Freedom of the press in Pakistan

Freedom of the press in Pakistan is legally protected by the law of Pakistan as stated in its constitutional amendments, while the sovereignty, national integrity, and moral principles are generally protected by the specified media law, Freedom of Information Ordinance 2002, and Code of Conduct Rules 2010. In Pakistan, the code of conduct and ordinance act comprises a set of rules for publishing, distributing, and circulating news stories and operating media organizations working independently or running in the country.

The law of Pakistan (in media) maintains a hybrid legal system for independent journalism, while it prohibits media bias or misleading information under certain constitutional amendments as described by the country's constitution. Media crime which is described by the country's criminal codes is recognized as an unlawful act.

Nevertheless, freedom of the press in Pakistan is subject to certain restrictions, such as defamation law, a lack of protection for whistleblowers, barriers to information access, and constraints caused by public and government hostility to journalists. The press, including print, television, radio, and internet are amended to express their concerns under the selected provisions such as PEMRA Ordinance 2002, Defamation Ordinance 2002, Broadcasting Corporation Act, 1973, and Code of Conduct for Media Broadcasters/Cable TV Operators. The Protection of Journalists Act, of 2014 allows a journalist or media industry to cover any story and brought it to the audiences without impacting the national security of the country.

To protect the intellectual, moral, and fundamental rights of the citizens, the government has taken several countermeasures to combat circulating fake news and restricting objectionable content across multiple platforms. The law of Pakistan prohibits spreading or publishing fake news through social or mass media, and could lead to the imprisonment of a journalist or a newspaper ban.

Journalists accuse the military and security agencies of suppressing negative publicity.

Global ranking

In 2020, Pakistan was ranked 145th out of 180 countries in the Press Freedom Index in a published by Reporters Without Borders (RWB), and is considered one of the deadliest countries in the world for journalists. It has a slight decline from 142nd position in 2019. The country's downward trend in the global ranking has been due to a combination of factors, including the killings of journalists, increasing restrictions on media, withdrawal of government ads threats, legal harassment, violation of independent journalism, arbitrary detentions, abductions, and intimidation through frivolous lawsuits. At least 48 reporters have been killed over the past 17 years. Despite 699 cases were reported by Journalists in total, only 5 attackers have ever been brought to justice. Journalists in Pakistan are not only facing constant threats from militant groups but also from the state. In fact, the new proposals, like the "Pakistan Media Regulatory Authority" (PMRA), which especially regulated online media. In regions like Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, reporters are stuck between security forces and armed groups, forced to cover conflict while having little to no protection from either side.

Although private TV and radio stations exist in Pakistan, they work under tight constraints, especially when it comes to content from Indian or Afghan sources. The state-run PTV remains the only terrestrial broadcaster. The government regularly blocks access to online platforms or posts it considers blasphemous, anti-state, or critical of the military.

Reactions

Then prime minister of Pakistan in his speech during a visit to the United States criticized the report published by Reporters Without Borders citing that "curbs on press freedom in Pakistan was a joke". His remarks on the global annual report were subsequently criticized by the RWB.

Censorship on press

The government of Pakistan is often argued for carrying self-censorship and detentions of journalists under single-issue politics. Sometimes, the only news that favors the regime is published by the local media, whilst news that covers the economic and political problems in the country, or criticisms of the regime faces threatening warnings from the state. The print and broadcasting media claims to carry stories under political pressure since Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), a major political party in Pakistan came into power.

The Council of Pakistan Newspaper Editors, a nonprofit organization of Pakistan dedicated to safeguards of journalists and media outlets argued Pakistan's direct and self-censorship and state-sponsored hostility towards independent journalists working in the country. In the recent years (around 2018 or 2019), seven journalists were killed while fifteen others were injured in different violences. In Pakistan, sixty journalists were allegedly charged under Anti-Terrorism Act. The government, however, cited the issue with the country's law and order. In 2019 or earlier, the administration, first time in the history of Pakistan temporarily banned a journalist for possessing the material unlawfully. The federal government-owned agency Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA), responsible for regulating and issuing channel licenses for establishment of the mass, print and electronic media, restricted some news presenters from participating in debates on Talk shows, and later the restrictions were lifted after sixty days.

In 2019, the government suspended news TV channels, including Channel 24, Abb Takk News, and Capital TV for broadcasting the opposition party's program on their channels. Reporters Without Borders criticized the action citing "brazen censorship". The government, however, suspended under a set of new laws for media regulators to attempt to restrict press conferences convicted or on-trial politicians. During the tenure of Imran Khan's PTI government, the state was criticised for "muffling" the press.

On 4 January 2023, the Pakistan Telecommunications Authority (PTA) blocked Wikipedia for blasphemous content. The spokesperson from PTA told the press that it would remain blocked until it removes all the objectionable material. Pakistan also blocked Youtube from 2012 to 2016 for blasphemous content again Prophet Mohammed.