Zeta Phi
| Zeta Phi | |
|---|---|
| ΖΦ | |
 | |
| Founded | November 7, 1870 University of Missouri |
| Type | Social |
| Affiliation | Independent |
| Status | Merged |
| Merge date | 1890 |
| Successor | Beta Theta Pi |
| Scope | Regional |
| Colors | White |
| Chapters | 4 |
| Members | 200+ lifetime |
| Headquarters | Columbia, Missouri United States |
The Zeta Phi Society (ΖΦ) was a regional American fraternity founded in 1870 at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. It was the first independent fraternity to be established west of the Mississippi River. It chartered four chapters before its last active chapter joined Beta Theta Pi in 1890.
History
[edit]Formation
[edit]Professor Oren Root II formed Zeta Phi Society at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.[1][2] Root had been chair of the Department of English Language and Literature at the University of Missouri since 1866.[3] He convened Zeta Phi's first meeting with eight students in the university's Union Literary Hall (now known as Switzler Hall) on November 7, 1870.[3][4][5]
Zeta Phi was originally planned as a literary society.[3] Its founding members were Nelson Washington Allen, Scott Hayes, Frank M. Houts, Jacob Linn Ladd, Lycurgus A. Marvin, Evans Perry McDonald, George Bingham Rollins, and Robert F. Walker.[2][4][6] Initially, Root was not a member of the society but was inducted at a later date.[2][7]: 273–274
Zeta Phi was modeled after Sigma Phi, Root's college fraternity.[1] Root may have envisioned Zeta Phi as a future chapter of Sigma Phi.[3] At the second meeting on December 15, 1870, Zeta Phi's founders instead decided to become the mother chapter of a Western United States fraternity.[3] They also adopted a fraternity color and a badge, with the latter being similar to that of Sigma Phi.[3]
Zeta Phi was the first independent fraternity to be established west of the Mississippi River.[3] Although it was originally intended to be a literary society, Zeta Phi's ideals were similar to of modern Greek-letter fraternities.[3] The first minutes of the society read as follows: "There having been some previous understanding with a few young men of the University that a meeting be held for the organization of a secret society, the object of which was to be a social and intellectual culture, as well as close intimacy through life..."[3]
Originally, the Alpha chapter of Zeta Phi met in a third-floor room of Academic Hall.[3] Later, the society met in Switzler Hall before renting a second-floor room in a hall in downtown Columbia.[3] Activities including annual addresses by guest speakers.[8] Edwin William Stephens, editor of the Columbia Herald, delivered an oration for the Sigma chapter in June 1872.[8][9][10]
Expansion
[edit]On November 18, 1871, the Sigma chapter of Zeta Phi was chartered at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri.[1][3][6] This was followed by and on December 9, 1872, the Omicron of Zeta Phi was chartered at Washington University in St. Louis on December 9, 1872.[1][3][6] A fourth chapter was chartered in the University of Kansas in 1873; however, based on a lack of mentions in the society's minutes, it may never have been installed.[3] Omicron went inactive after 1874 due to anti-fraternity sentiment of the university's faculty.[3][6]
Alpha chapter built goodwill by initiating more faculty members and distinguished community members.[3] The chapter began to place more emphasis on social activities, including serenading young ladies.[3] Several women were initiated into the chapter and were given a small pin.[3] However, Alpha chapter had reduced its activities and had only eight active members in 1882.[3] Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities noted that Alpha was "weak and running sub rosa" in 1883.[6] It rebounded with twenty members in 1884.[3]
Merger
[edit]Zeta Phi received and declined several invitations to unite with national fraternities, including Alpha Tau Omega, Sigma Nu, Kappa Alpha (Southern), and Phi Kappa Psi.[4] Eighteen active Alpha chapter members sent a petition to the Beta Theta Pi fraternity on June 4, 1885, requesting admission.[4] Members of Alpha had developed a relationship with the Alpha Delta chapter of Beta Theta Pi at Westminster College n Fulton, Missouri.[4] However, their petition was withdraw, possibly because dissent from alumni and the Sigma chapter.[3] Zeta Phi notified the Westminster Betas "We are not anxious to enter" after a meeting on January 6, 1886.[3]
The Sigma chapter withdrew from Zeta Phi to become a chapter of Phi Gamma Delta in 1886.[1] As a result, the Alpha chapter reconsidered a merger.[3] On March 8, 1890, Alpha voted to join Beta Theta Pi, provided its chapter would retain the Zeta Phi name and all of the chapter's active members and alumni would be granted membership.[3] Beta Theta Pi approved their petition at its summer 1890 convention.[3]
The changeover ceremony from Zeta Phi Society to Zeta Phi chapter of Beta Theta Pi took place at Stone Hall, initiating all Alpha's active members and alumni members of Beta Theta Pi.[3] With this ceremony, Zeta Phi became officially dormant in 1890 when Alpha joined Beta Theta Pi.[1][2] Alpha had initiated 198 members before its merger.[2]
Symbols
[edit]Zeta Beta's badge closely resembled that of Sigma Phi; it was a monogram of the Greek letter Ζ, superimposed over the letter Φ.[5] Members wore a badge of mourning when an alumnus died.[3] The fraternity's color was white.[5]
The fraternity's members was assigned secret chapters designations, representing of prominent literary or scientific figures.[3] Some examples were documents in early minutes, including Julius Caesar, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Isaac Newton.[3]
Chapters
[edit]The following are the known chapters of Zeta Phi were as follows.[1][3][6][5]
| Chapter | Charter date and range | Institution | Location | Status | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha | November 7, 1870 – 1890 | University of Missouri | Columbia, Missouri | Merged (ΒΘΠ) | [a] |
| Sigma | November 18, 1871 – 1886 | William Jewell College | Liberty, Missouri | Withdrew (ΦΓΔ) | [b] |
| Omicron | December 9, 1872 – 1874 | Washington University in St. Louis | St. Louis, Missouri | Inactive | [c] |
| 1873–c. 1873 | University of Kansas | Lawrence, Kansas | Inactive | [d] |
- ^ Merged and became the Zeta Phi chapter of Beta Theta Pi.
- ^ Withdrew from the fraternity and became the Zeta Phi chapter of Phi Gamma Delta.
- ^ The name of this chapter is reported by the Almanac as Delta. Alpha chapter's history notes it was Omicron. The chapter went inactive due to an anti-fraternity sentiment on campus.
- ^ This short-lived fourth chapter was chartered, but Zeta Phi records do not show it was ever installed.
Notable members
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Lurding, Carroll and Becque, Fran. (April 14, 2025) "Inactive Men's Organizations". Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities. Urbana: University of Illinois. Accessed April 14, 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Brown, James T., ed. (1917). Catalogue of Beta Theta Pi (9th ed.). Galesburg, Illinois: James T. Brown / Wagner Printing Company. pp. 537–542. Retrieved April 14, 2025 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "History of the Zeta Phi". Zeta Phi of Beta Theta Pi. Archived from the original on September 3, 2004. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Savitor. Columbia: University of Missouri. 1895. p. 61. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
- ^ a b c d Baird, William Raimond, ed. American College Fraternities, 5th edition. New York: Wm. Raimond Baird, 1898. p. 351. via Hathi Trust.
- ^ a b c d e f Baird, William Raimond, ed. American College Fraternities, 2nd revised edition. New York: Frank Williams, 1883. p. 156. via Hathi Trust.
- ^ a b c d Baird, Wm. Raimond (1914). Betas of Achievement: Being Brief Biographical Records of Members of the Beta Theta Pi who Have Achieved Distinction in Various Fields of Endeavor. New York: The Beta Publishing Co. Retrieved June 20, 2015 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b "Returing Good for Evil". Columbia Herald-Statesman. June 14, 1872. p. 2. Retrieved April 14, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Wm. Jewell College". The Kansas City Times. June 6, 1872. p. 4. Retrieved April 14, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Summer Exercises at Wm. Jewell College--Sermon Before the Board of Ministerial Education". Kansas City Weekly Journal. Liberty, Missouri. June 7, 1872. p. 2. Retrieved April 14, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ History of New Mexico: Its Resources and People. Vol. 1. Los Angeles: Pacific States Publishing Company. 1907. p. 270 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Cravens, William Ben – Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
- ^ Baird, W.R. (1914). Betas of Achievement: Being Brief Biographical Records of Members of the Beta Theta Pi who Have Achieved Distinction in Various Fields of Endeavor. Beta Publishing Company. p. 88. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
- ^ Mautino, Nicole (June 2008). "Andrew Walker McAlester". Spirits of Mizzou. University of Missouri Archives. Retrieved April 14, 2025.
- ^ "McAlester Society". MU School of Medicine. Retrieved April 14, 2025.