 – American Revolutionary War: American forces routed British and German troops at the Battle of Bennington in Walloomsac, New York.
- 1819 – Around 15 people were killed and 400 to 700 others injured when cavalry charged into a crowd demanding the reform of parliamentary representation in Manchester, England.
- 1891 – San Sebastian Church (pictured), an all-iron church in Manila, was officially consecrated.
- 1920 – Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians was hit by a pitch and died the following day, becoming the only Major League Baseball player to die directly as a result of injuries sustained during a game.
- 1929 – A long-running dispute between Muslims and Jews over access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem escalated into a week-long period of violent riots throughout Palestine.
- George Meany (b. 1894)
- Robert Bunsen (d. 1899)
- James Cameron (b. 1954)
- Dorival Caymmi (d. 2008)
August 17: Independence Day in Indonesia (1945)
Richard Wagner
- 1668 – An earthquake struck the North Anatolia region, killing over 8,000 people.
- 1876 – The premiere of Götterdämmerung by Richard Wagner (pictured) closed the first Bayreuth Festival.
- 1914 – World War I: Ignoring orders to retreat, Hermann von François led a successful counterattack defending East Prussia at the Battle of Stallupönen and scored the first German victory in the Eastern Front.
- 1943 – World War II: The Royal Air Force began a strategic bombing campaign against Nazi Germany's V-weapon programme by attacking the Peenemünde Army Research Center.
- Matthew Boulton (d. 1809)
- Gene Stratton-Porter (b. 1863)
- Margaret Hamilton (b. 1936)
- Gerri Major (d. 1984)
August 18: Ghost Festival in China (2024)
Blackwater Fire
- 684 – Second Fitna: Umayyad partisans defeated the supporters of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr near Damascus, cementing Umayyad control of Syria.
- 1823 – At least 9,000 enslaved people rebelled in the British colony in Demerara-Essequibo (in present-day Guyana), demanding emancipation.
- 1864 – American Civil War: At the Battle of Globe Tavern, Union forces attempted to sever the Weldon Railroad during the siege of Petersburg.
- 1937 – A lightning strike started the Blackwater Fire (pictured) in Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, consuming 1,700 acres (7 km2) of old-growth forest and killing 15 firefighters.
- 2017 – Two people were fatally stabbed and eight others wounded by a rejected asylum seeker in an Islamist terrorist attack in Turku, Finland.
- Knut Alvsson (d. 1502)
- Maria Ulfah Santoso (b. 1911)
- Edward Norton (b. 1969)
- Evan Gattis (b. 1986)
August 19: Afghan Independence Day; National Aviation Day in the United States
Edward I of England
- 1274 – Shortly after his return from the Ninth Crusade, Edward I (pictured) was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey, nearly two years after his father's death.
- 1934 – A referendum supported the recent merging of the posts of chancellor and president of Germany, consolidating Adolf Hitler's assumption of supreme power.
- 2002 – Second Chechen War: A Russian Mil Mi-26 was brought down by Chechen separatists with a man-portable air-defense system near Khankala, killing 127 people in the deadliest helicopter crash in history.
- 2017 – Around 250,000 farmed non-native Atlantic salmon were accidentally released into the wild near Cypress Island, Washington.
- Edward Boscawen (b. 1711)
- Gustave Caillebotte (b. 1848)
- Clay Walker (b. 1969)
- Donald William Kerst (d. 1993)
Pluto
- 917 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Bulgarian forces led by Tsar Simeon I drove the Byzantines out of Thrace with a decisive victory at the Battle of Achelous.
- 1892 – Celtic Park, the largest football stadium in Scotland and home of Celtic F.C., opened.
- 1909 – Pluto (pictured) was photographed for the first time at the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, U.S., 21 years before it was officially discovered by Clyde Tombaugh.
- 1988 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army bombed a bus carrying British Army soldiers in Northern Ireland, killing eight of them and wounding twenty-eight.
- 1989 – After colliding with the dredger Bowbelle on the River Thames in London, the pleasure boat Marchioness sank in thirty seconds, killing 51 people.
- James Prinsep (b. 1799)
- Rudolf Bultmann (b. 1884)
- Agnes Giberne (d. 1939)
- Amy Adams (b. 1974)
Mona Lisa
- 1689 – Jacobite clans clashed with a regiment of Covenanters in the streets of Dunkeld, Scotland.
- 1789 – The national colours of Italy first appeared on a tricolour cockade in Genoa.
- 1911 – Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (pictured) was stolen from the Louvre by museum employee Vincenzo Peruggia and was not recovered until two years later.
- 1944 – World War II: A combined Canadian–Polish force captured the town of Falaise, France, in the final offensive of the Battle of Normandy.
- 2007 – BioShock was released in North America, becoming a critical success and a demonstration of video games as an art form.
- Alphonse, Count of Poitiers (d. 1271)
- Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (d. 1762)
- Thomas S. Monson (b. 1927)
- Frederick Seguier Drake (d. 1974)
August 22: Madras Day in Chennai, India (1639)
Reconstruction of Fort Stanwix
- 1777 – American Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold used a ruse to convince the British that a much larger force was arriving, causing them to abandon the siege of Fort Stanwix (reconstructed fort pictured).
- 1864 – Under the leadership of Henry Dunant and the International Committee of the Red Cross, twelve European states signed the First Geneva Convention, establishing rules for the protection of victims of armed conflict.
- 1914 – First World War: German forces captured Rossignol in Belgium, taking more than 3,800 French prisoners.
- 1962 – An assassination attempt orchestrated by the OAS takes place against Charles de Gaulle, although he is uninjured.
- 2012 – A series of ethnic clashes between the Orma and the Pokomo in Kenya's Tana River District resulted in at least 52 deaths.
- Jan Kochanowski (d. 1584)
- Thomas Tredgold (b. 1788)
- Madame Nhu (b. 1924)
- Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. (b. 1934)
Stalin and Ribbentrop shaking hands after signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
- 1898 – The Southern Cross Expedition, the first British venture of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, departed London.
- 1914 – In their first major action of the First World War, the British Expeditionary Force engaged German troops in Mons, Belgium.
- 1939 – Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (pictured), a ten-year mutual non-aggression treaty, which also secretly divided northern and eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence.
- 1954 – The Cruise of the Kings, a royal cruise organised by the Queen Consort of Greece, Frederica of Hanover, departed from Marseille, France.
- 1989 – Singing Revolution: Approximately two million people joined hands to form a human chain spanning 675.5 kilometres (419.7 mi) across the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Soviet republics to demonstrate their desire for independence.
- Hamilton Disston (b. 1844)
- Sarah Yorke Jackson (d. 1887)
- Germán Busch (d. 1939)
- Mimis Papaioannou (b. 1942)
August 24: Feast day of Saint Bartholomew (Western Christianity); Independence Day in Ukraine (1991)
Burning of Washington
- 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: An Anglo-Dutch fleet engaged a French naval force at the Battle of Málaga in the Mediterranean Sea.
- 1814 – War of 1812: British forces invaded Washington, D.C., setting fire to various U.S. government buildings, including the White House (pictured).
- 1889 – The New Zealand Native football team, predominantly comprising Māori players, concluded their 107-game tour, the longest in rugby union history.
- 1914 – The Battle of Cer ended with the first Allied victory of World War I.
- 1954 – In the midst of a political crisis, Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas fatally shot himself in the Catete Palace in Rio de Janeiro.
- William Wilberforce (b. 1759)
- Antonio Stoppani (b. 1824)
- Odette Abadi (b. 1914)
- Cora Slocomb di Brazza (d. 1944)
Rings of Neptune
- 1258 – George Mouzalon, the regent of the Empire of Nicaea, was assassinated as part of a conspiracy led by nobles under the future emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.
- 1758 – Seven Years' War: Prussian forces engaged the Russians at the Battle of Zorndorf in present-day Sarbinowo, Poland.
- 1914 – World War I: During the sack of Louvain in Belgium, German troops burned the town's Catholic university, destroying several medieval manuscripts.
- 1989 – The NASA spacecraft Voyager 2 made its closest approach to Neptune and provided definitive proof of the existence of the planet's rings (pictured).
- 2011 – Mexican drug war: Fifty-two people were killed in an arson attack at a casino in Monterrey, Mexico.
- Velma Caldwell Melville (d. 1924)
- Babe Siebert (d. 1939)
- Theresa Andrews (b. 1962)
- Ray Jones (d. 2007)
August 26: Heroes' Day in Namibia; Women's Equality Day in the United States
Clashes between police and protesters at the 1968 Democratic National Convention
- 683 – Second Fitna: The Battle of al-Harra was fought between Umayyad forces and the rebel defenders of Medina at a lava field northeast of the city.
- 1748 – The first Lutheran denomination in North America, the Pennsylvania Ministerium, was founded in Philadelphia.
- 1914 – First World War: The German colony of Togoland surrendered to French and British forces after a 20-day campaign.
- 1959 – The Coatzacoalcos earthquake struck near the Mexican state of Veracruz, killing 25 people.
- 1968 – The U.S. Democratic Party's National Convention opened in Chicago, sparking four days of clashes (pictured) between anti-Vietnam War protesters and police.
- James Franck (b. 1882)
- Sue Bailey Thurman (b. 1903)
- Barbara Toomer (b. 1929)
- Efren Reyes (b. 1954)
August 27: Independence Day in Moldova (1991)
Destroyed buildings after the attack in the Anglo-Zanzibar War
- 410 – The sacking of Rome by the Visigoths ended after three days.
- 1896 – In the shortest recorded war in history (pictured), the Sultanate of Zanzibar surrendered to the United Kingdom after less than an hour of conflict.
- 1955 – The first edition of the Guinness Book of Records was published.
- 1964 – South Vietnamese junta leader Nguyễn Khánh entered into a triumvirate power-sharing arrangement with rival generals Trần Thiện Khiêm and Dương Văn Minh, both of whom had been involved in plots to unseat Khánh.
- 2009 – The Myanmar military junta and ethnic armies began three days of violent clashes in the region of Kokang.
- Henry Edwards (b. 1827)
- Rufus Wilmot Griswold (d. 1857)
- Don Bradman (b. 1908)
- Ieva Simonaitytė (d. 1978)
SMS Mainz (background) shortly before sinking in the Battle of Heligoland Bight
- 1542 – Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts: During the Battle of Wofla, the Portuguese commander Cristóvão da Gama was captured by the Adal Sultanate and executed the next day.
- 1833 – The Slavery Abolition Act 1833, officially abolishing slavery in most of the British Empire, received royal assent.
- 1914 – In the first naval battle of the First World War, British ships ambushed a German naval patrol in the Heligoland Bight (pictured).
- 1993 – The first direct Presidential election in Singapore was held.
- 2003 – A pizza delivery man in Erie, Pennsylvania, was killed during a complex bank robbery when a bomb that was locked around his neck exploded.
- He Gui (d. 919)
- Edward Dando (d. 1832)
- Vittorio Sella (b. 1859)
- Katharine Abraham (b. 1954)
August 29: Feast of the Beheading of John the Baptist (Catholicism, Anglicanism)
Michael Faraday
- 1350 – Hundred Years' War: Led by King Edward III, a fleet of 50 English ships captured at least 14 Castilian vessels and sank several more at the Battle of Winchelsea.
- 1786 – Angered by high tax burdens and disfranchisement, farmers in western Massachusetts led by Daniel Shays began an armed uprising against the U.S. federal government.
- 1831 – Michael Faraday (pictured) first experimentally demonstrated electromagnetic induction, leading to the formulation of the law of induction named after him.
- 1960 – Air France Flight 343 crashed while attempting to land at Yoff Airport, Dakar, killing all 63 occupants.
- 2016 – Chen Quanguo became the Chinese Communist Party secretary of Xinjiang, and in that role later oversaw the creation of the Xinjiang internment camps.
- Abu Taghlib (d. 979)
- Harriet Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville (b. 1785)
- Orval Grove (b. 1919)
- Kazi Nazrul Islam (d. 1976)
August 30: Victory Day in Turkey (1922)
Guru Ram Das
- AD 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Roman forces led by Titus set fire to the Second Temple during the siege of Jerusalem.
- 1574 – Guru Ram Das (pictured) became the fourth of the Sikh gurus, the spiritual masters of Sikhism.
- 1594 – King James VI of Scotland held a masque at the baptism of Prince Henry, his first child.
- 1959 – South Vietnamese opposition figure Phan Quang Đán was elected to the National Assembly, despite soldiers being bussed in to vote multiple times for President Ngô Đình Diệm's candidate.
- 1974 – An express train carrying foreign workers from Yugoslavia to West Germany derailed in Zagreb, killing 153 people.
- 2007 – A heavy bomber that had been unintentionally loaded with nuclear missiles flew them from North Dakota to Louisiana before they were recognized.
- Albert Szenczi Molnár (b. 1574)
- Abishabis (d. 1843)
- Frieda Fraser (b. 1899)
- Seamus Heaney (d. 2013)
August 31: Independence Day in Malaysia (1957); Romanian Language Day in Moldova and Romania
Cartoon of Jack the Ripper as a phantom stalking Whitechapel
- 1218 – Al-Kamil became the fourth sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt.
- 1888 – The body of Mary Ann Nichols, the alleged first victim of an unidentified serial killer known as Jack the Ripper (pictured), was found in Buck's Row, London.
- 1942 – The Matagorda hurricane, the most intense and costliest tropical cyclone of the 1942 Atlantic hurricane season, dissipated after causing $26.5 million in damages and eight deaths.
- 1969 – On the final day of the Isle of Wight Festival 1969, attended by approximately 150,000 people over three days, Bob Dylan appeared in his first gig in three years.
- 2019 – A sightseeing helicopter crashed in the mountains of Skoddevarre in Alta, Norway, killing all six people on board.
- Aidan of Lindisfarne (d. 651)
- Alma Mahler (b. 1879)
- Feng Tianwei (b. 1986)
- William McAloney (d. 1995)
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Selected anniversaries / On this day archive
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Selected anniversaries for September
[edit]September 1: Labour Day in Canada and Labor Day in the United States (2025)
Illuminated Guru Granth Sahib folio
- 1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, then the Catholic cathedral of all the Nordic countries, was dedicated to Saint Lawrence and the Virgin Mary.
- 1604 – The Guru Granth Sahib (folio depicted), the religious text of Sikhism, was installed in the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
- 1859 – A powerful solar flare caused a coronal mass ejection that struck Earth a few hours later, generating the most intense geomagnetic storm ever recorded and causing bright aurorae visible in the middle latitudes.
- 1911 – Construction began on the Saline Valley salt tram, which during its operation was the steepest tram in the United States.
- 1972 – In a match widely publicized as a Cold War confrontation, American chess grandmaster Bobby Fischer became the 11th World Chess Champion with his victory over Soviet Boris Spassky.
- Yasuo Kuniyoshi (b. 1889)
- Alan Dershowitz (b. 1938)
- Doreen Valiente (d. 1999)
- Jang Jin-young (d. 2009)
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September 2:National Day in Vietnam (1945)
Principality of Sealand
- 1789 – The United States Department of the Treasury was founded following financial concerns in the new nation.
- 1792 – French Revolution: Due to an overwhelming fear that foreign armies would attack Paris and prisoners would revolt, revolutionaries began the summary execution of more than a thousand prisoners.
- 1946 – The interim government of India, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, was formed to assist the transition of India from British rule to independence.
- 1957 – South Vietnamese president Ngô Đình Diệm began an official visit to Australia, the first by a foreign incumbent head of state to the country.
- 1967 – Paddy Roy Bates proclaimed HM Fort Roughs, a former World War II Maunsell Sea Fort in the North Sea off the coast of Suffolk, England, as an independent sovereign state: the Principality of Sealand (pictured).
- Constantius III (d. 421)
- Liliʻuokalani (b. 1838)
- Horace Silver (b. 1928)
- Barbara McClintock (d. 1992)
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Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne
- 36 BC – The Sicilian revolt against the Second Triumvirate of the Roman Republic ended when the fleet of Sextus Pompey, the rebel leader, was defeated at the Battle of Naulochus.
- 1411 – The Treaty of Selymbria was concluded between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman prince Musa Çelebi.
- 1901 – At the Royal Exhibition Building (pictured) in Melbourne, the flag of Australia flew for the first time.
- 1987 – While he was abroad, Burundian president Jean-Baptiste Bagaza was deposed in a military coup d'état by Pierre Buyoya.
- 2017 – North Korea conducted its sixth and most powerful nuclear test at Punggye-ri, causing a magnitude-6.3 earthquake.
- Umar al-Aqta (d. 863)
- Ana Monterroso de Lavalleja (b. 1791)
- Sarah Orne Jewett (b. 1849)
- Ferdinand Rudow (d. 1920)
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Damage from the Canterbury earthquake in Christchurch
- 476 – Germanic leader Odoacer captured Ravenna and deposed Emperor Romulus Augustus, marking the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
- 1800 – French Revolutionary Wars: Facing starvation and a death rate of 100 soldiers per day, the French garrison in Malta surrendered to British forces, ending a two-year siege.
- 1843 – The state wedding of Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies and Emperor Pedro II of Brazil took place at the Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro.
- 1977 – The Golden Dragon massacre occurred in Chinatown, San Francisco, leaving five dead and spurring police to end Chinese gang violence in the city.
- 2010 – A magnitude-7.1 earthquake (damage pictured) struck the Canterbury Region of New Zealand, causing two deaths and up to NZ$40 billion in damages.
- Maria of Castile (d. 1458)
- Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (d. 1588)
- Konstantin Kalser (b. 1920)
- Yoani Sánchez (b. 1975)
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Sam Houston
- 917 – Liu Yan declared himself emperor, establishing the state of Southern Han at his capital of Panyu (present-day Guangzhou) in southern China.
- 1774 – In response to the British Parliament's enactment of the so-called Intolerable Acts, representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies convened the First Continental Congress at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia.
- 1836 – Sam Houston (pictured) became the first popularly elected president of the Republic of Texas.
- 1905 – Under the mediation of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt, the Russo-Japanese War officially ended with the signing of a treaty at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Maine.
- 1972 – The Palestinian militant group Black September took hostage eleven Israeli athletes and coaches at the Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany; all of the hostages were killed less than 24 hours later.
- Kathleen O'Melia (d. 1939)
- Freddie Mercury (b. 1946)
- Chris Hipkins (b. 1978)
- Adam Malik (d. 1984)
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September 6: Defence Day in Pakistan (1965)
Cal Ripken Jr.
- 1781 – American Revolutionary War: General Benedict Arnold led British forces to victory at the Battle of Groton Heights.
- 1863 – General John S. Marmaduke fatally wounded his Confederate Army colleague Lucius M. Walker in a formal duel in Arkansas.
- 1901 – William McKinley, President of the United States, was fatally wounded by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, and died eight days later.
- 1976 – Soviet pilot Viktor Belenko landed his MiG-25 in Hakodate, Japan, declaring his intention to defect to the West.
- 1995 – Cal Ripken Jr. (pictured) played his 2,131st consecutive Major League Baseball game, breaking the 56-year-old record set by Lou Gehrig.
- Jessie Willcox Smith (b. 1863)
- Homare Sawa (b. 1978)
- Luciano Pavarotti (d. 2007)
- Burt Reynolds (d. 2018)
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The last thylacine
- 1652 – Chinese peasants on Formosa (now Taiwan) began a rebellion against Dutch rule which was suppressed four days later.
- 1778 – Anglo-French War: Having established an alliance with the United States, France invaded the Caribbean island of Dominica and captured its British fort.
- 1936 – The last thylacine (pictured) died in captivity in Hobart Zoo, Australia.
- 1940 – Second World War: The Luftwaffe changed their strategy in the Battle of Britain and began bombing London and other cities and towns.
- 2010 – A Chinese fishing trawler operating in disputed waters collided with Japan Coast Guard patrol boats near the Senkaku Islands, sparking a major diplomatic dispute between the two countries.
- Abdurrahman Wahid (b. 1940)
- Tamurbek Dawletschin (d. 1983)
- Miniminter (b. 1992)
- Mobutu Sese Seko (d. 1997)
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September 8: Victory Day in Malta
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Queen Elizabeth II in 1959
- 617 – Li Yuan defeated a Sui army at the Battle of Huoyi, opening the path to his capture of the Chinese imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
- 1565 – St. Augustine, Florida, the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States, was founded by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés.
- 1831 – William IV and Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen were crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
- 1966 – The science fiction show Star Trek made its American premiere with "The Man Trap", launching a media franchise that has since created a cult phenomenon and has influenced the design of many current technologies.
- 2022 – Queen Elizabeth II (pictured) died at Balmoral Castle in Scotland; her eldest son Charles III acceded to the throne as King of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms.
- Amy Robsart (d. 1560)
- John Aitken (d. 1831)
- Charles Hastings Judd (b. 1835)
- Pink (b. 1979)
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John Lennon
- AD 9 – Germanic Wars: An alliance of Germanic tribes led by Arminius engaged Roman forces at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, defeating three legions within a few days.
- 1141 – Yelü Dashi, the Liao general who founded the Qara Khitai, defeated Seljuq and Kara-Khanid forces at the Battle of Qatwan, near Samarkand in present-day Uzbekistan.
- 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars: A naval engagement between French and British fleets off the coast of Sumatra ended inconclusively.
- 1954 – A magnitude-6.7 earthquake struck near Chlef, killing over 1,200 people and forcing the Algerian government to implement comprehensive reforms in building codes.
- 1971 – Imagine, the second solo album by John Lennon (pictured), was released.
- Anna Jagiellon (d. 1596)
- Leo Tolstoy (b. 1828)
- Colonel Sanders (b. 1890)
- Mao Zedong (d. 1976)
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Portland Vase
- 1724 – Johann Sebastian Bach led the first performance of Jesu, der du meine Seele, BWV 78, a chorale cantata based on a passion hymn by Johann Rist.
- 1779 – American Revolutionary War: Captain William Pickles of the Continental Navy boarded and captured the British sloop HMS West Florida at the Battle of Lake Pontchartrain.
- 1845 – John Doubleday completed a "masterly" restoration of the Portland Vase (pictured), which had been smashed into hundreds of pieces seven months prior.
- 1974 – After centuries of Portuguese rule, the country of Guinea-Bissau was formally recognized as independent.
- 2000 – British forces freed soldiers and civilians who had been held captive by the militant group the West Side Boys, contributing to the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War.
- Mary Wollstonecraft (d. 1797)
- Mortimer Wheeler (b. 1890)
- Boyd K. Packer (b. 1924)
- Jack Ma (b. 1964)
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September 11: National Day of Catalonia
The World Trade Center towers after each being hit with hijacked Boeing 767s
- 1649 – Cromwellian conquest of Ireland: Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army ended the Siege of Drogheda, took over the town and massacred its garrison.
- 1941 – In Des Moines, Iowa, American aviator Charles Lindbergh delivered an antisemitic speech accusing Jews of controlling the media and manipulating the United States into joining World War II.
- 1981 – Iranian politician Ayatollah Madani and three others were assassinated by an agent of the MEK who detonated a grenade during Friday prayers in Tabriz.
- 2001 – al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger airliners to carry out a series of terrorist attacks (one pictured) against targets in New York City and the area of Washington, D.C., killing 2,977 people.
- 2012 – The American consulate and CIA annex in Libya were attacked by a heavily armed group, resulting in the deaths of U.S. ambassador J. Christopher Stevens and three others.
- Jessica Mitford (b. 1917)
- Jan Smuts (d. 1950)
- Hiroshi Amano (b. 1960)
- B. J. Habibie (d. 2019)
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_-_Portraits_of_Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning_and_Robert_Browning.png)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning
- 379 – Yax Nuun Ahiin I took the throne as the ruler (ajaw) of the Mayan city of Tikal.
- 1846 – The English poets Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (both pictured) married in secret to avoid their disapproving families before moving to Italy.
- 1933 – Hungarian-American physicist Leo Szilard conceived of the idea of the nuclear chain reaction while waiting for a traffic light in Bloomsbury, London.
- 1948 – The People's Liberation Army launched the Liaoshen campaign, the first of the three major military campaigns during the late stage of the Chinese Civil War.
- 1995 – Hurricane Ismael formed off the southwest coast of Mexico; it went on to kill over a hundred people in the country.
- Parsley Peel (d. 1795)
- Alice Ayres (b. 1859)
- Ion Agârbiceanu (b. 1882)
- Steve Biko (d. 1977)
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Model of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
- 509 BC – According to Roman tradition, the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus (depicted), the most important temple in ancient Rome, was dedicated.
- 1567 – The siege of Inabayama Castle, the final battle in Oda Nobunaga's campaign to conquer Mino Province, began; it culminated in a decisive victory for Nobunaga.
- 1919 – The Boston police strike ended after four days of rule by the state militia, the deaths of nine people, and accusations that striking officers were "agents of Lenin".
- 2005 – A software bug caused a simulated pandemic in the online video game World of Warcraft, serving as a model for epidemiologists to understand how human interaction influences disease outbreaks.
- Kavad I (d. 531)
- Laura Secord (b. 1775)
- Arnold Schoenberg (b. 1874)
- Louis Laybourne Smith (d. 1965)
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HMAS AE1
- AD 81 – Domitian, the last Flavian emperor of Rome, was confirmed by the Senate to succeed his brother Titus.
- 919 – Viking activity in the British Isles: A coalition of native Irish, led by Niall Glúndub, failed in their attempt to drive the Vikings of the Uí Ímair from Ireland.
- 1863 – American Civil War: The Little Rock campaign ended with the Union Army capturing Little Rock, Arkansas.
- 1914 – HMAS AE1 (pictured), the Royal Australian Navy's first submarine, was lost at sea; its wreck was not found until 2017.
- 1989 – Typhoon Sarah dissipated after causing extensive damage along an erratic path across the Western Pacific, killing 71 in Taiwan, the Philippines, and the Gotō Islands.
- Drusus Julius Caesar (d. AD 23)
- Luke P. Blackburn (d. 1887)
- Romola Costantino (b. 1930)
- Mamadou N'Diaye (b. 1993)
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September 15: Battle of Britain Day in the United Kingdom (1940)
1831 illustration of the L&M Railway
- 1462 – The Ottoman conquest of Lesbos ended upon the surrender of commander Niccolò Gattilusio; the conquering Mehmed II executed 300 Italian soldiers by chopping them in half, claiming he was fulfilling a promise to "spare their heads".
- 1830 – The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&M) (depicted), the first locomotive-hauled railway to connect two major cities, opened with the Duke of Wellington in attendance.
- 1954 – The scene in The Seven Year Itch of Marilyn Monroe standing in a white dress over a subway grate was filmed by Billy Wilder.
- 2013 – The Belarusian serial killer Ivan Kulesh murdered two saleswomen in Lida.
- Stanisław Poniatowski (b. 1676)
- Ayscoghe Boucherett (d. 1815)
- Algernon Lee (b. 1873)
- Linnie Marsh Wolfe (d. 1945)
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September 16: Independence Day in Papua New Guinea (1975)
Western terminus of the Northern Xinjiang railway
- 681 – At the Third Council of Constantinople, Pope Honorius I was posthumously excommunicated, with his support for monothelitism deemed to be heretical.
- 1844 – Felix Mendelssohn completed the score of his Violin Concerto, his final concerto.
- 1979 – Eight people escaped from East Germany to West Germany in a home-made hot air balloon.
- 1990 – Construction of the Northern Xinjiang railway (terminus pictured) was completed between Ürümqi South and Alashankou, linking the railway lines of China and Kazakhstan and adding a sizeable portion to the Eurasian Land Bridge.
- Vitalis of Savigny (d. 1122)
- Elisabeth Bagréeff-Speransky (b. 1799)
- Vesta Tilley (d. 1952)
- Louis Ngwat-Mahop (b. 1987)
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September 17: Constitution Day in the United States
Ronald Reagan publicly acknowledges AIDS for the first time, beginning at the 7:12 mark.
- 1176 – Byzantine–Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Myriokephalon in Phrygia, the Seljuq Turks prevented Byzantine forces from taking the interior of Anatolia.
- 1630 – Puritan settlers from England founded the city of Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, naming it after Boston, Lincolnshire, the origin of several prominent colonists.
- 1939 – World War II: The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, sixteen days after Nazi Germany's attack on the country from the west.
- 1985 – Four years after AIDS was first identified in the United States, Ronald Reagan publicly acknowledged AIDS (video featured) for the first time.
- 2011 – Adbusters, a Canadian anti-consumerist publication, organized a protest against corporate influence on democracy at Zuccotti Park in New York City that became known as Occupy Wall Street.
- Li Jingsui (d. 958)
- Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (d. 1721)
- Periyar (b. 1879)
- Hank Williams (b. 1923)
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Interior of the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden
- AD 96 – Nerva, the first of the "Five Good Emperors" of ancient Rome, came to power following the assassination of his predecessor Domitian.
- 1809 – The second Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (interior pictured), opened in London after the original was destroyed by fire.
- 1875 – The Indianola hurricane dissipated over Mississippi after killing around eight hundred people in Texas.
- 1961 – An aircraft crashed near Ndola in Northern Rhodesia, resulting in the deaths of 16 people, including United Nations secretary-general Dag Hammarskjöld.
- 1981 – While posing as an aristocrat, Belgian serial killer Nestor Pirotte murdered an antiques dealer in Brussels, for which crime he was sentenced to death.
- Trajan (b. AD 53)
- Liu Sheng (d. 958)
- Betty Cantor-Jackson (b. 1948)
- Jimi Hendrix (d. 1970)
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September 19: International Talk Like a Pirate Day
Statue of Our Lady of La Salette
- 1692 – Salem witch trials: Giles Corey was crushed to death for refusing to enter a plea to charges of witchcraft, reportedly asking the sheriff for "more weight" during his execution.
- 1846 – Near La Salette-Fallavaux in southeastern France, shepherd children Mélanie Calvat and Maximin Giraud reported a Marian apparition, now known as Our Lady of La Salette (statue pictured).
- 1940 – World War II: Polish resistance leader Witold Pilecki allowed himself to be captured by German forces and sent to Auschwitz to gather intelligence.
- 1970 – The first Glastonbury Festival was held at Michael Eavis's farm in Glastonbury, England.
- 1995 – Industrial Society and Its Future, the manifesto of American domestic terrorist Ted Kaczynski, was published in The Washington Post almost three months after it was submitted.
- Theodore of Tarsus (d. 690)
- Paterson Clarence Hughes (b. 1917)
- Judith Kanakuze (b. 1959)
- Wu Zhonghua (d. 1992)
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Great Buddha of Kamakura
- 1498 – A tsunami caused by the Meiō earthquake washed away the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha (pictured) at Kōtoku-in in Kamakura, Japan; the statue has since stood in the open air.
- 1792 – The French Army achieved its first major victory of the War of the First Coalition at the Battle of Valmy.
- 1967 – L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of Scientology, announced the story of Xenu in a taped lecture sent to all Scientologists.
- 1997 – Hurricane Erika, the strongest and longest-lasting hurricane of the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season, dissipated after causing flooding and power outages throughout Puerto Rico.
- Susanna Rubinstein (b. 1847)
- Edith Rogers (b. 1894)
- Justo Gallego Martínez (b. 1925)
- Davidson Nicol (d. 1994)
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September 21: International Day of Peace
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The Great Fire of New York
- 1170 – Norman invasion of Ireland: English and Irish forces conquered Dublin, forcing Ascall mac Ragnaill, the last Norse–Gaelic king of Dublin, into exile.
- 1776 – American Revolutionary War: The Great Fire of New York (depicted) broke out during the British occupation of New York City, destroying up to 1,000 buildings.
- 1918 – World War I: The Battle of Nazareth ended with the British Empire victorious over the Ottomans.
- 1958 – The first section of Interstate 80 in Iowa opened in the Des Moines metropolitan area.
- 2001 – Several British Muslim youths in Peterborough, England, murdered 17-year-old Ross Parker, leading to debate over whether the British media failed to cover racially motivated crimes with white victims.
- Andrew II of Hungary (d. 1235)
- Barbara Longhi (b. 1552)
- Kay Ryan (b. 1945)
- Florence Griffith Joyner (d. 1998)
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Selected anniversaries for October
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