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Not enough attention to how they changed over history.
I've blanked the section on Hofstede as irrelevant to the topic. Besides that, the entire section, including all six primary citations to Hofstede, was pure original research and direct interpretation of his work by SPS anon editor 108.48.83.31 who created the section in these 3 edits on 18 December 2012 (diff), followed by slight modifications by Tpylkkö in these 4 edits on 20 December. I will add brief sections on Beauvoir and Butler as a start to improving the § Major theorists section. Mathglot (talk) 17:59, 17 July 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The lead is supposed to summarize the key points of the article. Currently, entire sections are not mentioned in the lead at all, such as the § Major theorists, but also pretty much the whole body except for the section on culture. Mathglot (talk) 18:17, 17 July 2025 (UTC)[reply]
There is excessive reliance on primary sources. Following is a list of 140 journal articles cited in the article, as of rev. 1300978150 of 5 July 2025:
Aubrey, Jennifer Stevens; Harrison, Kristen (May 2004). "The Gender-Role Content of Children's Favorite Television Programs and Its Links to Their Gender-Related Perceptions". Media Psychology. 6 (2): 141–142. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_1. S2CID144754474.
Bagozzi, Richard P.; Wong, Nancy; Yi, Youjae (1999). "The Role of Culture and Gender in the Relationship between Positive and Negative Affect". Cognition & Emotion. 13 (6): 641–672. doi:10.1080/026999399379023.
Baumeister, R.; Catanese, K.; Vohs, K. (2001). "Is there a gender difference in strength of sex drive? Theoretical views, conceptual distinctions, and a review of relevant evidence". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 5 (3): 242–273. CiteSeerX10.1.1.186.5369. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0503_5. S2CID13336463.
Behm-Morawitz, Elizabeth; Mastro, Dana (1 December 2009). "The Effects of the Sexualization of Female Video Game Characters on Gender Stereotyping and Female Self-Concept". Sex Roles. 61 (11–12): 808–823. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9683-8. S2CID146385940.
Berenbaum, Sheri A.; Blakemore, Judith E. Owen; Beltz, Adriene M. (2011). "A Role for Biology in Gender-Related Behavior". Sex Roles. 64 (11–12): 804–825. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9990-8. S2CID145689071.
Billings, Andrew C.; Angelini, James R. (2007). "Communication Quarterly: Packaging the games for viewer consumption: Gender, ethnicity, and nationality in NBC's coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics". Women and Language. 30 (1): 95–111.
Browne, Irene; Misra, Joya (2003). "The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market". Annual Review of Sociology. 29 (1): 487–513. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100016.
Carlin, Diana B.; Winfrey, Kelly L. (2009). "Have You Come A Long Way, Baby? Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and Sexism in 2008 Campaign Coverage". Communication Studies. 60 (4): 326–343. doi:10.1080/10510970903109904. S2CID145107322.
Diamond, M.; Sigmundson, H. K. (1997). "Sex reassignment at birth: Long-term review and clinical implications". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 151 (3): 298–304. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015. PMID9080940.
Dietz, Tracy L. (March 1998). "An Examination of Violence and Gender Role Portrayals in Video Games: Implications for Gender Socialization and Aggressive Behavior". Sex Roles. 38 (5–6): 425–442. doi:10.1023/A:1018709905920. S2CID56032975.
Dill, Karen E.; Thill, Kathryn P. (December 2007). "Video Game Characters and the Socialization of Gender Roles: Young People's Perceptions Mirror Sexist Media Depictions". Sex Roles. 57 (11–12): 851–864. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9278-1. S2CID55706950.
Espenshade, Thomas J. (1 January 1985). "Marriage Trends in America: Estimates, Implications, and Underlying Causes". Population and Development Review. 11 (2): 193–245. doi:10.2307/1973487. JSTOR1973487.
Filetti, J. S. (2001). "From Lizzie Borden to Lorena Bobbitt: Violent Women and Gendered Justice". Journal of American Culture. 35 (3): 471–484. doi:10.1017/s0021875801006673. S2CID146288256.
Fortin, Nicole (2005). "Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour Market Outcomes of Women Across OECD Countries". Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 21 (3): 416–438. doi:10.1093/oxrep/gri024.
Kalysh, Kateryina; Kulik, Carol T.; Perera, Sanjeewa (2016). "Help or hindrance? Work-life practices and women in management". The Leadership Quarterly. 27 (3): 504. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.12.009.
Kaufman, G.; Taniguchi, H. (2006). "Gender and marital happiness in later life". Journal of Family Issues. 27 (6): 735–757. doi:10.1177/0192513x05285293. S2CID146362115.
Kelan, Elisabeth K. (March 2010). "Gender Logic and (Un)doing Gender at Work". Gender, Work and Organization. 17 (2): 178–179. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2009.00459.x.
Koivula, Nathalie (2001). "Perceived characteristics of sports categorized as gender-neutral, feminine and masculine". Journal of Sport Behavior. 24 (4): 377–393.
Lucier-Greer, M.; Adler-Baeder, F. (2016). "Gender role attitude malleability in the context of divorce and remarriage: A longitudinal growth curve perspective". Journal of Adult Development. 23 (3): 150–162. doi:10.1007/s10804-016-9231-z. S2CID146939829.
Martin, Carol Lynn; Halverson, Charles F. Jr. (December 1981). "A schematic processing model of sex typing and stereotyping in children". Child Development. 52 (4): 1119–1134. doi:10.2307/1129498. JSTOR1129498.
McGinley, Ann C. (2009). "Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and Michelle Obama: Performing Gender, Race, and Class on the Campaign Trail". Denver University Law Review. 86.
McNiel, Jamie N.; Harris, Deborah A.; Fondren, Kristi M. (7 November 2012). "Women and the Wild: Gender Socialization in Wilderness Recreation Advertising". Gender Issues. 29 (1–4): 39–55. doi:10.1007/s12147-012-9111-1. S2CID143305053.
McQuiston, D.; Morris, K. A. (2009). "Gender differences in communication: Implications for salespeople". Journal of Selling & Major Account Management. 9 (4): 54–64.
Mills, Martin (2003). "Shaping the boys' agenda: the backlash blockbusters". International Journal of Inclusive Education. 7 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1080/13603110210143644. S2CID144875158.
Money, John; Hampson, Joan G; Hampson, John (October 1955). "An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism". Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 97 (4): 301–19. PMID13260820. By the term, gender role, we mean all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman, respectively. It includes, but is not restricted to sexuality in the sense of eroticism. Gender role is appraised in relation to the following: general mannerisms, deportment and demeanor, play preferences and recreational interests; spontaneous topics of talk in unprompted conversation and casual comment; content of dreams, daydreams, and fantasies; replies to oblique inquiries and projective tests; evidence of erotic practices and, finally, the person's own replies to direct inquiry.
Murnen, S. K.; Perot, A.; Byrne, D. (1989). "Coping with unwanted sexual activity: Normative responses, situational determinants, and individual differences". Journal of Sex Research. 26 (1): 85–106. doi:10.1080/00224498909551493.
Perry, Samuel L; Whitehead, Andrew L (2016). "For Better or for Worse? Gender Ideology, Religious Commitment, and Relationship Quality". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 55 (4): 737–755. doi:10.1111/jssr.12308.
Pompper, Donnalyn (2010). "Masculinities, The Metrosexual, And Media Images: Across Dimensions Of Age And Ethnicity". Sex Roles. 63 (9/10): 682–696. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9870-7. S2CID144577635.
Postmes, Tom; Spears, Russell (2002). "Behavior Online: Does Anonymous Computer Communication Reduce Gender Inequality?". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 28 (8): 1073–1083. doi:10.1177/01461672022811006. S2CID145697214.
Rao, Nitya (2012). "Male 'Providers' and Female 'Housewives': A Gendered Co-Performance in Rural North India". Development and Change. 43 (5): 1025–1048. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2012.01789.x.
Seal, D.; Ehrhardt, A. (2003). "Masculinity and urban men: Perceived scripts for courtship, romantic, and sexual interactions with women". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 5 (4): 295–319. doi:10.1080/136910501171698. S2CID144924015.
Steyer, Isabella (2014). "Gender representations in children's media and their influence". Campus-Wide Information Systems. 31 (2/3): 171–180. doi:10.1108/CWIS-11-2013-0065.
Williams, Joan C. (2009). "Reconstructive Feminism: Changing the Way We Talk About Gender and Work Thirty Years After the PDA". 21 Yale J.L. & Feminism. 79: 104.
Young, Iris M. (1995). "The exclusion of women from sport: Conceptual and existential dimensions". Philosophic Inquiry in Sport. 18 (1): 262–266.
Secondary sources are to be preferred according to our policy on WP:No original research. Journal articles may be primary or secondary; for example, systematic overviews and literature reviews are secondary, but they are the minority; see e.g., Chalabaev-2013, Diamond-1997, Santoniccolo-2023 (there may be others). Hopefully, this list may be used as a starting point to determine the scope of the problem in this article. Mathglot (talk) 19:01, 17 July 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The more I look at this article, the more I think the whole article, not just the lead, needs a rewrite. There should be a 'Terminology' section near the top of the article, either as the first section, or possibly second (after § Background), giving Money's original definition, and the shift to its current meaning as a societal behavioral expectation, as well as other, gender-related terms (expression, identity, etc.) Next, the largest section, and probably key section of the article, should be called, 'Femiminity and masculinity', but instead we don't have a section on it at all. (In the body, the word femininity occurs three times in section § In sports, once in § Gender roles in family violence, and nowhere else. Fwiw, masculinity occurs seven times in the body, six in Sports, and once in family violence.)
Another major problem, is that the article uses the term gender role in an inconsistent and confusing manner, reflecting, perhaps, the public confusion about it; however, that confusion should never have made it into a Wikipedia article. Sometimes it is used correctly and well, as in the § Background section, which does a very good job of explaining the term and differentiating it from related terms. In other sections, such as § Biological factors, usage seem confused or at least ambiguous. What are we to make of the second line of that section:
Although research indicates that biology plays a role in gendered behavior, the extent of its effects on gender roles is less clear.
Huh? That seems to use gender roles as a synonym for gender behavior in the second clause, to avoid the repetition which would be caused by phrasing it thus:
Although research indicates that biology plays a role in gendered behavior, the extent of its effects on gendered behavior is less clear.
The second is undoubtedly an accurate statement at present, and this is no time to engage in elegant variation merely for the sake of avoiding repetition, especially if it results in the top version, which is misleading in the extreme. Or, did they really mean to word the top one that way, because, as the first sentence of that section (not shown) says, historically, that is what people thought. If so, we are introducing historical, popular misconceptions into a Wikipedia article, and doing so in a topic where the terminology is tricky and needs careful handling. Is that what they are doing? Let's look at the next sentence:
One hypothesis attributes differences in gender roles to evolution.
Okay, that is wacky, now we know either that the editor who wrote that equates gender role to the meaning of gendered behavior, or is unaware of the distinction and while some uses later in the section are correct, others are not, and the whole thing is a big mess that leaves you guessing, and god help a reader unfamiliar with the topic trying to learn something from it. Imho, the entire section § Biological factors has to be thrown out and rewritten from scratch as hopelessly confused, as were the editors who wrote it—unless they were just trying to do us a favor with elegant variation and it all went horribly wrong. I don't know how many other sections betray the same confusion (hopefully none) but if they do, there may be a lot of work needed to bring this up to snuff. Mathglot (talk) 05:50, 18 July 2025 (UTC)[reply]