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State Sponsored Fake Social Media

Bibliography

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Notes

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References

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Books, journals, magazines, websites, papers
  • "Social Media Manipulation by Political Actors an Industrial Scale Problem – Oxford Report". Oxford University. January 13, 2021.
    1. Via Oxford Internet Institute (PDF).
News media
    1. Podcast → Mumford, Tracy; Baker, Peter; Swan, Jonathan; Walsh, Declan; Stewart, Ian; Metzger, Jessica; Shield, James. "Israel Secretly Targets U.S. Lawmakers ...". ProQuest 3064515288 (US Newsstream database).
    2. Print → Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (June 6, 2024). "Israel, in Secret, Tried to Sway U.S – Effort to Shape Opinion on the War in Gaza" (updated June 6, 2024). Foreign Desk. Vol. 173, no. 60177 (East Coast; Late ed.). p. 1 (section A).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 3064814075 (US Newsstream database).
      1. Page 1 (section A) (PDF). Free access icon
    3. Blog → Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (June 5, 2024). "Israel Secretly Targets U.S. Lawmakers With Influence Campaign on Gaza War" (updated June 6, 2024).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 3064471189 (US Newsstream database).
    4. Print → Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (June 5, 2024). "Israel organizó una campaña de influencia secreta sobre la guerra en Gaza" (updated June 8, 2024) (in Spanish).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 3064953634 (US Newsstream database).
    5. Blog → Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (June 5, 2024). "Israel organizó una campaña de influencia secreta sobre la guerra en Gaza" (updated June 8, 2024) (in Spanish).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 3064610671 (US Newsstream database).
    1. Print → Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (May 14, 2021). "Lies on Social Media Inflame Israeli-Palestinian Conflict" (updated May 14, 2021). Foreign Desk. Vol. 170, no. 59058 (East Coast; Late ed.).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 2526859951 (US Newsstream database).
    2. Blog → Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (May 14, 2024). "Lies on Social Media Inflame Israeli-Palestinian Conflict" (updated May 14, 2021). Foreign Desk (East Coast; Late ed.).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 15538095 (US Newsstream database).
    3. Print → Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (May 14, 2021). "Las mentiras en redes sociales exacerban el conflicto palestino-israelí" (updated May 19, 2021) (in Spanish).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 2527582888 (US Newsstream database).
    4. Blog → Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (May 14, 2021). "Las mentiras en redes sociales exacerban el conflicto palestino-israelí" (updated June 8, 2024) (in Spanish).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 2527564136 (US Newsstream database).
    1. Print → Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (May 19, 2021). "Mob Violence Against Palestinians in Israel Is Fueled by Groups on WhatsApp" (updated October 14, 2022). Vol. 170, no. 59063 (East Coast; Late ed.).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 2528798743 (US Newsstream database).
    2. Blog → Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (May 19, 2021). "Mob Violence Against Palestinians in Israel Is Fueled by Groups on WhatsApp" (updated July 6, 2021).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 2528741339 (US Newsstream database).
    3. Print → Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (May 19, 2021). "La violencia contra los palestinos en Israel es azuzada en grupos de WhatsApp" (updated March 27, 2021) (in Spanish).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 2528849804 (US Newsstream database).
    4. Blog → Frenkel, Sheera (May 19, 2021). "La violencia contra los palestinos en Israel es azuzada en grupos de WhatsApp" (updated July 6, 2021) (in Spanish). ProQuest 2528853468 (US Newsstream database).


    1. Print → Myers, Steven Lee; Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (November 4, 2023). "In a Worldwide War of Words, Russia, China and Iran Back Hamas" (updated November 4, 2023). Vol. 171, no. 59232. p. 7 (section A).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 2885704558 (US Newsstream database).
    2. Archived print → Myers, Steven Lee; Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (November 4, 2023). "In a Worldwide War of Words, Russia, China and Iran Back Hamas" (updated November 4, 2023). Vol. 171, no. 59232. p. 7 (section A). Archived from the original on November 6, 2023 – via Wayback Machine.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Free access icon ProQuest 2885704558 (US Newsstream database).
    3. Blog → Myers, Steven Lee; Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (November 3, 2023). "In a Worldwide War of Words, Russia, China and Iran Back Hamas" (updated November 4, 2023).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ProQuest 2885567109 (US Newsstream database).
    4. Blog → Myers, Steven Lee; Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (November 3, 2023). "Bā yǐ chōngtú yǐnfā yúlùn" "shìjiè dàzhàn":"Yī é zhōng zhīchí hā mǎ sī" ="巴以冲突引发舆论" "世界大战"："伊俄中支持哈马斯" (updated November 3, 2023) (in Simplified Chinese).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    5. Blog → Myers, Steven Lee; Frenkel, Sheera Claire (born 1983) (November 3, 2023). "Bā yǐ chōngtú yǐnfā yúlùn `shìjiè dàzhàn'" : "Yī é zhōng zhīchí hā mǎ sī" ="巴以衝突引發輿論「世界大戰」" ："伊俄中支持哈馬斯" (updated November 3, 2023) (in Traditional Chinese).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)


    1. Print → Myers, Steven Lee; Grant, Nico (February 15, 2023). "In Fight Against Disinformation, the Front Line Is Being Thinned" (updated February 15, 2023). Vol. 170, no. 58970. p. 1 (section A). ProQuest 2776316408 (US Newsstream database).
    2. Blog → Myers, Steven Lee; Grant, Nico (February 14, 2023). "Combating Disinformation Wanes at Social Media Giants" (updated February 14, 2023). ProQuest 2775890288 (US Newsstream database).
    3. Blog → Myers, Steven Lee; Grant, Nico (February 14, 2023). "Combating Disinformation Wanes at Social Media Giants" (updated February 14, 2023) (in Simplified Chinese).
    4. Blog → Myers, Steven Lee; Grant, Nico (February 14, 2023). "Combating Disinformation Wanes at Social Media Giants" (updated February 14, 2023) (in Traditional Chinese).
Primary sources

See also

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New

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  1. Smear campaign – Effort to damage someone's reputation
[edit]
    A: Propaganda and psychological influence
  1. Agent of influence – Person influencing public opinion for a foreign power
  2. Black propaganda – Form of influence campaign
  3. Demoralization (warfare) – Warfare tactic used to erode morale
  4. Denial and deception – Framework in military intelligence theory
  5. Disinformation attack – Coordinated dissemination of false information
  6. Front organization – Surrogate organization answering to someone else
  7. Influence-for-hire – Economy of trading influence on social media
  8. Memetic warfare – Propaganda warfare via social media memes
  9. News propaganda – Propaganda packaged as credible news
  10. Propaganda – Communication used to influence opinion
  11. Propaganda through media – Use of media for propaganda
  12. Psychological operations (United States) (PSYOPs) – Psychological operations within United States military and intelligence agencies
    13. B: Pseudoscience, agnotology, and doubt
  13. Agnotology – Study of culturally induced ignorance or doubt
  14. Demarcation problem – Philosophical question of how to distinguish between science and non-science
  15. Denialism – Denial of basic facts and concepts that are accepted by the scientific consensus
  16. Doubt Is Their Product – 2008 book by David Michaels
  17. Factoid – Invented claim or trivial fact
  18. Lancet MMR autism fraud – Fraudulent research
  19. Merchants of Doubt – 2010 book by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway
  20. Misinformation – Incorrect or misleading information
  21. Misinformation effect – Effect of later events on a previous memory
  22. Non-science – Area of study that is not scientific
  23. Obscurantism – Practice of obscuring information
  24. Predatory open-access publishing – Fraudulent business model for scientific publications
  25. Pseudohistory – Pseudoscholarship that attempts to distort historical record
  26. Pseudoscience – Unscientific claims wrongly presented as scientific
  27. Tobacco industry playbook – Propaganda techniques used by the tobacco industry
    28. Reinterpretation of science outside formal research
    1. Anti-vaccine activism – Activism against vaccination
    2. Climate change denial – Denial of the scientific consensus on climate change
    3. Vaccine misinformation – False or misleading information related to vaccines
    4. Dunning–Kruger effect – Cognitive bias about one's own skill
    5. Intelligent design – Pseudoscientific argument for the existence of God
    6. Merchants of Doubt – 2014 American documentary film by Robert Kenner
    7. Plandemic – COVID-19 conspiracy theory video and films
    8. Vaxxed – 2016 anti-vaccination documentary film


    C: Media, journalism, and information ethics
  28. Advertorial – Advertisement disguised as editorial
  29. Alarmism – Excessive or exaggerated alarm about a real or imagined threat
  30. Astroturfing – Public relations tactic using fake grassroots movements
  31. Chequebook journalism – Practice of news reporters paying sources for information
  32. Circular reporting – Multiple sources for single-source data
  33. Citizen journalism – Journalism genre
  34. Clickbait – Web content intended to entice users to click on a link
  35. Criticism of Facebook
  36. Fact – Datum or structured component of reality
  37. Fact-checking – Process of verifying information in non-fictional text
  38. Fake blog
  39. Freedom of the press – Freedom of communication and expression through various media
  40. Hoax – Widespread deliberate fabrication presented as truth
  41. Information quality – Quality of the content of information systems
  42. Information silo – Insular information management system
  43. Journalism ethics and standards – Principles of ethics and of good practice in journalism
  44. Mainstream media – Mass news media that influence many people
  45. Managing the news – Media manipulation
  46. Media manipulation – Techniques in which partisans create an image that favours their interests
  47. Mediatization (media) – Process whereby the mass media influence other sectors of society
  48. Muckraker – Progressive-Era reform-minded investigative journalist in the US
  49. 2024 Tenet Media investigation – Investigation into an American conservative media company
    50. D: Internet manipulation and social media
  50. Buzzer (internet) – Internet commentators paid by the Indonesian government
  51. Doomscrolling – Compulsive consumption of negative online news
  52. Echo chamber (media) – Situation that reinforces beliefs by repetition inside a closed system
  53. 50 Cent Party – Internet commentators paid by the Chinese government
  54. Filter bubble – Intellectual isolation through internet algorithms
  55. Internet manipulation – Manipulation of digital technology
  56. Influencer marketing – Type of social media marketing
  57. Internet meme – Cultural item spread via the Internet
  58. Internet-nationalism – Nationalism expressed through digital platforms
  59. Internet water army – Political term
  60. Online youth radicalization
  61. Privacy concerns with social networking services
  62. Sock puppet account – False online identity used for deception
  63. Spamouflage – Chinese government online influence operation
  64. Social bot – Software agent that communicates on social media
  65. Social Networks
  66. Social media use in politics
  67. Troll farm – People employed to post divisive content
    68. E: Cognitive biases and memory effects
  68. Confirmation bias – Bias confirming existing attitudes
  69. Confabulation – Recall of fabricated, misinterpreted or distorted memories
  70. Dunning–Kruger effect – Cognitive bias about one's own skill
  71. Encoding (memory) – Biological memory process in organisms
  72. Eyewitness memory – Imperfect recall of a crime or other dramatic event
  73. Hindsight bias – Type of confirmation bias
  74. Memory conformity – Phenomenon in memory
  75. Rational ignorance – Practice of avoiding research whose cost exceeds its benefits
  76. Selective exposure theory – Theory within the practice of psychology
  77. Spiral of silence – Political science and mass communication theory
  78. Storage (memory) – Second stage of the memory process
    79. Eyewitness memory
    1. Weapon focus – Eyewitness memory bias


    F: Satire, parody, and fringe concepts
  79. Dihydrogen monoxide parody – Parody where water is presented by an uncommon name
  80. Drinking the Kool-Aid – Expression
  81. Fnord – Neologism coined in 1965
  82. Iago – Character in Othello
  83. List of satirical fake news websites
  84. Moral panic – Fear that some evil threatens society
  85. Parody religion – Constructed mock religion
  86. Parody science – Spoof of scientific writing or practice
  87. Tin foil hat – Hat and stereotype for conspiracy theorists
  88. Trump derangement syndrome – Pejorative term used to describe negative reactions to President Donald Trump
    89. G: Political strategy and misrepresentation
  89. Big lie – Propaganda technique
  90. Cherry picking – Fallacy of incomplete evidence
  91. Damaging quotation – Short utterance by a public figure; discrediting tactic
  92. Embrace, extend, and extinguish (EEE) – Anti-competitive business strategy
  93. Euromyth – Exaggerated or invented story about the European Union
  94. Fallacy of composition – Fallacy of inferring on the whole from a part
  95. False equivalence – Logical fallacy of inconsistency
  96. Fearmongering – Deliberate use of fear-based tactics
  97. Fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD) – Tactic used to influence opinion
  98. Framing (social sciences) – Effect of how information is presented on perception
  99. Half-truth – Deceptive statement
  100. Parable of the broken window – Parable by French economist Frédéric Bastiat
  101. Perception management – Influence tactic
  102. Political bias – Bias towards a political side in supposedly-objective information
  103. Post-truth politics – Political culture where facts are considered irrelevant
  104. Potemkin village – Façade making something seem better than in reality
  105. Project Fear – Term used in British politics
  106. Push polling – Use of polling to manipulate public opinion
  107. Quoting out of context – Informal fallacy
  108. Rage-baiting – Internet rage incitement technique
  109. Scareware – Malware designed to elicit fear, shock, or anxiety
  110. Sedition Caucus – American political term
  111. Swiftboating – Character assassination as a political tactic
  112. Whataboutism – Formal fallacy
    113. H: Manufactured division and incitement
  113. Agent provocateur – Person who incites others to commit incriminating acts
  114. Culture of fear – Arrangement in which fear of retribution is pervasive
  115. Discrediting tactic – Effort to damage someone's reputation
  116. Lying press – German slur Lügenpresse used to discredit media, from Nazi era to modern politics
  117. Strategy of tension – Political policy encouraging violent struggle
  118. Useful idiot – Derogatory term in political jargon
  119. Wedge strategy – Creationist political and social agenda
    120. I: Fake news
  120. Alternative facts – Expression associated with political misinformation established in 2017
  121. Disinformation – Deliberately misleading information
  122. Fake news – False or misleading information presented as real
  123. Fake news in the United States
  124. Fake news website – Website that deliberately publishes hoaxes and disinformation
  125. Firehose of falsehood – Propaganda technique
  126. Infodemic – Rapid spread of accurate and inaccurate information
  127. InfoWars – American far-right conspiracy theory and fake news website
  128. List of fake news websites
  129. List of miscellaneous fake news websites – List of fake news websites that do not fit into more specific categories
  130. True Pundit – Far-right and fake news website, 2016–2021
    131. J: Wikipedia – List (and lists of lists) of political editing incidents flagged for bias, disinformation, or conflict of interest
  131. List of political editing incidents on Wikipedia – List of political edits on Wikipedia flagged for bias, promotion, or conflict of interest
    1. Pro-China editing on Wikipedia – 2021 bans and admin revocations over coordinated pro–PR China edits on ~22 articles
  132. List of Wikipedia controversies
  133. Censorship of Wikipedia
  134. Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia
  135. Criticism of Wikipedia
  136. Litigation involving the Wikimedia Foundation
  137. Plagiarism from Wikipedia
  138. Ideological bias on Wikipedia
  139. Reliability of Wikipedia
  140. Wikipedia in culture – References to and discussion about Wikipedia
  141. Wikipedia bots – Internet bots that perform tasks in Wikipedia
  142. List of edit wars on Wikipedia
  143. Wikipedia coverage of American politics
    144. K: Media critique and commentary
  144. News satire – Type of parody presented in a format typical of mainstream journalism
  145. The Fake News Show
    146. L: Public relations and media influence
  146. Shill – Person who publicly helps or gives credibility to a person or organization to assist in a fraud
  147. Video news release
    148. M: Commercial misinformation
  148. Vaporware – Product announced but never released
    149. N: Wikipedia project pages
  149. Wikipedia:Disinformation
    150. O: Cyber influence
  150. Patriotic hacking – Computer hacking targeting a state enemy
    151. P: Election disinformation, alleged and actual
    1. Jake Hoffman § Attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. presidential election – American politician
    3. 2000 Mules – 2022 American film by Dinesh D'Souza
    Online gaming

Lists

[edit]
  2. List of animals with fraudulent diplomas – List of animals granted human academic credentials to expose diploma mills
  3. List of cyber warfare forces – List of national military and government units specializing in cyber warfare
  4. List of hoaxes – List of hoaxes throughout history
  5. List of religious hoaxes – List of links to Wikipedia articles on religious hoaxes
  6. List of scholarly publishing stings – List of nonsense papers that were accepted by an academic journal or conference
    7. → Self inflicted biased information
  7. Filter bubble – Intellectual isolation through internet algorithms
    8. Vote brigading
  8. Vote brigading, (topic) – Coordinated online voting technique
  9. Free Republic – Internet forum for conservatives
  10. Survivalism, also known as doomsday preppers or preppers – Movement of individuals or households preparing for emergencies and natural disasters
    11. Fake news
  11. Fake news in the Philippines
    12. State sponsored propaganda
    → China
  12. Chinese information operations and information warfare
  13. Internet censorship in China
    14. → Germany
  14. Deutsche Welle – International broadcaster
    15. → United States
  15. Operation Earnest Voice – American communications program
    16. State sponsored misinformation
    → Iran
  16. Fars News Agency – Iranian news agency
    17. → Israel
  17. Misinformation in the Gaza war
  18. IGAA
  19. Team Jorge – Israeli cyber-espionage and disinformation firm
    20. → Other
  20. Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
  21. False or misleading statements by Donald Trump
    22. → Russia
  22. Accusations of Russian interference in the 2024 Romanian presidential election – 2024 European political affair
  23. Active measures – Political warfare conducted by the USSR & Russia
  24. First Chief Directorate, Foreign intelligence arm of the KGB, active in Cold War propaganda and disinformation campaigns – Department of the Soviet KGB concerned with external intelligence
  25. Operation Denver – KGB disinformation campaign claiming that HIV was a U.S. bioweapon
  26. Media portrayal of the Russo-Ukrainian War
  27. Russian disinformation – Russian state-sponsored disinformation campaigns
  28. Russian information war against Ukraine
  29. Russian web brigades – Russian state-sponsored Internet commentators
  30. SouthFront – Russian military disinformation website
  31. Soviet disinformation
  33. War on Fakes – Russian fake news website
    34. → Former USSR
  34. Operation Neptune (espionage) – 1964 Eastern Bloc disinformation operation involving fake Nazi-era documents
    → Venezuela
  35. Bolivarian Army of Trolls – State-sponsored Internet propaganda agency of Venezuela
    36. → Vietnam
  36. Public opinion brigades – Communist Party of Vietnam groups
    37. Fact checking and disinformation watch agencies
    → United States
  37. Foreign interference in the 2024 United States elections
  38. State-sponsored Internet propaganda, (topic) – Employment of internet propaganda by a government
  39. Disinformation Governance Board, (state) – Board of the United States Department of Homeland Security
  40. FactCheck.org, (private) – Fact-checking website
  41. Snopes, (private) – Fact-checking website
  42. PolitiFact, (private) – American nonprofit fact-checking website
  43. PunditFact, (private) – American nonprofit fact-checking website
  44. The Skeptic's Dictionary – 2003 essay collection by Robert Todd Carroll
  45. The Straight Dope – Column published in the Chicago Reader
  46. Pillar 2: How Wikipedia is Fighting Misinformation and Disinformation
  47. foundation:about:Pillar 2: How Wikipedia is Fighting Misinformation and Disinformation
  48. c:Pillar 2: How We Are Fighting Misinformation and Disinformation
    → Great Britain
  49. Full Fact – British fact-checking organisation (private)
    50. → India
  50. newschecker.in – Delhi; owned by NC Media Networks Pvt. Ltd. – Delhi NCR, Bengaluru, and Mumbai (private)
  51. Fake news in India – Overview of fake news in India
  52. Godi media – Term for pro-government media in India
  53. OpIndia – Indian far-right pro-Hindutva news portal
    54. → Philippines
  54. Vera Files – News organization in the Philippines (private)
    55. → Turkey
  55. AK Trolls – Turkish state-sponsored anonymous internet commentators
    56. → "False flag" conspiracy theories
  56. False flag – Covert operation designed to deceive
  57. Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
  58. Denial of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
    59. Misinformation
    → COVID-19 pandemic
  59. COVID-19 misinformation – False or misleading virus information (topic)
  60. COVID-19 misinformation by governments – False or misleading virus information
  61. COVID-19 misinformation in Canada – Dynamic timeline of COVID-19 misinformation in Canada timeline
  62. COVID-19 misinformation by China
  63. COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
  64. COVID-19 misinformation by the United States – False information propagated by U.S. officials
  65. COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy – Misinformation regarding the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the resulting hesitancy towards it (topic)
  66. Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic – Racial prejudice as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic
  67. Planet Lockdown – 2020 conspiracy theory video
  68. ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign – US military anti-vax COVID-19 propaganda attack
    69. → Trump related
  69. Agent provocateur – Person who incites others to commit incriminating acts (January 6 United States Capitol attack)
  70. Donald Trump's conflict with the media
  71. After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News – 2020 film by Andrew Rossi

Counter fake media efforts

[edit]
  1. StopFake – Ukrainian fact-checking organization
  2. Snopes – Fact-checking website
  3. Disinformation research – Academic research field
  4. NewsGuard – Browser plugin that rates the credibility of news and information websites
  5. Publications about disinformation – List of publications about disinformation
  6. Media pluralism – Plurality of voices, opinions, and analyses in media systems
  7. Community Notes – Fact-checking feature on X
    8. → United States
  8. Clint Watts, Former FBI agent and expert on online disinformation and Russian influence operations – Research fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute
    → European Union
  9. East StratCom Task Force – European anti-disinformation group


Historic state sponsored propaganda

[edit]
→ United Kingdom
→ Russia

Freedom of the press

[edit]
→ Pakistan
Categories
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