Template:Somali Civil War (2009–present) infobox

Somali Civil War (2009–present)
	Part of the Somali Civil War, conflicts in the Horn of Africa, the Ethiopian–Somali conflict, war against the Islamic State, Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa, and Global War on Terrorism
	; Approximate map of the current phase of the Somali Civil War (Updated July 2025) Somalia: Under control of the Federal Government of Somalia, the African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia, and the United States Under control of the Government of Puntland Under control of the Jubaland Dervish Force and the Raskamboni Movement Jihadist insurgent groups: Under presence/control of al-Qaeda-backed al-Shabaab and allies Under control of Islamic State-backed Somalia Wilayah Somaliland: Under control of the self-declared state of Somaliland (For a more detailed map of the current military situation, see here.)
Date	31 January 2009 – present; (16 years, 5 months and 2 weeks)
Location	Somalia, with spillovers in Kenya and Ethiopia
Status	Ongoing Merger and split between/of Hizbul Islam and al-Shabaab forces; Kenyan military intervention in October 2011; Al-Shabaab becomes an official al-Qaeda affiliate in February 2012; Federal Government formed in August 2012; Formation of the Islamic State in Somalia in October 2015; Somali government launches a major offensive in August 2022, and takes at least a third of al-Shabaab territory; Las Anod conflict between Somaliland and SSC-Khatumo begins in 2023; Ongoing constitutional crisis in Somalia since 2023, Puntland withdrew its recognition of the Federal Government and declared itself a de facto independent state. Jubaland crisis ongoing since 11 December 2024;
Belligerents
Commanders and leaders
Units involved
Strength
Casualties and losses
	4,365 killed (in 2015)Jan 2009 – Oct 2012:; 4,093–6,310 killed; 10,938 wounded; Total killed: 76,040+ (as of 6 September 2024, per ACLED)

Notes

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gaid, Samira (November–December 2022). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "The 2022 Somali Offensive Against al-Shabaab: Making Enduring Gains Will Require Learning from Previous Failures" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 15 (11). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 31–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
^ "Somalia: Islamist Group Supports President Sharif". Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
^ ^a ^b "MA'AWISLEY: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD IN THE FIGHT AGAINST AL-SHABAAB – Rift Valley Institute". Retrieved 2025-03-10.
^ "In Somalia, U.S. Escalates a Shadow War – The New York Times". The New York Times. 16 October 2016. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^ Brown, David (31 July 2017). "US airstrike kills Somalia fighter under new Trump authority". Washingtonexaminer.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^ "Somalia: China Donates Military Equipment to Somalia to Aid War Against Terrorists". 19 March 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
^ "索马里遇难武警被称为"许三多"中弹拒绝回国休养--时政--人民网". People's Daily. Retrieved 2025-02-21.
^ "France reportedly bombs Somali town". Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ "Italy pledges to Somali gov't financial support to uproot Al shabaab". Shabelle. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ "Russia offers support to Somalian army in fight against terrorist groups". ABC News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
^ "Russia Offers Military Support to Somalia". VOA. 2023-05-26. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
^ Dhaysane, Mohammed (9 March 2021). "New batch of Somali troops to get training in Turkey". aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
^ Weiss, Caleb (2025-02-05). "US, UAE conducting airstrikes in northern Somalia". FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
^ "First British troops arrive in Somalia as part of UN mission". The Guardian. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^ "Italy pledges to Somali gov't financial support to uproot Al shabaab". Shabelle. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^
Multiple sources:
- "Exclusive: Eritrea reduces support for al Shabaab – U.N. report". Reuters. 16 July 2012.
- "How does 'poor' Eritrea afford to fund Al-Shabaab?". Africa Review. 8 November 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
- "Eritrea 'arming' Somali militia". BBC News. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- "UN probes Eritrea arms in Somalia – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 16 May 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- Gettleman, Jeffrey (27 July 2007). "A U.N. Report on Somalia Accuses Eritrea of Adding to the Chaos". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^
Multiple sources:
- Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (17 July 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Somali military officials maintain that Iran has been running secret operations to undermine the United States in Somalia, providing sophisticated weapons, improvised explosive100000 als used to make bombs. The military officials allege that Iran and its proxies are complicit in al-Shabab attacks on the U.S. military, Somali forces, and the African Union Mission in Somalia
- "The Growing Relationship between Iran and al-Shabab Movement in Somalia: Motives and Potential Consequences". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2020. For Iran, working with non-State actors such as Al-Shabaab and the Houthis is an essential part of its foreign policy, aimed at expanding its geopolitical influence throughout the region. Tehran has developed an unspoken alliance with Al-Shabaab with the aim of creating a covert intelligence network that will allow it to achieve its goals and support its interests in the Middle East and Africa.
- "Al-Qaeda Affiliate Reportedly Using Iran As Transit Point For Banned Exports". RFE/RL. 13 October 2018. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018.
- "Iran denies shipping arms to Islamist militants in Somalia". Reuters. 2013-02-14. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
^
Multiple sources:
- Bashir, Hamdi (7 October 2020). "The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. The Quds Force has been working with agents and allies, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and Somalia's Al-Shabaab, which are thought to have recently established relations with the Quds Force.
- Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.
- Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (17 July 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Somali police and finance ministry officials claim the Quds Force uses these networks to smuggle Iranian oil into Somalia and then sell cheap oil across Africa to subvert U.S. sanctions, with some of the proceeds used to support militants in Yemen and Somalia
- Bartell, Dawn L.; Gray, David H. (Fall 2012). "Hezbollah and Al Shabaab in Mexico". Global Security Studies. 3 (4): 100–112. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023.
^
Multiple sources:
- Ahmed, Guled (9 February 2021). "As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Qatar has allegedly used al-Shabab to target groups it has identified as opposing its interests, including Somali politicians critical of Doha's role in the country and outside actors like the United Arab Emirates
- Lynch, Colum (28 November 2012). "Qatar's support for Islamists muddles its reputation as neutral broker in Mideast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Qatar's cultivation of African Islamists, principally Somalia's al-Shabab insurgents, has similarly troubled the United States, which has accused the movement of providing a haven for al-Qaeda militants involved in attacks against Americans
- Mustafa, Awad; Singh, Karam (2 August 2017). "Qatar in the Horn of Africa: Friend or Foe?". Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.
- Yüksel, Engin; Tekineş, Haşim (26 August 2021). "Turkish-Qatari approaches to conflict and crisis across the region". Clingendael. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Qatari individuals and government representatives are reported to have been in regular contact with Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen in order to exert geopolitical influence
^
Multiple sources:
- Houreld, Katharine (10 November 2021). "Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Guns supplied by Iran to its Houthi allies in Yemen are being smuggled across the Gulf of Aden to Somalia, according to a Geneva-based think tank, where al Qaeda-linked al Shabab insurgents are battling a weak and divided government.
- Redondo, Raúl (20 July 2020). "Iran allies with Al-Shabaab in Somalia to distribute arms to Houthi rebels". Atalayar. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Iran has established links with the jihadist group Al-Shabaab in Somalia to attack United States and other international forces in the African country and the region and to supply arms to Houthi rebels in Yemen
- Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.
^
UN sources:
- "Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 (2014)" (PDF). un.org. UN Security Council. 11 October 2024. pp. 2, 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2024. In addition, increased smuggling activities involving small arms and light weapons are observed between the Houthis and Al-Shabaab, with indications of shared military supplies or a common supplier. ... Houthis are evaluating options to carry out attacks at sea from the Somali coast. To that end, they are strengthening ties with the terrorist group Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (Al-Shabaab).
- "UN experts say Houthis collaborated with Al-Qaeda to weaken Yemeni government". Arab News. 3 November 2024. Archived from the original on 8 November 2024.
- "UN Panel of Experts Report Reveals Houthi Militia's Relationship with Al-Qaeda and Al-Shabaab Movement in Somalia". Yemen Shabab Net. 2 November 2024. Archived from the original on 8 November 2024.
^ ^a ^b Robyn Kriel; Briana Duggan (10 July 2017). "CNN Exclusive: Somali pirate kings are under investigation for helping ISIS and al-Shabaab". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
^ "ISIL's First East African Affiliate Conducts Attacks in Somalia, Kenya". DefenseNews. 29 December 2015.
^ "Somalia: Pro-ISIL militants, Al Shabaab clash in deadly Puntland infighting". Garowe Online. 24 December 2015. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
^ "The Islamic State in Somalia: Responding to an Evolving Threat". International Crisis Group. 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
^ "Fierce clashes erupt between Somaliland, SSC Khatumo forces in Sool's Yeyle region". www.hiiraan.com. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
^ "SSC Khatumo leader calls for renewed offensive as Somaliland faces resistance over militia nationalization". www.hiiraan.com. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
^ "Ethiopia training Somaliland troops amid tension with Somalia". Garowe Online. 2020-06-30. Archived from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
^ "UAE expands military ties with Somaliland as Somalia looks on". www.hiiraan.com. Retrieved 2025-04-06.
^ "Somalia: SSC Forces Capture Somaliland's Goojacade military Base". Horseed Media. 2023-08-25. Archived from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
^ "Lt. Gen. Diomede Ndegeya". atmis-au.org. 3 June 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ "Somalia general killed by al-Shabab suicide car bomber". BBC News. 18 September 2016. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ "MAHAD KARATE | United Nations Security Council". un.org. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ "Mahad Karate – RewardsForJustice". rewardsforjustice.net. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ "Treasury Designates al-Shabaab Financial Facilitators". 20 September 2024. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ "Terrorist Designation of Al-Shabaab Leaders". Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ "Al-Shabab says one of its commanders killed in drone strike". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 27 December 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
^ "Waa kuma Feysal Bootaan, taliyihii guutada 12-aad ee Somaliland ee ay gacanta ku dhigeen SSC?". BBC News Somali (in Somali). 2023-08-25. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
^ "Somali National Army (SNA) Continues Operations Against Al-Shabaab in Central Somalia". Shabelle Media Network. 2025-02-01. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "Danab: The 'Lightning' Brigades of Somalia". Grey Dynamics. 2024-09-20. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "Hirshabelle Prepares Offensive Against Al-Shabab". Halqabsi News. 2025-02-11. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
^
Multiple sources:
- "Somali forces, Ma'awisley militia push al-Shabaab back in Hiiraan offensive". Hiiraan Online. 2025-01-31. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
- "Federal government begins formal integration of Macawisley militia into national army". Hiiraan Online. 2025-02-07. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
^ "At least 50 Al-Shabaab militants killed in an airstrike in Middle Shabelle region". Hiiraan Online. 2025-03-12. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ ""Somali Air Force Strikes Have Severely Weakened the Enemy" – Defense Minister". Somali National News Agency. 2025-03-09. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "Somali Custodial Corps deployed to Middle Shabelle region in fight against Al-Shabaab". Hiiraan Online. 2025-03-17. Retrieved 2025-03-17.
^ "Somalia's defence minister confirms UAE, Ethiopia airstrikes on Al-Shabaab and ISIS militants". Hiiraan Online. 2025-03-12. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "How Many Strikes Has AFRICOM Declared in Somalia in 2025?". New America. 2025-03-05. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "Trump Perpetuates Undeclared War in Somalia With Renewed Airstrikes". Truthout. 2025-03-03. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "Ethiopian Army Joins AU Peacekeeping Mission in Somalia". Ethio Negari. 2025-02-24. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
^ "Ethiopian airstrikes hit Al-Shabaab targets in Somalia, minister confirms". Garowe Online. 2025-03-07. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
^ "Ethiopian Military Carry Out Rare Airstrikes Targeting Al-Shabaab in Somalia". allAfrica - via MSN. 2025-03-08. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
^ "A look into war against Al-Shabaab in Somalia as new mission takes over from ATMIS". The Eastleigh Voice. 2025-01-01. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
^ "War-making as worldmaking: Kenya, the United States, and the war on terror". LSE. November 2024. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "UPDF gears up for expanded peacekeeping role in Somalia". Hiiraan Online. 2025-01-28. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "UPDF Sends Fourth Aviation Unit to Reinforce Peacekeeping in Somalia". Nile Post. 2024-10-18. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "UPDATE: AUSSOM forces join operation to end Al-Shabaab attack on Cairo Hotel in Beledweyne". Hiiraan Online. 2025-03-11. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "Egypt sending troops by air and sea for new African Union force in Somalia". The National. 2024-12-31. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "Egypt debuts in new Somalia peacekeeping force". The EastAfrican. 2024-08-06. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ "Egypt to Build Army Base in Somalia". Mareeg Media. 2025-03-12. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
^ Robinson, Colin D. "Rebuilding armies in southern Somalia: What currently should donors realistically aim for?," Conflict, Security & Development (2021): 320, 330-331.
^ "As ATMIS Looks To Withdraw". Archived from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
^ "AU and Somalia Finalize Troop Numbers for New Security Mission". Africa.com. 2025-02-27. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
^ "AU, Somalia agree on troop numbers for new mission". Archived from the original on February 25, 2025. Voice of America. 2025-02-25. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
^ "Five African Nations to deploy nearly 12,000 troops for new AUSSOM mission in Somalia". Hiiraan Online. 2025-02-27. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
^ "AU and Somalia firm up troop numbers for new mission". The Eastleigh Voice. 2025-02-26. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
^ "AU and Somalia agree on AUSSOM troops". Garowe Online. 2025-02-26. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
^ "Somalia and African Union Finalize Troop Contributions for New Mission". Medafrica Times. 2025-02-26. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
^ "Etpu – United Nations Security Council Report: Somalia" (PDF). p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ "Shabaab absorbs southern Islamist group, splits Hizbul Islam – The Long War Journal". longwarjournal.org. February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
^ AP, Omar Faruk and Cara Anna (2023-03-01). "US increases military support for Somalia against al-Shabab". Defense News. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
^ "UN report indicates al-Qaeda and ISIS enjoy safe haven in Turkish-controlled Idlib". Nordic Monitor. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ "Somalia: Ideologial Differences Split Somalia's Al-Shabaab". allAfrica.com. 20 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^
Multiple Sources:
- "S/2024/556". United Nations. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
- Maruf, Haran (26 October 2016). "IS Militants Seize Town in Somalia's Puntland". Voice of America. Voice of America. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b Hoehne, Markus Virgil (2023-06-12). "The Dynamics of Conflict over Lasanod: Ongoing Fighting, Administration Building, Failed Mediation and Forecast". African Arguments. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
^ "President Irro In Djibouti - Keep Your Enemies Closer". The Somali Wire Team. 2025-05-23. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
^ "Somalia Government: Number of Deaths 2009–2024". UCDP: Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ "Exclusive: At Least 3,500 AU Soldiers Killed in Somalia Since 2007". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 14 January 2025. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
^ "Somalia conflict: One US soldier killed, four wounded in firefight". BBC News. 9 June 2018. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
^ Cooper, Helene (9 May 2017). "Navy SEAL Who Died in Somalia Was Alongside, Not Behind, Local Forces". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
^ "Camp Simba: Three Americans killed in Kenya base". BBC News. 5 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
^ "索马里遇难武警被称为"许三多"中弹拒绝回国休养--时政--人民网". People's Daily. Retrieved 2025-02-21.
^ "Al Shabaab: Number of Deaths 2009–2024". UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ "ACLED Version 6 (1997–2015)". Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
^ ^a ^b allafrica More Than 1,700 Killed in Clashes in 2009 Archived 12 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 1 January 2010
^ ^a ^b IRIN Africa Accusations traded over rising casualties at Mogadishu market Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 2 December 2010
^ "Database – Uppsala Conflict Data Program". UCDP. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
^ c.f. UCDP datasets for SNA, ARS/UIC and Al-Shabaab tolls.
^ UCDP non-state conflict Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine tolls
^ "ACLED Dashboard". ACLED. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.

[CTC-Sentinel_2022-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gaid, Samira (November–December 2022). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "The 2022 Somali Offensive Against al-Shabaab: Making Enduring Gains Will Require Learning from Previous Failures" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 15 (11). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 31–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.

[2] "Somalia: Islamist Group Supports President Sharif". Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2009.

[:4-3] "MA'AWISLEY: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD IN THE FIGHT AGAINST AL-SHABAAB – Rift Valley Institute". Retrieved 2025-03-10.

[nytimes1-4] "In Somalia, U.S. Escalates a Shadow War – The New York Times". The New York Times. 16 October 2016. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2017.

[5] Brown, David (31 July 2017). "US airstrike kills Somalia fighter under new Trump authority". Washingtonexaminer.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.

[6] "Somalia: China Donates Military Equipment to Somalia to Aid War Against Terrorists". 19 March 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2025.

[7] "索马里遇难武警被称为"许三多"中弹拒绝回国休养--时政--人民网". People's Daily. Retrieved 2025-02-21.

[8] "France reportedly bombs Somali town". Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2022.

[9] "Italy pledges to Somali gov't financial support to uproot Al shabaab". Shabelle. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2011.

[10] "Russia offers support to Somalian army in fight against terrorist groups". ABC News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-20.

[11] "Russia Offers Military Support to Somalia". VOA. 2023-05-26. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-20.

[12] Dhaysane, Mohammed (9 March 2021). "New batch of Somali troops to get training in Turkey". aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2021.

[13] Weiss, Caleb (2025-02-05). "US, UAE conducting airstrikes in northern Somalia". FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved 2025-02-05.

[auto-14] "First British troops arrive in Somalia as part of UN mission". The Guardian. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.

[15] "Italy pledges to Somali gov't financial support to uproot Al shabaab". Shabelle. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2011.

[16] Multiple sources:
"Exclusive: Eritrea reduces support for al Shabaab – U.N. report". Reuters. 16 July 2012.

"How does 'poor' Eritrea afford to fund Al-Shabaab?". Africa Review. 8 November 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

"Eritrea 'arming' Somali militia". BBC News. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2010.

"UN probes Eritrea arms in Somalia – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 16 May 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.

Gettleman, Jeffrey (27 July 2007). "A U.N. Report on Somalia Accuses Eritrea of Adding to the Chaos". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2010.

[17] "Exclusive: Eritrea reduces support for al Shabaab – U.N. report". Reuters. 16 July 2012.

[18] "How does 'poor' Eritrea afford to fund Al-Shabaab?". Africa Review. 8 November 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[19] "Eritrea 'arming' Somali militia". BBC News. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2010.

[20] "UN probes Eritrea arms in Somalia – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 16 May 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.

[21] Gettleman, Jeffrey (27 July 2007). "A U.N. Report on Somalia Accuses Eritrea of Adding to the Chaos". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2010.

[17] Multiple sources:
Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (17 July 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Somali military officials maintain that Iran has been running secret operations to undermine the United States in Somalia, providing sophisticated weapons, improvised explosive100000 als used to make bombs. The military officials allege that Iran and its proxies are complicit in al-Shabab attacks on the U.S. military, Somali forces, and the African Union Mission in Somalia

"The Growing Relationship between Iran and al-Shabab Movement in Somalia: Motives and Potential Consequences". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2020. For Iran, working with non-State actors such as Al-Shabaab and the Houthis is an essential part of its foreign policy, aimed at expanding its geopolitical influence throughout the region. Tehran has developed an unspoken alliance with Al-Shabaab with the aim of creating a covert intelligence network that will allow it to achieve its goals and support its interests in the Middle East and Africa.

"Al-Qaeda Affiliate Reportedly Using Iran As Transit Point For Banned Exports". RFE/RL. 13 October 2018. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018.

"Iran denies shipping arms to Islamist militants in Somalia". Reuters. 2013-02-14. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-20.

[23] Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (17 July 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Somali military officials maintain that Iran has been running secret operations to undermine the United States in Somalia, providing sophisticated weapons, improvised explosive100000 als used to make bombs. The military officials allege that Iran and its proxies are complicit in al-Shabab attacks on the U.S. military, Somali forces, and the African Union Mission in Somalia

[24] "The Growing Relationship between Iran and al-Shabab Movement in Somalia: Motives and Potential Consequences". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2020. For Iran, working with non-State actors such as Al-Shabaab and the Houthis is an essential part of its foreign policy, aimed at expanding its geopolitical influence throughout the region. Tehran has developed an unspoken alliance with Al-Shabaab with the aim of creating a covert intelligence network that will allow it to achieve its goals and support its interests in the Middle East and Africa.

[25] "Al-Qaeda Affiliate Reportedly Using Iran As Transit Point For Banned Exports". RFE/RL. 13 October 2018. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018.

[26] "Iran denies shipping arms to Islamist militants in Somalia". Reuters. 2013-02-14. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-20.

[18] Multiple sources:
Bashir, Hamdi (7 October 2020). "The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. The Quds Force has been working with agents and allies, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and Somalia's Al-Shabaab, which are thought to have recently established relations with the Quds Force.

Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.

Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (17 July 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Somali police and finance ministry officials claim the Quds Force uses these networks to smuggle Iranian oil into Somalia and then sell cheap oil across Africa to subvert U.S. sanctions, with some of the proceeds used to support militants in Yemen and Somalia

Bartell, Dawn L.; Gray, David H. (Fall 2012). "Hezbollah and Al Shabaab in Mexico". Global Security Studies. 3 (4): 100–112. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023.

[28] Bashir, Hamdi (7 October 2020). "The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. The Quds Force has been working with agents and allies, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and Somalia's Al-Shabaab, which are thought to have recently established relations with the Quds Force.

[29] Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.

[30] Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (17 July 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Somali police and finance ministry officials claim the Quds Force uses these networks to smuggle Iranian oil into Somalia and then sell cheap oil across Africa to subvert U.S. sanctions, with some of the proceeds used to support militants in Yemen and Somalia

[31] Bartell, Dawn L.; Gray, David H. (Fall 2012). "Hezbollah and Al Shabaab in Mexico". Global Security Studies. 3 (4): 100–112. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023.

[19] Multiple sources:
Ahmed, Guled (9 February 2021). "As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Qatar has allegedly used al-Shabab to target groups it has identified as opposing its interests, including Somali politicians critical of Doha's role in the country and outside actors like the United Arab Emirates

Lynch, Colum (28 November 2012). "Qatar's support for Islamists muddles its reputation as neutral broker in Mideast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Qatar's cultivation of African Islamists, principally Somalia's al-Shabab insurgents, has similarly troubled the United States, which has accused the movement of providing a haven for al-Qaeda militants involved in attacks against Americans

Mustafa, Awad; Singh, Karam (2 August 2017). "Qatar in the Horn of Africa: Friend or Foe?". Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.

Yüksel, Engin; Tekineş, Haşim (26 August 2021). "Turkish-Qatari approaches to conflict and crisis across the region". Clingendael. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Qatari individuals and government representatives are reported to have been in regular contact with Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen in order to exert geopolitical influence

[33] Ahmed, Guled (9 February 2021). "As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Qatar has allegedly used al-Shabab to target groups it has identified as opposing its interests, including Somali politicians critical of Doha's role in the country and outside actors like the United Arab Emirates

[34] Lynch, Colum (28 November 2012). "Qatar's support for Islamists muddles its reputation as neutral broker in Mideast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Qatar's cultivation of African Islamists, principally Somalia's al-Shabab insurgents, has similarly troubled the United States, which has accused the movement of providing a haven for al-Qaeda militants involved in attacks against Americans

[35] Mustafa, Awad; Singh, Karam (2 August 2017). "Qatar in the Horn of Africa: Friend or Foe?". Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.

[36] Yüksel, Engin; Tekineş, Haşim (26 August 2021). "Turkish-Qatari approaches to conflict and crisis across the region". Clingendael. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Qatari individuals and government representatives are reported to have been in regular contact with Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen in order to exert geopolitical influence

[20] Multiple sources:
Houreld, Katharine (10 November 2021). "Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Guns supplied by Iran to its Houthi allies in Yemen are being smuggled across the Gulf of Aden to Somalia, according to a Geneva-based think tank, where al Qaeda-linked al Shabab insurgents are battling a weak and divided government.

Redondo, Raúl (20 July 2020). "Iran allies with Al-Shabaab in Somalia to distribute arms to Houthi rebels". Atalayar. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Iran has established links with the jihadist group Al-Shabaab in Somalia to attack United States and other international forces in the African country and the region and to supply arms to Houthi rebels in Yemen

Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.

[38] Houreld, Katharine (10 November 2021). "Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Guns supplied by Iran to its Houthi allies in Yemen are being smuggled across the Gulf of Aden to Somalia, according to a Geneva-based think tank, where al Qaeda-linked al Shabab insurgents are battling a weak and divided government.

[39] Redondo, Raúl (20 July 2020). "Iran allies with Al-Shabaab in Somalia to distribute arms to Houthi rebels". Atalayar. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Iran has established links with the jihadist group Al-Shabaab in Somalia to attack United States and other international forces in the African country and the region and to supply arms to Houthi rebels in Yemen

[40] Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.

[21] UN sources:
"Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 (2014)" (PDF). un.org. UN Security Council. 11 October 2024. pp. 2, 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2024. In addition, increased smuggling activities involving small arms and light weapons are observed between the Houthis and Al-Shabaab, with indications of shared military supplies or a common supplier. ... Houthis are evaluating options to carry out attacks at sea from the Somali coast. To that end, they are strengthening ties with the terrorist group Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (Al-Shabaab).

"UN experts say Houthis collaborated with Al-Qaeda to weaken Yemeni government". Arab News. 3 November 2024. Archived from the original on 8 November 2024.

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[42] "Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 (2014)" (PDF). un.org. UN Security Council. 11 October 2024. pp. 2, 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2024. In addition, increased smuggling activities involving small arms and light weapons are observed between the Houthis and Al-Shabaab, with indications of shared military supplies or a common supplier. ... Houthis are evaluating options to carry out attacks at sea from the Somali coast. To that end, they are strengthening ties with the terrorist group Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (Al-Shabaab).

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Part of a series on the
History of Somalia

Prehistory Laas Geel (3,500-2,500 BCE ) Land of Punt (2,500–1,500 BCE)
Ancient Macrobians Ancient Somali City-States (c. 1st century) Azania city-states (c. 1st century)
Middle Ages Sultanate of Ifat (940–1415) Adal Sultanate (1415–1577) Ajuran Sultanate (13th–17th c.) Sultanate of Mogadishu (13th–16th c.)
Early modern Sultanate of the Geledi (17th–1911) Isaaq Sultanate (1750–1884) Habr Yunis Sultanate (1769–1907) Hiraab Imamate (17th–1890) Ottoman Zeila (1559–1874) Khedivate's Somali Coast (1874–1884) Majeerteen Sultanate (18th–1924) Sultanate of Hobyo (1876–1926)
Colonial period (1884–1960) Italian Somaliland (1889–1941) British Somaliland (1888–1960) Dervish State (1895–1920) Trust Territory (1941–1960)
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