Yongchang Commandery
| Yongchang Commandery 永昌郡 | |
|---|---|
| Former subdivision of Han dynasty → Shu Han → Jin → Southern dynasties | |
| 69–602 | |
| Capital | Xitang 巂唐 (69–77) → Buwei 不韦 (77 – c. 299) → Yongshou 永寿 (c. 299 – 602) |
| Historical era | Imperial China |
• Established after the submission of the Ailao tribes | 69 |
• Abolished and reorganised by the Sui dynasty | 602 |
| Today part of | Western Yunnan (around modern Baoshan and Tengchong) |
Yongchang Commandery (永昌郡) was an imperial Chinese commandery in present-day western Yunnan. Created in 69 CE during the Eastern Han and abolished by the Sui dynasty in 602 CE, it served as a military outpost, a hub on the Southern Silk Road, and a meeting ground between the Han world and mainland Southeast Asia.[1]
History
[edit]Han foundation (69 – 220)
[edit]The Han Empire first reached Yunnan when Emperor Wu of Han annexed the Dian Kingdom in 109 BCE and organised it as Yizhou Commandery.[2] In 69 CE, the Ailao king and associated tribes formally submitted to the court of Emperor Ming. The Han government created Yongchang Commandery, comprising eight counties and headquartered at **Xitang** near modern Yongping.[3] A rebellion by the Ailao chief Le'ao in 76 CE expelled Han officials; imperial forces suppressed it in 77 CE and moved the seat east to **Buwei** (modern Baoshan plain) for security.[3]
By the 140 CE census the commandery was said to administer 231 897 households (1 897 344 persons), a figure historians consider inflated because it counted tribal groups en masse.[3]
Three Kingdoms period
[edit]After the Eastern Han collapse (220 CE) Yongchang fell to Shu Han. In the 220s the local magnate Yong Kai rebelled and sought recognition from Eastern Wu. Chancellor Zhuge Liang subdued the uprising in his 225 CE southern campaign and detached three eastern counties (Yeyu, Xielong, Yunnan) to form a separate Yunnan Commandery, leaving a smaller Yongchang.[4]
Jin and Southern dynasties
[edit]Under the Western Jin (280 CE) Yongchang was placed in newly created Ningzhou. The 280 register lists four counties and about 7 000 households.[5] Real power soon shifted to the indigenous Cuan clan, who dominated Yunnan through the 4th–6th centuries while paying nominal allegiance to the Eastern Jin and Southern dynasties.[6]
Sui abolition (602)
[edit]The reunified Sui dynasty crushed the Cuan confederation in 602 CE, abolished the old commanderies, and reorganised the region into prefectures (州). Yongchang Commandery became He-zhou (河州), later Deng-zhou under the Tang dynasty.[7]
Administrative divisions
[edit]Initial Eastern Han counties (69 CE):
- Xitang 巂唐
- Buwei 不韦
- Bisu 比苏
- Yeyu 叶榆
- Xielong 邪龙
- Yunnan 云南
- Ailao 哀牢
- Bonan 博南
After the 225 CE reorganisation Yongchang retained Buwei, Xitang, Bisu, Ailao and Bonan; under Western Jin it again administered eight counties, adding Yongshou, Yongxiang and Nanfu.[5]
Economy and trade
[edit]Yongchang lay on the over-land Southwest Silk Route linking Sichuan to Myanmar and India. Caravans exported silk and ironware from China and imported ivory, rhinoceros horn, spices, glass beads and precious stones.[8] The Han court stationed garrisons to protect the Gaoligong passes and levied tariffs on traffic.
Archaeology
[edit]Han-era bricks stamped 永昌宮, official clay sealings and tomb objects combining Han mirrors with Dian-style drums have been excavated around Baoshan and Tengchong, evidencing a hybrid frontier culture.[9] Stone milestones on caravan trails west of Baoshan still mark Han-dynasty distances from the Yongchang seat.
Legacy
[edit]Although the commandery vanished in the Sui period, the name Yongchang survived as a prefectural title under the Ming (1384) and remained in use for modern Baoshan until the early 20th century.
See also
[edit]- Southern Silk Road
- Dian Kingdom
- Zhuge Liang's southern campaign
- Cuanman
- Gaoligong Mountains
References
[edit]- ^ Tan Qixiang (ed.). Zhongguo Lishi Ditu Ji (中国历史地图集, Historical Atlas of China), vol. 2. Beijing: China Cartographic Publishing House, 1982.
- ^ Ban Gu. Book of Han (《漢書》), Geography Treatise.
- ^ a b c Fan Ye. Book of Later Han (《後漢書》), vol. 86, "South-western Yi Biography".
- ^ Chen Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (《三國志》), vol. 35, "Biography of Zhuge Liang".
- ^ a b Fang Xuanling et al. Book of Jin (《晉書》), Geography Treatise.
- ^ Yang Bin. Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan. Columbia UP, 2009, pp. 43–46.
- ^ Wei Zheng et al. Book of Sui (《隋書》), vol. 31, Geography Treatise II.
- ^ Yü, Ying-shih. Trade and Expansion in Han China. UC Press, 1967.
- ^ Murowchick, Robert. "Han Frontier Administration in Yunnan." Journal of Asian Studies 63 (2004): 675-711.
Bibliography
[edit]- Ban Gu. Book of Han.
- Chen Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms.
- Fan Ye. Book of the Later Han.
- Fang Xuanling (ed.). Book of Jin.
- Wei Zheng (ed.). Book of Sui.
- de Crespigny, Rafe. A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Brill, 2007.
- Yang Bin. Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan. Columbia UP, 2009.
- Yü, Ying-shih. Trade and Expansion in Han China. UC Press, 1967.
- Tan Qixiang (ed.). Historical Atlas of China.