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Impeachment of Sara Duterte

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"Impeachment of Duterte" redirects here. For efforts to impeach Sara Duterte's father, see Efforts to impeach Rodrigo Duterte.
Impeachment of Sara Duterte
The Senator-Judges of the 19th Congress
AccusedSara Duterte, 15th Vice President of the Philippines
DateFebruary 5, 2025 (2025-02-05) – present
(4 months, 1 week and 4 days ago)
OutcomeImpeached by the House of Representatives
Charges
  • Culpable violation of the Constitution[1]
  • Betrayal of public trust[1]
  • Graft and corruption[1]
  • Other high crimes[1]
Cause
Impeachment vote by the House of Representatives
(February 5, 2025)
Votes in favor
215 / 306 (70%)
(Additional 25 verified as complainants)
Not voting
66 / 306 (22%)
ResultImpeachment successful, currently being processed
Vote by the Senate to remand the motion to the House of Representatives
(June 10, 2025)
Votes in favor
18 / 23 (78%)
Votes against
5 / 23 (22%)
Present23
ResultFor certification of the House of Representative of the impeachment complaint for non-violation of the Constitution; and confirmation of the 20th Congress of the lower chamber if it is still willing to pursue the impeachment complaint
Future action by the House of Representatives
ResultPending
This article is part of
a series about
Sara Duterte
Incumbent
Early political career
Political campaigns
Positions
Family
This article is part of
a series about
Bongbong Marcos
Incumbent
Political campaigns
Policies
Early political career
Family
Related

In December 2024, four impeachment complaints were formally filed against Sara Duterte, the vice president of the Philippines, serving under President Bongbong Marcos. The measure was approved by the House of Representatives on February 5, 2025, paving the way for a trial to proceed in the Senate. Duterte became the first vice president of the Philippines to be impeached, but she will continue to hold office pending a final verdict by the Senate.

The Senate convened months later despite proponents of the impeachment case to start the trial immediately. On June 10, 2025, the Senate remand the articles of impeachment back to the House of Representatives.

Background

[edit]

Relationship between Marcos and Duterte

[edit]
See also: Sara Duterte § Rift with Marcos and the House

Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte were elected as president and vice president, respectively, in the 2022 Philippine election as part of the UniTeam alliance.[2]

Duterte was appointed as Marcos's first secretary of education after they both took office in mid-2022,[3] although she preferred to be secretary of defense.[4] Over the next two years, Duterte's relationship with Marcos's allies deteriorated, particularly with House Speaker Martin Romualdez and First Lady Liza Araneta.[3] She resigned in May 2023 from Lakas–CMD where she served as chairperson. Lakas is part of the ruling coalition.[5][6] In January 2024, President Marcos insisted that the UniTeam is still "vibrant", referring to his working relationship with his deputy.[7] Duterte tendered her resignation from her position as education secretary in June 2024.[8] When asked about her friendship with Marcos in September 2024, she said they were never friends and merely running mates in the 2022 elections.[9] Marcos responded by saying he was "deceived" about their supposed friendship.[10] In October 2024, she detailed her fallout with Marcos, who she said "does not know how to be president".[11][12]

Assassination threat

[edit]
President Bongbong Marcos commented on the assassination threats on November 25

Don't worry, Ma'am, to my security because I already spoke with someone. I told him if I would get killed, you kill BBM, Liza Araneta and Martin Romualdez. No joke, no joke. I gave my orders. If I die — I said, 'Don't stop okay? Until you have killed them,' and he said 'yes.'

Sara Duterte (in mix of Filipino and English), November 23, 2024; Zoom press conference[13][14]

During a midnight press conference on November 22, 2024, initiated by Zuleika T. Lopez, Duterte claimed to have spoken with a contract killer to target President Marcos, his wife Liza, and House Speaker Romualdez in the event of her assassination, which the administration deemed an "active threat" against the government.[15][16] She made the statement in response to a vlogger's question over her security.[17] At the time, Duterte had been resisting the transfer of Lopez by House authorities to the Correctional Institution for Women.[18][19] Duterte later clarified that her remarks were not serious threats but rather a reflection of her fear for her personal safety after hearing threats against her.[20][21]

On November 29, Marcos confirmed that he had directed the House of Representatives to refrain from filing an impeachment motion against Sara Duterte. This is despite his rift with Duterte which he described as "a storm in a teacup" and maintained that any potential effort to impeach his deputy would be a waste of time that it "does not make a difference to even one single Filipino life".[22]

Confidential funds controversy

[edit]
Duterte (far right) refused to take an oath at a congressional hearing on her office's budget use in September 2024.
This section is an excerpt from Sara Duterte § Confidential funds controversy.[edit]

In 2022 and 2023, Duterte made use of confidential and intelligence funds for both the OVP and DepEd; the OVP under her predecessor did not make use of confidential funds. According to Duterte's chief of staff, due to the OVP's compartmentalized structure, she handled her confidential funds in direct coordination with her office's special disbursing officer Gina F. Acosta without any intermediary.[23][24][25]

In 2024, the lower chamber's Committee on Good Government and Public Accountability started investigations against the vice president's alleged misuse of funds after the approval of the 2025 OVP budget was deferred. On September 25, a former DepEd undersecretary alleged that Duterte gave out cash gifts worth ₱50 thousand monthly;[26] later on, another former official also came forward, claiming that they received similar envelopes but had stopped by late 2023, around the same time the issue of confidential funds was raised.[27] By November 2024, acknowledgement receipts from her offices submitted to the COA were revealed. Several lawmakers have expressed their doubts on the authenticity of the receipts, highlighting irregularities such as uncommon and allegedly fictitious names as well as discrepancies in the dates and signatures.[28][29] Duterte claimed that she has not seen the receipts.[30] On December 9, 2024, the Philippine Statistics Authority reported that the names of 60% of the 677 individuals that were named as recipients of confidential funds from DepEd had no records in the national civil registry.[31]

South China Sea

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Sara Duterte § Foreign issues.[edit]
Duterte has been noted for not issuing explicit statements on the dispute between the Philippines and China in the South China Sea. She has declined to comment on the matter, instead deferring people to the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of National Defense when queried on such matters.[32][33] For this, she received criticism by some officials, including by allies of Marcos in the House of Representatives[34][35] and Philippine Coast Guard spokesperson for the West Philippine Sea Jay Tarriela.[36][37] However, Marcos defended Duterte, stating that "[it is] not the role of the Vice President or the Secretary of Education to talk about China".[38]

Prior impeachment plans

[edit]

The Makabayan bloc considered filing an impeachment case against Duterte back in August 2023 over alleged misuse of confidential funds of the Office of the Vice President for 2022,[39] which ACT Teachers representative France Castro from the Makabayan bloc described as an "impeachable offense".[40] Castro later judged the plan as "premature", citing the need to continue with the House investigation.[41]

In August 2024, Sara Duterte said she expects an impeachment case to be filed against her following her fallout with the president and information she heard from allies within the lower house.[42] In September 2024, Bagong Alyansang Makabayan described the impeachment of Duterte as necessary over her use of confidential funds in 2022 and 2023.[43] In the same month, the House of Representatives denied any plot to file an impeachment complaint.[44]

Complaints

[edit]

December 2024 complaints

[edit]

On December 2, 2024, the first formal impeachment case was lodged against Vice President Sara Duterte.[45] The complaint listed 24 articles which was categorized in four points: graft and corruption, bribery, betrayal of public trust, and other high crimes.[46] Aside from corruption, other cited reasons include her alleged role in the extrajudicial killings of the drug suspects and failure to make a stance against China's aggressive sovereignty claims in the South China Sea dispute.[45]

The second impeachment complaint against Duterte was filed on December 4, 2024, by 70 activists led by the Bagong Alyansang Makabayan.[47][48] They cited a single reason which is betrayal of public trust over the illegal use and mishandling of confidential funds. Duterte is accused of committing "gross abuse of discretionary powers" over the ₱612.5 million confidential funds of the Office of the Vice President and the Department of Education.[47][49][50]

On December 5, 2024, House Secretary General Reginald Velasco disclosed that a third complaint by select members of the House of Representatives was being prepared.[51] The complaint was filed by a group of religious workers, lawyers and civil society workers in the House of Representatives against Duterte on December 19 for betrayal of public trust.[52]

Fourth impeachment complaint

[edit]
English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

On February 5, 2025, 215 members of the House of Representatives signed an impeachment complaint against Duterte on charges that include corruption, plotting to assassinate President Bongbong Marcos, involvement in extrajudicial killings and incitement to insurrection and public disorder. The impeachment complaint attained more than the minimum 102 signatures, or a third of the House of Representatives as required in the Constitution. With the signature threshold reached, the impeachment complaint constitutes as the formal Articles of Impeachment against Duterte and was transmitted to the Senate without a plenary vote. This marks the fourth complaint filed against Duterte.[53] On February 7, House Secretary General Reginald Velasco said that an additional 25 lawmakers had signed documents adding their names in support of the impeachment complaint, putting the total number of signees to 240.[54]

Among the signatories of the impeachment complaint was President Marcos's son, Ilocos Norte representative Sandro Marcos, and Speaker Romualdez. At least 101 lawmakers from Luzon and 40 from the Visayas also signed the complaint. In Duterte's home island of Mindanao, 41 of its 60 district representatives supported impeachment. However, in her native Davao Region, only Davao del Sur representative John Tracy Cagas signed the complaint out a total of 11 district representatives. Thirty-three of 61 party-list representatives also supported impeachment.[55]

Articles of Impeachment

[edit]

These are the Articles of Impeachment against Vice President Sara Duterte:

The third article concerns the allegation that Duterte bribed high ranking Department of Education officials while the fifth article involves her linkage to extrajudicial killings which happened during her father and former president Rodrigo Duterte's war on drugs, including the Davao Death Squad.[56]

# Case Violation
1 Contracting an assassin and plotting to murder or assassinate the incumbent president, the first lady, and speaker of the House of Representatives, as publicly admitted by her in a live broadcast. Betrayal of public trust
Culpable violation of the constitution
Other high crimes
2 Misuse and malversation of confidential funds appropriated to the Office of the Vice President (OVP) and the Department of Education (DepEd) Betrayal of public trust
Graft and corruption
3 In Violation of Republic Act No. 3019 Betrayal of public trust
Bribery
Graft and corruption
4 Amassing unexplained wealth and failing to disclose all her properties and interests in properties in her statement of assets and net worth (SALN), in Violation of Section 17, Article XI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Culpable violation of the constitution
Betrayal of public trust
5 High crime of murder and conspiracy to commit murder. Other high crimes
6 By herself and/or in concert with others, committed acts of destabilization and sedition and insurrection. Betrayal of public trust
Other high crimes
7 Totality of Respondent's conduct as Vice-President, including her commission of the foregoing acts Betrayal of public trust
Culpable violation of the constitution
Graft and corruption

Signatories

[edit]
House of Representatives vote (by district only)
  Voted in favor of impeachment
  Additional votes in favor of impeachment (February 6, 2025; for verification)
  Did not vote in favor of impeachment
  District is vacant

A total of 215 lawmakers signed the impeachment complaint against vice president Sara Duterte on February 5, 2025. Sandro Marcos (Ilocos Norte–1st), who is also the son of President Bongbong Marcos, was the first to affix his signature; House Speaker Martin Romualdez was the last. It was noted that 41 out of 60 lawmakers from Mindanao voted to impeach Sara Duterte. In the Duterte family's home region of Davao, only John Tracy Cagas (Davao del Sur) was in favor of the vice president's impeachment.[57]

On the following day, 25 more legislators who were previously not physically present affixed their signatures.[58]

Members of the House of Representatives who signed the impeachment complaint against Vice President Sara Duterte
No. Portrait Representative[59] Party District Bloc
1 Sandro Marcos PFP Ilocos Norte–1st Majority
2 Aurelio Gonzales Jr. Lakas Pampanga–3rd Majority
3 Manuel Jose Dalipe Lakas Zamboanga City–2nd Majority
4 Jurdin Jesus Romualdo Lakas Camiguin–Lone Majority
5 David C. Suarez Lakas Quezon–2nd Majority
6 Jay Khonghun Lakas Zambales–1st Majority
7 Anna Suarez ALONA Party-list Majority
8 Paolo Ortega Lakas La Union–1st Majority
9 Rodge Gutierrez 1-Rider Party-list Minority
10 Yasser Balindong Lakas Lanao del Sur–2nd Majority
11 Lex Anthony Colada AAMBIS-Owa Party-list Minority
12 Stephen Paduano Abang Lingkod Party-list Minority
13 Jude Acidre Tingog Party-list Majority
14 Danilo Fernandez NUP Santa Rosa–Lone Majority
15 Zia Alonto Adiong Lakas Lanao del Sur–1st Majority
16 Yedda Romualdez Tingog Party-list Majority
17 Pammy Zamora Lakas Taguig–2nd Majority
18 Janette Garin Lakas Iloilo–1st Majority
19 Marvin Rillo Lakas Quezon City–4th Majority
20 Raul Tupas Lakas Iloilo–5th Majority
21 Ernix Dionisio Lakas Manila–1st Majority
22 Irwin Tieng Lakas Manila–5th Majority
23 Fidel Nograles Lakas Rizal–4th Majority
24 Rolando Valeriano NUP Manila–2nd Majority
25 Wowo Fortes NPC Sorsogon–2nd Majority
26 Emeng Pascual Lakas Nueva Ecija–4th Majority
27 Presley de Jesus PHILRECA Party-list Minority
28 Ace Barbers Nacionalista Surigao del Norte–2nd Majority
29 Sergio Dagooc APEC Party-list Minority
30 Amben Amante Lakas Laguna–3rd Majority
31 Rommel T. Angara LDP Aurora–Lone Majority
32 Wilter Palma Lakas Zamboanga Sibugay–1st Majority
33 Solomon Chungalao NPC Ifugao–Lone Majority
34 Miguel Luis Villafuerte NUP Camarines Sur–5th Majority
35 Ando Oaminal Lakas Misamis Occidental–2nd Majority
36 Mike Dy III Lakas Isabela–5th Majority
37 Michael Morden API Party-list Majority
38 Allen Jesse Mangaoang Nacionalista Kalinga–Lone Majority
39 Alfredo Marañon III NUP Negros Occidental–2nd Majority
40 Peter Miguel Lakas South Cotabato–2nd Majority
41 Carlito Marquez NPC Aklan–1st Majority
42 Dante Garcia Lakas La Union–2nd Majority
43 Gerardo Espina Jr. Lakas Biliran–Lone Majority
44 Lorenz Defensor NUP Iloilo–3rd Majority
45 Gerardo Valmayor Jr. NPC Negros Occidental–1st Majority
46 Nicanor Briones AGAP Party-list Majority
47 Ann Matibag Lakas Laguna–1st Majority
48 Irene Gay Saulog Kalinga Party-list Majority
49 Ray T. Reyes Anakalusugan Party-list Majority
50 Tawi Billones Liberal Capiz–1st Majority
51 Jun Gato NPC Batanes–Lone Majority
52 Danny Domingo NUP Bulacan–1st Majority
53 Neptali Gonzales II NUP Mandaluyong–Lone Majority
54 Fernando Cabredo NUP Albay–3rd Majority
55 Mohamad Paglas Lakas Maguindanao del Sur–Lone Majority
56 Teodorico Haresco Jr. Nacionalista Aklan–2nd Majority
57 Jonathan Clement Abalos 4Ps Party-list Minority
58 Rodolfo Ordanes Senior Citizens Party-list Majority
59 Salvador Pleyto Lakas Bulacan–6th Majority
60 Ambrosio Cruz Lakas Bulacan–5th Majority
61 Milagros Magsaysay United Senior Citizens Party-list Majority
62 Gabriel Bordado Liberal Camarines Sur–3rd Minority
63 Marivic Co-Pilar NUP Quezon City–6th Majority
64 Mitch Cajayon-Uy Lakas Caloocan–2nd Majority
65 Harris Ongchuan NUP Northern Samar–2nd Minority
66 Paul Daza NUP Northern Samar–1st Minority
67 Ed Lumayag PFP South Cotabato–1st Majority
68 Leo Rodriguez PFP Catanduanes–Lone Majority
69 Carmelo Lazatin II Lakas Pampanga–1st Majority
70 Joseph Tan Lakas Isabela–4th Majority
71 Kristine Singson-Meehan NPC Ilocos Sur–2nd Majority
72 Ed Christopher Go Lakas Isabela–2nd Majority
73 Joel Chua Lakas Manila–3rd Majority
74 Marjorie Ann Teodoro NUP Marikina–1st Majority
75 Manuel Sagarbarria NPC Negros Oriental–2nd Majority
76 Zaldy Villa Lakas Siquijor–Lone Majority
77 Ysabel Zamora Lakas San Juan–Lone Majority
78 Inno Dy Lakas Isabela–6th Majority
79 Franz Pumaren NUP Quezon City–3rd Majority
80 Juliet Marie Ferrer NUP Negros Occidental–4th Majority
81 Luis Raymund Villafuerte NUP Camarines Sur–2nd Majority
82 Roberto Puno NUP Antipolo–1st Majority
83 Bing Maniquiz Lakas Zambales–2nd Majority
84 Marissa Magsino OFW Party-list Minority
85 Geraldine Roman Lakas Bataan–1st Majority
86 Crispin Diego Remulla NUP Cavite–7th Majority
87 Roy Loyola NPC Cavite–5th Majority
88 Antonino Calixto Lakas Pasay–Lone Majority
89 Romeo Momo Nacionalista Surigao del Sur–1st Majority
90 Celso Regencia Lakas Iligan–Lone Majority
91 Lorna Silverio NUP Bulacan–3rd Majority
92 Ching Bernos Lakas Abra–Lone Majority
93 Benny Abante NUP Manila–6th Majority
94 Eleanor Begtang NPC Apayao–Lone Majority
95 Baby Alfonso Lakas Cagayan–2nd Majority
96 Josefina Tallado Lakas Camarines Norte–1st Majority
97 Augustina Dominique Pancho NUP Bulacan–2nd Majority
98 Jose Teves Jr. TGP Party-list Majority
99 Francisco Jose Matugas II Lakas Surigao del Norte–1st Majority
100 James Ang Jr. Uswag Ilonggo Party-list Majority
101 Jane Castro Lakas Capiz–2nd Majority
102 Alan Ecleo Lakas Dinagat Islands–Lone Majority
103 Antonio Ferrer NUP Cavite–6th Majority
104 Maria Angela Garcia NUP Bataan–3rd Majority
105 Loreto Acharon NPC General Santos–Lone Majority
106 Steve Solon Lakas Sarangani Majority
107 Keith Micah Tan NPC Quezon–4th Majority
108 Reynante Arrogancia NPC Quezon–3rd Minority
109 Ricardo Cruz Jr. Nacionalista Taguig–1st Majority
110 Ralph Tulfo PFP Quezon City–2nd Majority
111 Dean Asistio Lakas Caloocan–3rd Majority
112 Dimszar Sali NUP Tawi-Tawi–Lone Majority
113 Ronald Singson NPC Ilocos Sur–1st Majority
114 Hori Horibata NUP Camarines Sur–1st Majority
115 Julienne Baronda Lakas Iloilo City–Lone Majority
116 Ivan Howard Guintu PINUNO Party-list Majority
117 Arjo Atayde Nacionalista Quezon City–1st Majority
118 Edgar Chatto NUP Bohol–1st Majority
119 Vanvan Aumentado Lakas Bohol–2nd Majority
120 Alexie Tutor Lakas Bohol–3rd Majority
121 Mark Enverga NPC Quezon–1st Majority
122 Pinpin Uy Lakas Zamboanga del Norte–1st Majority
123 Alfel Bascug NUP Agusan del Sur–1st Majority
124 Christian Unabia Lakas Misamis Oriental–1st Majority
125 Lordan Suan Lakas Cagayan de Oro–1st Majority
126 Yevgeny Emano Nacionalista Misamis Oriental–2nd Majority
127 Joselito Sacdalan NPC Cotabato–1st Majority
128 Albert Garcia NUP Bataan–2nd Majority
129 Patrick Michael Vargas Lakas Quezon City–5th Majority
130 Jose Aquino II Lakas Agusan del Norte–1st Majority
131 France Castro ACT Teachers Party-list Minority
132 Jam Agarao PFP Laguna–4th Majority
133 Arlene Brosas Gabriela Party-list Minority
134 Raoul Manuel Kabataan Party-list Minority
135 Anna Veloso Tuazon NUP Leyte–3rd Majority
136 Cha Hernandez Lakas Calamba–Lone Majority
137 Jaime Cojuangco NPC Tarlac–1st Majority
138 Victoria Yu Lakas Zamboanga del Sur–2nd Majority
139 Munir Arbison Jr. Lakas Sulu–2nd Majority
140 Angelica Natasha Co BHW Party-list Majority
141 Perci Cendaña Akbayan Party-list Minority
142 John Tracy Cagas Nacionalista Davao del Sur–Lone Majority
143 Joseph Gilbert Violago NUP Nueva Ecija–2nd Majority
144 Edwin Olivarez Lakas Parañaque–1st Majority
145 Stella Quimbo Lakas Marikina–2nd Majority
146 Gustavo Tambunting NUP Parañaque–2nd Majority
147 Mercedes Lansang NPC Negros Occidental–6th Majority
148 Mika Suansing Lakas Nueva Ecija–1st Majority
149 Rachel del Mar NPC Cebu City–1st Majority
150 Peter John Calderon NPC Cebu–7th Majority
151 Jocelyn Limkaichong NPC Negros Oriental–1st Majority
152 Janice Salimbangon NUP Cebu–4th Majority
153 Rhea Gullas Lakas Cebu–1st Majority
154 Daphne Lagon Lakas Cebu–6th Majority
155 Dimple Mastura Lakas Maguindanao del Norte–Lone Majority
156 Edsel Galeos Lakas Cebu–2nd Majority
157 Johnny Pimentel NUP Surigao del Sur–2nd Majority
158 Emmarie Dizon Lakas Mandaue–Lone Majority
159 Eddiebong Plaza NUP Agusan del Sur–2nd Majority
160 Christopherson Yap Lakas Southern Leyte–2nd Majority
161 Jason Almonte Nacionalista Misamis Occidental–1st Majority
162 Mario Vittorio Mariño Nacionalista Batangas–5th Majority
163 Romeo Acop NUP Antipolo–2nd Majority
164 Maximo Dalog Jr. Nacionalista Mountain Province–Lone Majority
165 Jonathan Keith Flores Nacionalista Bukidnon–2nd Majority
166 Marcelino Libanan 4Ps Party-list Minority
167 Laarni Roque Nacionalista Bukidnon–4th Majority
168 Mark Go Nacionalista Baguio–Lone Majority
169 Tata Eudela Lakas Zamboanga Sibugay–2nd Majority
170 Luz Mercado Lakas Southern Leyte–1st Majority
171 Maria Fe Abunda Lakas Eastern Samar–Lone Majority
172 Joseph Lara Lakas Cagayan–3rd Majority
173 Maria Theresa Collantes NPC Batangas–3rd Majority
174 Arnan Panaligan Lakas Oriental Mindoro–1st Majority
175 Felimon Espares Coop-NATCCO Party-list Minority
176 Lucille Nava NUP Guimaras–Lone Majority
177 Glona Labadlabad Lakas Zamboanga del Norte–2nd Majority
178 Odie Tarriela PFP Occidental Mindoro–Lone Majority
179 Eleandro Jesus Madrona Nacionalista Romblon–Lone Majority
180 Divina Grace Yu Lakas Zamboanga del Sur–1st Majority
181 Jil Bongalon Ako Bicol Party-list Majority
182 Gerville Luistro Lakas Batangas–2nd Majority
183 Jose Manuel Alba Lakas Bukidnon–1st Majority
184 Luisa Cuaresma UNA Nueva Vizcaya–Lone Majority
185 Allan Ty LPGMA Party-list Majority
186 Oscar Malapitan Nacionalista Caloocan–1st Majority
187 Aminah Dimaporo Lakas Lanao del Norte–2nd Majority
188 Jernie Jett Nisay Pusong Pinoy Party-list Majority
189 Ian Amatong Liberal Zamboanga del Norte–3rd Majority
190 Maria Rachel Arenas Lakas Pangasinan–3rd Majority
191 Marlyn Primicias-Agabas PFP Pangasinan–6th Majority
192 Linabelle Villarica PFP Bulacan–4th Majority
193 Eric Buhain Nacionalista Batangas–1st Majority
194 Christopher de Venecia Lakas Pangasinan–4th Majority
195 Cynthia Chan Lakas Lapu-Lapu City–Lone Majority
196 Arnulf Bryan Fuentebella NPC Camarines Sur–4th Majority
197 Raymond Mendoza TUCP Party-list Majority
198 Roman Romulo NPC Pasig–Lone Majority
199 Mark Cojuangco NPC Pangasinan–2nd Majority
200 Ferjenel Biron Nacionalista Iloilo–4th Majority
201 Samier Tan Lakas Sulu–1st Majority
202 Anna York Bondoc Nacionalista Pampanga–4th Majority
203 Jaime Fresnedi Liberal Muntinlupa–Lone Majority
204 Tirso Edwin Gardiola CWS Party-list Majority
205 Lolita Javier Nacionalista Leyte–2nd Majority
206 Michael Gorriceta Nacionalista Iloilo–2nd Majority
207 Jorge Antonio Bustos PATROL Party-list Majority
208 Duke Frasco NUP Cebu–5th Majority
209 Aniela Tolentino NUP Cavite–8th Majority
210 Jocelyn Tulfo ACT-CIS Party-list Majority
211 Greg Gasataya NPC Bacolod–Lone Majority
212 Ruth Hernandez Lakas Laguna–2nd Majority
213 Maria Alana Samantha Santos Lakas Cotabato–3rd Majority
214 Florida Robes PFP San Jose del Monte–Lone Majority
215 Martin Romualdez Lakas Leyte–1st Majority
216 Len Alonte[a] Lakas Biñan–Lone Majority
217 Ramon Nolasco Jr.[a] Lakas Cagayan–1st Majority
218 Tonypet Albano[a] Lakas Isabela–1st Majority
219 Mohamad Khalid Dimaporo[a] Lakas Lanao del Norte–1st Majority
220 Carl Cari[a] Lakas Leyte–5th Majority
221 Richard Kho[a] Lakas Masbate–1st Majority
222 Ara Kho[a] Lakas Masbate–2nd Majority
223 Wilton Kho[a] Lakas Masbate–3rd Majority
224 Dino Yulo[a] Lakas Negros Occidental–5th Majority
225 Midy Cua[a] Lakas Quirino–Lone Majority
226 Rihan Sakaluran[a] Lakas Sultan Kudarat–1st Majority
227 Ramon Guico Jr.[a] Lakas Pangasinan–5th Majority
228 Elizaldy Co[a] Ako Bicol Party-list Majority
229 Arthur Celeste[a] Nacionalista Pangasinan–1st Majority
230 Adrian Jay Advincula[a] NUP Cavite–3rd Majority
231 Bong Rivera[a] NPC Tarlac–3rd Majority
232 Christian Yap[a] Sama Sama Tarlac Tarlac–2nd Majority
233 Alfonso Umali Jr.[a] Liberal Oriental Mindoro–2nd Majority
234 Sonny Lagon[a] Ako Bisaya Party-list Majority
235 Jose Gay Padiernos[a] GP Party Party-list Majority
236 Richelle Singson-Michael[a] Ako Ilocano Ako Party-list Majority
237 Ron Salo[a] KABAYAN Party-list Majority
238 Caroline Tanchay[a] SAGIP Party-list Majority
239 Robert Raymond Estrella[a] Abono Party-list Majority
240 Edvic Yap[a] ACT-CIS Party-list Majority

Non-signatories

[edit]

House of Representatives members who are members of some of the incumbent senators were noted to have not signed the petition. However, some members of the lower house were overseas and had their e-signatures sent but were not included in the copy endorsed to the Senate. Stephen Paduano of Abang Lingkod said that Dino Yulo and others did sign the complaint but their signatures were not included in the endorsed copy.[60]

Members of the House of Representatives who did not sign the impeachment complaint against Vice President Sara Duterte
No. Portrait Representative[59] Party District Bloc
1 Cheeno Almario Lakas Davao Oriental–2nd Majority
2 Jose Alvarez NPC Palawan–2nd Majority
3 Pantaleon Alvarez Reporma Davao del Norte–1st Minority
4 Eugenio Angelo Barba Nacionalista Ilocos Norte–2nd Majority
5 Claudine Bautista-Lim DUMPER PTDA Party-list Majority
6 Claude Bautista NPC Davao Occidental–Lone Majority
7 Lianda Bolilia Nacionalista Batangas–4th Majority
8 Bonifacio Bosita 1-Rider Party-list Minority
9 Luis Campos Jr. NPC Makati–2nd Minority
10 Rudy Caoagdan Nacionalista Cotabato–2nd Majority
11 Drixie Mae Cardema Duterte Youth Party-list Majority
12 Dale Corvera Lakas Agusan del Norte–1st Majority
13 Nelson Dayanghirang Nacionalista Davao Oriental–1st Majority
14 Alfred delos Santos Ang Probinsyano Party-list Majority
15 Jack Duavit NPC Rizal–1st Majority
16 Alan Dujali Lakas Davao del Norte–2nd Majority
17 Paolo Duterte HTL Davao City–1st Majority
18 Ian Paul Dy Lakas Isabela–3rd Majority
19 Dette Escudero NPC Sorsogon–1st Majority
20 Rudys Caesar Fariñas Probinsyano Ako Party-list Majority
21 Jose Arturo Garcia Jr. NPC Rizal–3rd Majority
22 Pablo John Garcia NUP Cebu–3rd Majority
23 Vincent Garcia Lakas Davao City–2nd Majority
24 Anthony Rolando Golez Jr. Malasakit@Bayanihan Party-list Majority
25 Richard Gomez PFP Leyte–4th Majority
26 Ruwel Peter Gonzaga PFP Davao de Oro–2nd Majority
27 Carlo Lisandro Gonzales Marino Party-list Majority
28 Mujiv Hataman Liberal (BUP) Basilan–Lone Minority
29 Bernadette Herrera BH Party-list Minority
30 Virgilio Lacson Manila Teachers Party-list Majority
31 Josephine Lacson-Noel NPC Malabon–Lone Majority
32 Wilbert T. Lee AGRI Party-list Minority
33 Antonio Legarda Jr. NPC Antique–Lone Majority
34 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Lakas Pampanga–2nd Majority
35 Edward Maceda NPC Manila–4th Majority
36 Rodante Marcoleta SAGIP Party-list Majority
37 Eric Martinez Independent Valenzuela–2nd Majority
38 Lani Mercado Lakas Cavite–2nd Majority
39 Migs Nograles PBA Party-list Majority
40 Khymer Adan Olaso Nacionalista Zamboanga City–1st Majority
41 Rosemarie Panotes Lakas Camarines Norte–1st Majority
42 Kid Peña NPC Makati–1st Majority
43 Eduardo Rama Jr. Lakas Cebu City–2nd Majority
44 Bryan Revilla Agimat Party-list Majority
45 Jolo Revilla Lakas Cavite–1st Majority
46 Rufus Rodriguez CDP Cagayan de Oro–2nd Majority
47 Mikee Romero 1-PACMAN Party-list Majority
48 Joey Salceda Lakas Albay–2nd Majority
49 Horacio Suansing Jr. NUP Sultan Kudarat–2nd Majority
50 Reynaldo Tamayo ANGAT Party-list Majority
51 Shernee Tan Kusug Tausug Party-list Majority
52 Stephen James Tan Nacionalista Samar–1st Minority
53 Reynolds Michael Tan Lakas Samar–2nd Minority
54 Dino Tanjuatco NPC Rizal–2nd Majority
55 Toby Tiangco Navoteño Navotas–Lone Majority
56 Erwin Tulfo ACT-CIS Party-list Majority
57 Isidro Ungab HTL Davao City–3rd Majority
58 Lord Allan Velasco NPC Marinduque–Lone Majority
59 Rosanna Vergara PFP Nueva Ecija–3rd Majority
60 Sam Verzosa Tutok To Win Party-list Majority
61 Eddie Villanueva CIBAC Party-list Majority
62 Camille Villar Nacionalista Las Piñas–Lone Majority
63 Brian Yamsuan Bicol Saro Party-list Minority
64 Eric Yap Lakas Benguet–Lone Majority
65 Maricar Zamora Lakas Davao de Oro–1st Majority
66 Jose Maria Zubiri Jr. PFP Bukidnon–3rd Majority

Congressional recess (February–June 2025)

[edit]

The Senate received the complaint from the House of Representatives on February 5, 2025, which also coincided with the last day of Senate session. The Articles of Impeachment were received by Senate secretary Renato Bantug at 5:49 p.m. but it was not reported to the plenary before it adjourned at 7:00 pm.[61] The Senate is obliged to convene as an impeachment court to process the complaint but there was no immediate schedule released.[53]

Senate President Chiz Escudero maintained that the Senate cannot start the proceedings until after the Congress reconvene on June 2, 2025.[61][62] He has set that the trial proper to be held on July 30, 2025.[63] He further maintained maintained that a trial cannot be "legally" started during this period since he believe that there has to be an ongoing session for the Senate to convene as an impeachment court.[64]

Lawyer Catalino Generillo Jr. on February 14 filed a petition for mandamus, before the Supreme Court arguing that the Senate has the "inescapable constitutional duty" to immediately start the trial.[65] On February 18, a group of Mindanao-based lawyers filed a certiorari and sought a temporary restraining order to prevent the start of the trial.[66] On the same day, Sara Duterte also sent a petition to the Supreme Court asking for the nullification of the impeachment complaint.[67]

Senator Ronald dela Rosa insisted he will remain "apolitical" while admitting his close ties to Duterte.[68] When asked what is the implication of his participation in the National Rally for Peace in January 2025, Senator Robin Padilla committed to "definitely" vote "no" for Duterte's impeachment.[69]

In case the verified complaint or resolution of impeachment is filed by at least one-third of all the Members of the House, the same shall constitute the Articles of Impeachment, and trial by the Senate shall forthwith proceed.

— 1987 Constitution of the Philippines; Article IX, Section 3(4)

Senate minority leader Koko Pimentel said that the course of the impeachment could be affected by the fact that the terms of 12 of the chamber's members are due to end on June 30, along with the results of the 2025 Philippine Senate election on May 12.[70]

Assuming that the Senate convene on June 2, there are six session days left until the 19th Congress ends on June 13 which made Escudero conclude that the impeachment trial would be heard by the 20th Congress.[71] Escudero projects the trial to begin in July 2025 after President Marcos makes his State of the Nation Address,[72] with a verdict due in October 2025.[73]

Nevertheless, proponents of the impeachment insist that the Constitution obligates that the "trial by the Senate shall proceed forthwith," or as soon as possible. They suggest that the President may call in a special session for this purpose.[74] Pressure on the Senate persisted until at least June.[75][76][77][78]

On May 29, Escudero made a motion to move the presentation of the articles of impeachment to June 11, the last session day of the 19th Congress.[79]

In June 4, Dela Rosa admitted drafting a resolution seeking the "de facto dismissal" of the impeachment case.[80]

Convening of the Senate

[edit]

June 9: Attempt to start the trial

[edit]
Senate President Francis Escudero takes his oath as presiding officer of the impeachment trial of Vice President Sara Duterte on June 9, 2025. The oathtaking, administered by Senate Secretary Renato Bantug Jr.

On June 9, 2025, minority senators Risa Hontiveros and Koko Pimentel attempted to formally start the trial of vice president Duterte. Minority leader Pimentel raised the motion to commence the process with the following proposals were.[81]

  • The Senate suspend its legislative business
  • The convening of the Senate as an impeachment court immediately instead of Wednesday (June 11)
  • Senate President Chiz Escudero take his oath as presiding officer
  • Escudero should administer the oath of senators present
  • The impeachment court call the impeachment case against Vice President Duterte and come up with trial calendar
  • The impeachment court ask prosecutors to read impeachment articles on Tuesday (June 10)
  • The writ of summons be subsequently issued to Duterte.

This was followed by two hours of debate on technicalities, then additional two hours for suspension of proceedings.[81] At around 5:42 pm, Robin Padilla filed a resolution that sought to terminate the impeachment proceedings.[82]

Escudero took his oath as proposed but it was agreed that the rest of the senators take their oaths by 4 pm the next day.[83] Hontiveros and Pimentel argues that the oath taking means that the trial has already convened but Ronald Dela Rosa disagrees leading to another suspension. The trial did not start on that day.[81]

June 10: Remanding of the articles of impeachment

[edit]
The five Senators who voted no to remand the articles of impeachment to the House.

Escudero administered the oath to the rest of the twenty-two senators.[84] Dela Rosa made a motion to dismiss before and after the oath-taking, which the Senate did not take action on. Pimentel and Hontiveros urged their colleagues "cold neutrality", which meant that legal objections should be raised by the aggrieved party or Duterte herself.[85]

Bong Go, during deliberations on Dela Rosa's motion, suggested returning the articles of impeachment to the House of Representatives. Dela Rosa also alleged that the House of Representatives was inactive over the three impeachment complaints filed in December 2023, preceding the current complaint. Cayetano modified Dela Rosa's motion, stating it should be returned to the lower house to certify the complaint did not violate the "one impeachment per year" clause.[86]

However, the Senate voted on a motion by Alan Peter Cayetano not to dismiss or terminate the proceedings but to return the articles of impeachment to the House of Representatives. The motion obliges that:[86]

  • The House of Representatives certifies the non-violation of Art. XI, Section 3, paragraph 5 of the Constitution, which provides that "No impeachment proceedings shall be initiated against the same official more than once within a period of one year"; including the circumstances on the filing of the first three impeachment complaints
  • The House of Representatives of the 20th Congress communicates to the Senate that it is willing and ready to pursue the impeachment complaint against the Vice President.
Motion to remand the articles of impeachment to the House of Representatives[86] (Senators of the 19th Congress)
Vote No. of votes Senators
Yes 18
No 5
Abstention 0 None

The writ of summons was issued to Duterte by Escudero, a move which was opposed by Dela Rosa. Sergeant-at-Arms Roberto Ancan was asked to deliver the document.[87][88] The Office of the Vice President received the document at 11:05 am. on the following day. Duterte is asked to respond ten days from receipt.[89]

Response of the House

[edit]

June 11: House certifies the impeachment complaint

[edit]

The House of Representatives unanimously passed a resolution certifying the impeachment complaint's compliance with the constitution in response to the Senate remand. At the same time, it approved a motion deferring acceptance of the articles of impeachment until the Senate responds to the queries sought by the House prosecution panel regarding the remanding.[90]

Impeachment court

[edit]

Senate judges

[edit]

If 16 out of the sitting 24 senators vote Duterte to be liable in one of the impeachable offenses, Duterte will be removed as vice president and be perpetually disqualified from holding any public office.[91]

The terms of 12 senators are set to expire on June 30, 2025. If the Senate convenes as a court in the next 20th Congress, these lawmakers will not take part unless if they win a fresh mandate in the 2025 election. There are arguments that the case could and could not crossover to the 20th Congress.[92][93]

Keys
  • A: Term ending on June 30, 2028 (incumbent)
  • E: Term ending on June 30, 2025 (re-elected)
  • O: Term ending on June 30, 2025 (re-election lost)
  • X: Term ending on June 30, 2025 (term limited)
  • N: Newly elected senator; assuming office on June 30, 2025.
  • TBD: To be determined

Officers

[edit]

The House of Representatives named 11 of its members who will serve as prosecutors. They will defend the lower house's motion to impeach Vice President Duterte before the Senate acting as the impeachment court.[94] There is no lead prosecutor yet. The House also received offers for legal assistance from third party lawyers.[95] In the event of the trial starting after the 19th Congress, prosecutors Loreto Acharon and Jil Bongalon will not return to the House after losing their seats in the 2025 House elections. Speaker Romualdez invited representatives-elect Leila de Lima and Chel Diokno to take their places in the trial's resumption in the 20th Congress.[96][97]

Spokesperson of the Impeachment Court

[edit]

On June 11, 2025, Senate President Francis Escudero appointed Regie Tongol as the spokesperson of the impeachment court. In a press statement, Escudero stated that Tongol’s appointment takes effect immediately and will remain in place until the conclusion of the 19th Congress. He emphasized that Tongol’s role would be crucial in ensuring that information surrounding the impeachment proceedings is communicated “accurately, responsibly, and in a timely manner that fosters public trust.”

Escudero further described Tongol as bringing “an exceptional blend of legal expertise and media acumen to the impeachment court,” noting his understanding of key issues and commitment to transparent communication. Tongol is a political communications consultant with experience in both legal and media affairs.[98][99]

Prosecutors

[edit]
Key
Italics Outgoing representative from the 2025 general elections
Underline Incoming representative from the 2025 general elections
Prosecutors[94]
Portrait Representative Party District Bloc
Gerville Luistro Lakas Batangas–2nd TBD
Romeo Acop NUP Antipolo–2nd
Rodge Gutierrez 1-Rider Party-list
Joel Chua Lakas Manila–3rd
Jil Bongalon Ako Bicol Party-list
Loreto Acharon NPC General Santos
Marcelino Libanan 4Ps Party-list
Arnan Panaligan Lakas Oriental Mindoro–1st
Bel Zamora Lakas San Juan
Lorenz Defensor NUP Iloilo–3rd
Jonathan Keith Flores Nacionalista Bukidnon–2nd
Leila de Lima Mamamayang Liberal Party-list
Chel Diokno Akbayan Party-list

Duterte's counsel

[edit]

According to Sara Duterte, her legal team had already begun preparations as early as November 2024 in anticipation of her impeachment.[65] In December 2024, her father, former President Rodrigo Duterte, offered to join the defense team.[100]

Analysis

[edit]

Antonio Soriano of the Citizens' Watch for Good Governance questioned the "shotgun" approach of the impeachment complaint. Soriano says that intent regarding Duterte's threat against the president has to be proven. He also believes that Duterte's action under the capacity of mayor of Davao City cannot be used for grounds for her impeachment and details of her alleged misused of confidential funds cannot be publicly disclosed.[101] Soriano even speculated that the motions might even benefit a potential electoral bid of Duterte in the upcoming 2028 elections.[101]

The impeachment procedure is seen gaining traction in the House of Representatives, but the same is not certain in the Senate, as a two-thirds supermajority of 16 out of 24 votes is needed to convict Duterte.[101][102]

Ronald Llamas of the Galahad Consulting Agency, and political advisor of former president Benigno Aquino III, believes that delaying the impeachment proceedings to after the 2025 mid-term elections would render Marcos a lame-duck president. Llamas said that Marcos's earlier pronouncement to discourage impeachment proceedings can either be taken "at face value" or as a "tactical move"[103] He previously said in August 2024 that formal impeachment proceedings were likely to begin before the 2025 election.[104]

Following the election, Navotas representative Toby Tiangco, who served as campaign manager for Marcos's senatorial slate, Alyansa para sa Bagong Pilipinas, said that Alyansa's standings in Mindanao were adversely affected by the impeachment motion against Sara Duterte.[105] Surigao del Norte representative Ace Barbers called the claim "misleading", noting that the majority of lawmakers in Mindanao who signed the impeachment complaint were reelected.[106]

It is unclear if Duterte can avoid disqualification by resigning before a conviction. Associate justice Antonio Carpio believes she could do so, while constitutional law professor and lawyer Antonio La Viña differs saying the trial may still proceed despite a potential resignation. While a resignation may prove to be moot and academic, the imposition of the disqualification from public office may still be done. Constitutional law expert Paolo Tamase has a similar opinion describing the issue "open question". Tamase cites the second impeachment of U.S. President Donald Trump in 2021 where the United States Senate still proceeded with the trial despite Trump already ending his first term. Tamase asserts that Article XI, Section 3(7) is based on the American constitution.[107]

Response

[edit]

The Office of the President on December 3 distanced itself from the issue and reiterated its stance of discouraging any impeachment motion against Duterte, stating that it was the right of private citizens to make such moves.[108] Senate President Francis Escudero had advised his colleagues not to make public pronouncements about the impeachment complaints.[103]

The Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) on December 4 announced plans to hold a rally to oppose the impeachment efforts concurring with President Marcos's stance in November 2024 that efforts to remove Duterte from office is unconstructive.[109] On January 13, 2025, more than 1.5 million INC members went to the "National Rally for Peace" at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila; 12 simultaneous rallies were also staged across the country.[110][111][112] Among the politicians who attended the rally at the Quirino Grandstand were Manila mayor Honey Lacuna, former Manila mayor Isko Moreno, SAGIP Partylist representative Rodante Marcoleta, and Senators Francis Tolentino, Ronald dela Rosa, Bong Go and Robin Padilla.[113][114][115][116] Bisaya Gyud Partylist first nominee Greco Belgica and senatorial aspirants Jimmy Bondoc and Phillip Salvador, all of whom are Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (PDP) members, also attended the rally with PDP committee heads Astra Pimentel-Naik and Penny Belmonte.[117][118][119] Actress Vivian Velez, a PDP member who has expressed displeasure with Marcos's presidency, was among the rally's attendees, stating to SMNI's Newsblast that "I guess we will only have peace if president Marcos steps down".[120]

After the impeachment motion was passed in the House of Representatives, Sara Duterte said in an address that being rejected by a romantic partner was worse than the impeachment itself, while uttering "God save the Philippines".[121] On May 16, shortly after the 2025 election, Duterte said she would "truly want a trial" desiring for a "bloodbath".[122]

If Duterte is convicted, Marcos could select among the qualified members of the House of Representatives and Senate to fill the vacancy.[123] She would also be ineligible to run for any public position in future elections, including the presidency.[124]

Opinion polling

[edit]
Public opinion polls of impeachment
Polling body Sample size Margin of error Support Oppose Undecided Don't know Date Notes Citation
SWS 2,160 ±2% 41% 35% 19% 5% Dec 12–18, 2024 Agreement on the impeachment complaint [125]
WR Numero 1,814 ±2% 33% 47% 19% — Feb 10–18, 2025 On the impeachment of Sara Duterte [126]
CSI 2,000 (students only) — 84.8% 12.2% 3.1% — Feb 28–Mar 16, 2025 Should Sara Duterte be impeached? [127]
73% 19.8% 6.4% Should the Senate convene as a trial court?
OCTA 1,200 ±2% 78% 13% 9% Apr 20–24, 2025 Should Sara Duterte face the impeachment trial to clear her name? [128]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Verified as impeachment complainant on February 6, 2025.[58]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Ager, Maila (February 5, 2025). "Senate goes on break without tackling impeach bid vs VP Duterte". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  2. ^ Llemit, Ralph Lawrence G. (March 11, 2024). "Revisiting Uniteam: Sara Duterte, Bongbong Marcos forge alliance amid 2022 election epoch". SunStar Publishing Inc. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
  3. ^ a b Panti, Llanesca (June 19, 2024). "Uniteam no more: Timeline of Marcos-Duterte tandem's woes". GMA News. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  4. ^ "Sara ditches preferred defense post to avoid stability 'intrigues'". BusinessWorld. May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  5. ^ Galvez, Daphne (May 19, 2023). "Sara Duterte resigns from Lakas-CMD". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  6. ^ De Leon, Dwight (May 19, 2023). "Uniteam no more? House squabble puts spotlight on 2025, 2028 elections". Rappler. Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  7. ^ "Marcos: UniTeam still vibrant, still working". GMA News. January 30, 2024. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  8. ^ Tulad, Victoria (June 20, 2024). "'Nabasag 'yung UniTeam': Duterte resignation saddens lawmaker" ['UniTeam shaterred': Duterte resignation saddens lawmaker]. ABS-CBN News (in English and Filipino). Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  9. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (September 18, 2024). "VP Duterte on President Marcos: We're not talking, we're not friends". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  10. ^ Subingsubing, Krixia (October 12, 2024). "'I was deceived,' Marcos says of VP Sara's 'friendship'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 30, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
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  18. ^ GMA News (November 23, 2024). "WATCH: House officials read the order to transfer OVP chief of staff Atty. Zuleika Lopez..." Facebook. Meta Platforms, Inc. Retrieved November 29, 2024. House officials read the transfer order twice. First, inside the room of Lopez at the House custodial facility. And the second, from outside while VP Sara Duterte, who says she is lawyering for Lopez, was inside the room.
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