Wikipedia:Dispute resolution noticeboard/Archive 256
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Arameans
![]() | Closed as pending in another forum. There is a case at WP:ANI concerning User623921 and Surayeproject3. DRN does not work with any case that is also pending in another forum. Rule A.2 states that any such case will be closed. There were two other editors in this case who are not involved in the WP:ANI thread. If either of them wishes to resume discussion here, without the two users who are in the conduct report, they may file a new request here. That may not be necessary, since a solution, a fourth article, has been discussed. If either of them wants assistance or has questions about implementing that solution, they may file a new case request here, which may result in advice rather than mediation. The editors in the dispute should discuss at WP:ANI. Robert McClenon (talk) 16:35, 27 March 2025 (UTC) |
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Have you discussed this on a talk page? Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved
Dispute overview This dispute concerns the recognition of the Aramean identity within the Syriac Christian community. The main issue is whether Arameans should have the current Arameans Wikipedia article going about the modern people, as they constitute a distinct self-identifying group with their own historical and cultural heritage apart from Assyrian people Multiple academic sources (e.g., Brock, Joseph, Murre-van den Berg, Palmer) support the existence of an Aramean identity separate from Assyrians. However, some editors (both of Assyrian ancestry themselves) argue and reject the idea of a separate article or section, despite Wikipedia recognizing similar distinctions in other ethnic groups (e.g., Ashkenazi/Sephardic Jews, Zazas/Kurds, Crimean Tatars/Volga Tatars). Discussions have stalled, as opposing editors continue to dismiss scholarly sources and documented traditions and history whom modern Arameans claim. The opposing editors claim linguistic commonality (use of "Suryoye") negates historical self-identification, which contradicts academic research and Wikipedia's neutrality principles. Additionally, one of the most vocal opposing users has been actively working against an Aramean page for years (based of on his user contributions and multiple times removed Aramean related content) and has openly stated they identify as Assyrian. This raises concerns about bias and whether Wikipedia policies are being followed in maintaining a neutral and inclusive approach to representation. Expectations: 1. Approval of the Arameans Wikipedia article, specifically focusing on the modern Aramean people. 2. If not, renaming the "Assyrian people" article to a more neutral and inclusive term, such as "Assyro-Arameans," to reflect the identity debate within the community and include the article about Aramean history, culture and traditions. My request aims to ensure neutrality, verifiability, and fair representation of all significant perspectives on Wiki! How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? Talk:Arameans#Makeover I have engaged in multiple talk page discussions, provided academic sources, and addressed counterarguments. However, opposition editors repeatedly dismiss sources and reject compromise. Mediation attempts have failed, and the dispute remains unresolved despite efforts to find a balanced solution. How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? A fair review of the sources and arguments is needed. Mediation can help by allowing both sides to be represented properly, either by approving a separate "Arameans" page or by renaming "Assyrian people" to a more neutral term like Assyro-Arameans. Summary of dispute by User623921Please keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Modern Arameans deserve a standalone Wikipedia page due to their distinct identity, legal recognition, cultural uniqueness, and inadequate representation in the Assyrian people article. WP:DISAMBIGUATION supports separate pages for often-confused topics. Arameans and Assyrians have distinct identities, cultures, and histories, so a dedicated page prevents confusion, and no one wanting to conduct research on modern Arameans will turn to an article dedicated to Assyrians, naturally. WP:NOTABILITY supports this, as Arameans are legally recognized in Israel (since 2014), advocate in the European Parliament and the UN, and have diaspora organizations proving their significance. Their political and cultural presence meets Wikipedia’s notability threshold, independent of Assyrians. WP:NPOV requires fair representation. The Assyrian people page misrepresents Arameans as “Assyrians identifying as Arameans,” contradicting legal and scholarly sources. The section on Arameans consists of just three sentences, reducing them to a footnote rather than fully addressing their distinct identity. A separate page ensures neutrality. WP:VERIFIABILITY and WP:GNG confirm Arameans are well-documented in academia, legal records, and media. Studies such as this, this, and this affirm their identity, further justifying a dedicated article. Arameans reject the Assyrian label, especially in the Syriac Orthodox and Catholic communities, reflected in their religious institutions and diaspora organizations. Since Israel’s 2014 recognition, an “umbrella” term for all Syriac Christians is formally inapplicable. Aramean activists also seek recognition as Turkey’s indigenous people. Culturally, Arameans recognize Suryoyo New Year on October 1st, which, although not widely known, could benefit from Wikipedia’s coverage, with sources included. It is separate from the Assyrian/Babylonian Akitu on April 1st, and traditions like Hano Qritho highlight their cultural uniqueness. Their historical narrative differs from that of the Assyrians, emphasizing continuity from the ancient Arameans, as reflected in the literature of Syriac-Aramean scholars, Church Fathers, legends, and myths. The development of the Aramean identity has followed a distinct path, shaped by its historical and religious traditions. The Wikipedia:Content forks argument should not be used against creating a separate page for modern Arameans, especially when it hasn’t been executed by us. A dedicated page for Arameans would avoid overlap by focusing on their modern identity, culture, advocacy, and their distinct historical narrative and identity development, starting from Syriac literature. To prevent future content issues, we can establish clear guidelines and ensure collaborative development to maintain neutrality and avoid redundancy. Modern Arameans meet Wikipedia’s standards for a standalone page, ensuring fair and verifiable representation of their identity. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by User623921 (talk • contribs) 17:04, 20 March 2025 (UTC) Sockpuppetry accusations apply to both sides, as Aramean pages have also been denied by sockpuppets from the Assyrian side. The focus should be on resolving the dispute, not past editing histories. This is not about whether Arameans and Assyrians are entirely separate ethnicities, as suggested by Surayeproject3, but about Wikipedia policies: WP:DISAMBIGUATION, WP:NOTABILITY, WP:NPOV, WP:VERIFIABILITY, and WP:GNG. The Assyrian article contains only three sentences on Arameans, and the Terms for Syriac Christians article does not adequately cover them. Presenting Arameans in these contexts is misleading and does not reflect their identity properly. Cultural differences exist, as seen with the October 1st Aramean New Year, which is supported by scholarly works[1], not just the World Council of Arameans. The claim that this is merely a "name debate" overlooks the distinct historical continuity of Arameans, especially in literature and Syriac studies. Arameans have a different historical narrative and cultural identity compared to Assyrians. For example, Arameans do not celebrate Akitu but observe traditions like Hano Qritho. They primarily speak Turoyo rather than Sureth and have different clothing, wedding customs, and cultural expressions, to name a few. These differences, along with a unique historical narrative, clearly distinguish the Aramean identity from the Assyrian identity. This is not about ethnicity, but about distinct identities and traditions, as demonstrated by other groups of people sharing an ethnicity yet having separate articles. Since Israel’s 2014 recognition, an umbrella term for all Syriac Christians no longer applies to Arameans. While a separate article would be the best solution, renaming the Assyrian people article to Assyrian/Aramean could be a compromise. The Swedish Wikipedia follows this approach, while Dutch and German Wikipedias maintain separate articles, demonstrating that both models work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by User623921 (talk • contribs) 21:01, 21 March 2025 (UTC) References Summary of dispute by Surayeproject3Please keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
As I have noted on the talk page [1], many attempts have been made previously to create a separate section or article for Arameans, of which were advocated by IP addresses, sockpuppets, and accounts with only a small history of contributions. It has already been proposed and been a point of contention by some for quite some time, but creating a separate article or section would achieve little to nothing since it would include the same content that is already present on Assyrian pages. Both groups identify as Suraye/Suryoye, and apart from views on historical roots and identity, neither have significant differences to say that they are entirely separate peoples. The term "Syriac" redirects to the Assyrian people article, and what is considered Aramean history and culture is already explained by several articles that talk about Assyrians as they both come from the same geographic area, went through the same historical events, speak the same language, share the same culture (albeit with regional differences), etc. Certain arguments that have been made also don't support the creation of a separate section or article. For example, Kivercik and User623921 cite a celebration called the Aramean New Year [2], which is supposedly celebrated on October 1st, but there is no information to suggest such a holiday before an organization called the World Council of Arameans declared so in 2021. Most of the argument for creating a separate article or identity is based on a name debate, not on separate historical continuities. Aside from Kivercik being under investigation as a potential sock/meatpuppet, User623921 has previously been blocked on the Swedish Wikipedia for editing of a similar nature, although it appears that they have just recently been allowed back. Me and Shmayo seem to be the only users so far who have tried to address their activities, but they have previously been the case of sockpuppetry relating to an account that has edited the article for a Swedish musician named Ricky Rich, and have had a disruption case created regarding their edits to articles that seem to just be changing the ethnic name to Aramean or Syriac (linking to Aramean). My intent is to contribute to the discussion positively, so I feel these things should be noted. Surayeproject3 (talk)
:Now, regarding your response:
Summary of dispute by ShmayoPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
A Request for Comment at the talk page would perhaps be more appropriate here. The current discussion is hard to grasp for any new user due to WP:BLUDGEONING. First, it should be noted that there have been several similar discussions at Talk:Arameans, with similar approach as above, mostly by IPs and now blocked socks. User:Surayeproject3 made a compilation here (thanks!). What is provided above are links (without further information) to a few Syriac studies books and articles, that, at the most, confirm the existence of an Aramean identity among the modern group, which is not what is suggested here, but rather the existence of a separate ethnic group. User:Mugsalot made a great summary on this here. I also made a comment in the same discussion here to clarify some point, especially for users new to the subject and the discussions on Wikipedia. Among other things, I highlighted that “Syriac people” was redirected and protected, per WP:CFORK, already in 2009. Also note that the article Terms for Syriac Christians exists. I should add that I suspect User:Kivercik to be one of the (or the same) blocked Dutch user(s) that have engaged in multiple discussions earlier. Shmayo (talk) 12:40, 21 March 2025 (UTC)
Summary of dispute byPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Arameans discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
The editors named in the OP were not notified of the discussion. I posted the notifications on their talk pages. I'd like to volounteer to help resolve this dispute (if all parties agree to participate). TurboSuperA+ (☏) 17:22, 20 March 2025 (UTC)
Volounteer note: I've changed the status to open and will read through the discussion on the article page and the summaries here. TurboSuperA+ (☏) 08:00, 23 March 2025 (UTC) Regarding the latest comment by Shmayo: there are enough differences in historical narratives and modern identities to avoid making them forks. Suroyo TV is a Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac (Aramean) news channel[1], Assyria TV is Assyrian, and Suryoyo Sat is Aramean. While the "Syriac" term is a separate issue, most scholarly studies use it instead of Aramean, often distinguishing it from Assyrian. The merging of Chaldeans with the Chaldean Catholic Church seems like a POV move by Surayeproject3. The Dutch, Swedish, and German Wikipedias handle this well and can serve as references. Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac people would be fine too and could include more details about Arameans. Three sentences about Arameans, their modern identity, and historical narrative are simply absurd. Even when it was labeled Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac people, Arameans were still not adequately represented, and even here, Syriac is substituted for Aramean. Surayeproject3, the other participant in this dispute, has also equated the two terms in numerous writings and in his user profile. User623921 (talk) 12:57, 23 March 2025 (UTC) Volounteer summary and next stepI'm not here to make a judgment, I am not going to say one side is right or one side is wrong. I am here to help figure out ways this dispute can be resolved. Affected pages/sections: First of all, Wikipedia is not a court of justice or arbiter of what exists, we are not here to decide what those who call themselves Arameans today really are. There being a Wikipedia article on a subject does not mean that that subject exists nor is it an endorsement of it. Many things that don't exist or aren't true have their own Wikipedia article, whether something exists or is real doesn't play a part in deciding whether it gets its own article. Secondly, I recognise that bias exists on both sides, as these issues of ethnicity and recognition are often contentious topics. I don't hold it against anyone, we all have our own opinions, but just because someone edits in an area they care about that doesn't mean that their edits are automatically wrong or done in bad faith. Regarding the sockpuppet case against Kivercik. I won't assume a sockpuppet accusation is true. That is a case for WP:SPI. Regarding accusations of meatpuppetry and bludgeoning, those are behavioural issues that should be taken to WP:ANI. As Surayeproject3 wrote in a comment this is a dispute that gets brought up again and again. Currently, without any evidence to the contrary, I will assume the source of the dispute is genuine efforts of separate editors, per WP:AGF, rather than a WP:1AM/WP:RGW effort by one editor using meat/sock accounts. With that said, onto the dispute: From what I understand, editors cannot agree on how those who today claim to be Arameans, a separate ethnic group from Assyrians, should be included in Wikipedia. User623921 and Kivercik think that the section is neither big enough, nor is it a fair coverage of sources, (WP:BALANCE). Shmayo and Surayeproject3 believe that there is no WP:RS consensus that those who call themselves Arameans today are distinct from those who call themselves Assyrians/Syriacs, that they are mentioned in the Assyrian people article already, and that there is no justification for them to have a separate article, (WP:NPOVFORK). To resolve this dispute, we have to look at both the quality of the sources and the coverage of the subject in those sources, per WP:DUE and WP:GNG. The dispute is further complicated by the existence of ancient Arameans whose existence or notability are not in dispute. This is where WP:DISAMBIGUATION might come into play User623921 correctly identified that the relevant policies in this case are WP:NOTABILITY and WP:NPOV. We're trying to determine whether the people/group who call themselves Arameans today are notable enough to have their own article, and if not, how should they be included/referred to in appropriate Wikipedia articles. I'd like to start by examining the provided and available WP:RS and continue the discussion in the context of WP:NOTABILITY, and any relevant/related policies of course. I'll start doing that now, might take me a couple of hours. If you disagree or are unhappy with my summary, please let me know. In the meantime, if you'd like to add any sources that are NOT already linked here, in the Article or on the Talk page, please add them to the "Sources" section below. TurboSuperA+ (☏) 11:09, 23 March 2025 (UTC) New volounteer neededI don't have the trust of the community and I am afraid that my volounteering here, even though done in good faith, might invite more sanctions on me. I am stepping back from this thread. I'm sorry. I don't know if the template needs to be changed/amended, but I am sure someone will come along and do it. TurboSuperA+ (☏) 16:04, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
SourcesSources for notability, amongst the people/the Arameans themselves: Syrianska Riksförbundet, SAUF, WCA, Aramean Federation NL, Syriac Orthodoxy in Turkey identifying as Arameans, Syriac Orthodoxy in Sweden identifying as Arameans, Syriac Orthodox Church in Germany identifying as Arameans, Aramean Music, Aramean Music 2nd. Google trends: Google trends showing more searches for Arameans than Assyrians, in Germany. More searches for the equivalent of Arameans in Sweden than Assyrians, see this. (In their native languages) Football clubs representing Arameans: Tur Abdin Gutersloh, Syrianska FC, Aramäer Gutersloh, Arameiska-Syrianska , Örebro Syrianska, Aramäer Heilbronn, FC Turo d'Izlo Aramäer Gronau, FC Aramäer Pfullendorf, Aramäer Harsewinkel, ASG Aramäer Ahlen, and so many more. Social media: 89,205 Instagram posts with the hashtags Aramean, Arameans, Aramäer, etc., with views in the millions. 23,934 TikTok posts with the hashtags Aramean, Arameans, Aramäer, etc., also with views in the millions. Note: This excludes the search terms "Suryoyo" and "Suryoye," as a small minority of Assyrian-minded Syriac Orthodox individuals also use these terms in their native language. Scholarly studies on modern Arameans: On The Tigris Frontier, Religious Origins of Nations, Persecuted, The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery, Introduction to Aramean and Syriac studies, An introduction to Syriac studies, Hostages in the homeland, orphans in the diaspora, and so many more. — Preceding unsigned comment added by User623921 (talk • contribs) 12:20, 23 March 2025 (UTC) I hope this helps, @TurboSuperA+. User623921 (talk) 12:25, 23 March 2025 (UTC) Relevant WP:RS sources:
I do not have time to list more at the moment, but these should be interesting addition. Shmayo (talk) 13:19, 23 March 2025 (UTC)
Where does Payne (2015) "examine how modern Arameans continue to maintain distinct traditions from Assyrians"? Shmayo (talk) 14:44, 23 March 2025 (UTC)
First statement by substitute volunteer (Arameans)I am ready to act as the replacement moderator. Please read DRN Rule A. Be civil and concise. Comment on content, not contributors. It appears that one of the issues is whether separate articles are needed for Arameans and Assyrian people. If there are reasonable arguments both for two articles and for one combined article, then a Merge Discussion may be in order, but we should have discussion before starting a formal merge discussion. I will restate the principle that the purpose of dispute resolution is to improve the article. So if there are any changes that an editor wants to make to the article, beyond merging, please state what you want to change. I will also ask each editor whether they want to merge the two articles, or whether they do not want to merge the articles. Also, are there any questions about reliability of sources? Are there any other questions at this point? Robert McClenon (talk) 04:12, 25 March 2025 (UTC) First statements by editors (Arameans)Hey, and thanks for taking over this dispute! I would prefer not to merge the articles but to keep them separate. I think this would work better under WP:Disambiguation, WP:Notability, and WP:NPOV. As you can see, I've written multiple comments on notability, scholarly studies, etc. I propose we follow the approach of the Dutch and German Wikipedias, where separate articles exist for Arameans and Assyrians. We also have Aramean (Syriac) football clubs, which are Aramean-related. This could be included under a Modern Arameans article to some extent. User623921 (talk) 11:38, 25 March 2025 (UTC)
Robert McClenon, I am not sure if your first statement above captured the issue (understandably; the wall of text does not help). The article Arameans today covers the ancient Aramean tribes and polities. The article Assyria covers the ancient Assyrian civilization. There is a modern ethnic group of mainly Syriac Christians, speaking eastern varieties of Neo-Aramaic, identifying as Suraye/Sur(y)oye depending on dialect. This modern group is today covered in the page Assyrian people (other names include Syriacs, Chaldeans, Arameans, etc.). The user that filed this case, he can correct me if I am wrong, believe that there either should be a separate article for the part of the people that identifies as "Aramean", or include this part of the modern group in the article for the ancient people (i.e. "Arameans"), or renaming the "Assyrian people" article. The "Assyrian people" article was labled "Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac people" many years ago, but was redirected to "Assyrian people" per WP:COMMONNAME. I am of the opinion that a new article would be a fork and that the modern group, in my opinion seen as one ethnic group by modern scholarship (and by themselves for that matter), should be covered in the same article (being the "Assyrian people" article today). Another user compiled many of the old discussions on this here. Shmayo (talk) 17:52, 25 March 2025 (UTC)
Second statement by mediator (Arameans)I had asked whether one of the issues was whether to merge two articles. It now appears that maybe the issue is the opposite of what I thought, and is whether to split an article. We appear to have three articles, two on ancient peoples, Assyria and Arameans, and one article on a present-day people, Assyrian people. However, it appears that the modern Aramean people identify as a separate Middle Eastern Christian people from the Assyrian people. Should we create a separate article on the modern Aramean people, either by splitting it from Assyrian people or by splitting it from (ancient) Arameans? Is that one of the issues? Robert McClenon (talk) 08:25, 26 March 2025 (UTC) If there are other content issues involving changes to existing articles, please state what sections or paragraphs in an article you want to change that another editor wants to leave unchanged (or vice versa). Are there any other questions at this point? Robert McClenon (talk) 08:25, 26 March 2025 (UTC) Second statements by editors (Arameans)You're absolutely correct that Arameans identify as a separate identity from Assyrians, as seen in all the sources I provided about their notability. I wouldn't really call it a split from the Assyrian people since it only mentions modern Arameans in three sentences, and very inadequately at that. Instead, I'd suggest splitting it from the Aramean article, where the ancient history could be merged with the Aram article, similar to how Assyria is structured. Then, a new Aramean people article could be built based on the current Aramean article. User623921 (talk) 09:49, 26 March 2025 (UTC)
Robert_McClenon, "...it appears that the modern Aramean people identify as a separate Middle Eastern Christian people from the Assyrian people." Yes, that is what the filing user claims, separate being the keyword here. The "Assyrian people" article today lists it as one of the alternative names, among many. And yes, the same user is suggesting some sort of split or rename of the current article. "Are there any other questions at this point?" Yes, in my opinion this neglects all the other alternative names. They are probably all more common in English. The case is not much different there. In my opinion, a split (or splits?) would lead to extensive edit warring and would be a fork. A potential renaming process should be handled at the talk page of that article. Shmayo (talk) 14:00, 27 March 2025 (UTC)
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Discrimination against men
![]() | Closed. It is not possible to tell from the talk page history and from the article page history how many unregistered editors there are, and whether one unregistered editor has engaged in all of the discussion and made the edits. If there is one human behind the shifting IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, that will not be apparent in subsequent discussion. I will point out that a pseudonymous user account preserves privacy better than IP addresses, which provide geolocation. The unregistered editor, if one editor, is very strongly advised to register an account. Resume discussion on the article talk page. If there is a lengthy inconclusive discussion between registered editors, a new request can be filed. Robert McClenon (talk) 18:46, 28 March 2025 (UTC) |
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Have you discussed this on a talk page? Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved Dispute overview Sangdeboeuf and Grayfell have been edit-warring to remove cited, relevant content that I added to this article. They are adamantly against any form of compromise/rephrasing and insist on keeping it deleted. They have tried to justify this in various ways that I have addressed on the talk page. How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? Talk:Discrimination_against_men#? How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? By providing balanced outside perspectives on a seemingly deadlocked dispute. Summary of dispute by SangdeboeufPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
This is not the forum for edit-warring or other conduct disputes. For that you want Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 03:00, 28 March 2025 (UTC) Summary of dispute by GrayfellPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Discrimination against men discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
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Arameans 2
Have you discussed this on a talk page?
![]() | Closed for at least three reasons. First, there is also a dispute about this topic pending at WP:ANI. DRN does not work on a dispute that is also pending in another forum. Second, the list of parties does not include two of the principal editors in the dispute. Maybe they were left out because they are involved in the dispute at WP:ANI. However, we won't open a case with an incomplete list of parties as a way of working around a conduct dispute. Third, this appears to be a dispute that will need to be resolved by a consensus process such as a split discussion, AFD, or RFC, rather than by mediation. If there weren't the first two problems, we could open a case here to give advice about how to resolve this dispute by a consensus process. Discussion can be in WP:ANI until the WP:ANI case is closed. Then work on a consensus process. |
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Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved Dispute overview This dispute concerns the recognition of the Aramean identity within the Syriac Christian community. The main issue is whether Arameans should have the current Arameans Wikipedia article going about the modern people, as they constitute a distinct self-identifying group with their own historical and cultural heritage apart from Assyrian people Multiple academic sources (e.g., Brock, Joseph, Murre-van den Berg, Palmer) support the existence of an Aramean identity separate from Assyrians. However, some editors (both of Assyrian ancestry themselves) argue and reject the idea of a separate article or section, despite Wikipedia recognizing similar distinctions in other ethnic groups (e.g., Ashkenazi/Sephardic Jews, Zazas/Kurds, Crimean Tatars/Volga Tatars). Discussions have stalled, as opposing editors continue to dismiss scholarly sources and documented traditions and history whom modern Arameans claim. The opposing editors claim linguistic commonality (use of "Suryoye") negates historical self-identification, which contradicts academic research and Wikipedia's neutrality principles. Additionally, one of the most vocal opposing users has been actively working against an Aramean page for years (based of on his user contributions and multiple times removed Aramean related content) and has openly stated they identify as Assyrian. This raises concerns about bias and whether Wikipedia policies are being followed in maintaining a neutral and inclusive approach to representation. Expectations: 1. Approval of the Arameans Wikipedia article, specifically focusing on the modern Aramean people. 2. If not, renaming the "Assyrian people" article to a more neutral and inclusive term, such as "Assyro-Arameans," to reflect the identity debate within the community and include the article about Aramean history, culture and traditions. My request aims to ensure neutrality, verifiability, and fair representation of all significant perspectives on Wiki! How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? A fair review of the sources and arguments is needed. Mediation can help by allowing both sides to be represented properly, either by approving a separate "Arameans" page or by renaming "Assyrian people" to a more neutral term like Assyro-Arameans. Summary of dispute by ShmayoPlease keep it brief – less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Is there any point to continue the discussion here, while there is a similar discussion here on ANI? Shmayo (talk) 19:26, 30 March 2025 (UTC) Arameans discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
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African diaspora
![]() | Closed as resolved. There appears to be consensus for Mawer10's suggestion. Thank you for your cooperation. Kovcszaln6 (talk) 14:21, 31 March 2025 (UTC) |
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Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved
Dispute overview This user has repeatedly engaged in original research by not linking any sources to substantiate their claims, ignoring sources that specifically contradict what they say, using their own personal interpretations and say that sources are "wrong", invalidate sources by saying they are not valid because of the nationality of the publication as opposed to the content, etc. This user does not engage in the article's talk page, does not respond on their own talk page, and does not settle disputes or cite their claims and they repeatedly edit a particular section of the article to fit their agenda It was already discussed in the article's talk page to add mixed population to the figure of afrodescendants and it was agreed upon for months. This user has a particular issue with the Brazilian figure and ignores reliable sources that agree with each other saying that pardo brazilians are classified as afrodescendant, including by the IBGE. This user simply does not listen, does not want to compromise, do they actually make citations to their claims. Not one reliable source, or really any source as of yet, they've provided How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? I already proposed in the past that the only compromise would be to add only figures of people who self-identified specifically as black as opposed to including those of mixed African ancestry, but the apparent consensus in of editors was to not do this as they liked to include mixed afrodescendants for the US and UK figures, but intentionally exclude Brazil. I think for consistency you do one or the other across the board: only self-ID black, or include applicable mixed afrodescendants. African diaspora discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
To resolve this debate, I have proposed putting in the infobox the number of people who self-identify as black (which is a lower number) next to the number of people who self-identify as black + the number of all people of African descent (which is a higher number, including all blacks and mixed-race people of African descent). For countries where there is no official data, I suggest using the lower estimates along with the higher estimates. This would be following the example of other articles such as the one on Jews and the one on Arabs. I do not believe it is a reasonable proposal to exclude people of mixed-race heritage from the infobox, as this would result in underestimating the number of blacks in some countries and overestimating the number in others. For example, the number of blacks in the US is overestimated due to the historical one-drop rule and in Brazil it is underestimated due to a higher level of miscegenation. Race is subjective and viewed differently depending on the place, while in the US ancestry counts more, in Brazil appearance counts more. Ancestry is something more objective and therefore important. In addition, placing the number of self-identified black people next to the number of all people with African ancestry shows that there is no absolute answer to the question "how many people of X ethnicity or race are there in such a place?", there is not always a precise answer especially when part or all of the group is in the diaspora. Mawer10 (talk) 19:04, 23 March 2025 (UTC) Zeroth statement by moderator (African diaspora)I'll be the moderator in this case. The filing editor has not notified nor listed all of the editors, so I have done that. I'd like to ask everyone who wishes to participate to read and state their agreement of Wikipedia:DRN Rule D. Please note that this dispute concerns infoboxes, which are designated as a contentious topic; by agreeing to the rules, you state that you are aware of this. Please keep in mind that DRN discusses content disputes; user conduct is outside of the scope of DRN, and mentions of that are off-topic and will be collapsed. Violating the rules will result in the mediation being failed. I would like to ask the participants to state what they want to modify in the article or what they want to stay the same, and why. In your reasonings, please cite reliable sources for everything. Kovcszaln6 (talk) 12:03, 23 March 2025 (UTC) Also, are there any objections to Mawer10's suggestion? Kovcszaln6 (talk) 16:15, 24 March 2025 (UTC) Zeroth statements by editors (African diaspora)Not all Pardos in Brazil have African ancestry. For example, in the 1872 census, 63.9% of the population of Amazonas was classified as Caboclos,[9] which is a term to people of Indigenous and European ancestry, not African. As of 1872, there were only 979 slaves in Amazonas, or 1.70% of the total population.[10] Since the "Caboclo" category was eliminated in the census, nowadays 76.8% of Amazonas population is classified as "Pardo"[11], which, again, means "brown", not necessarily of "African descent". In the Amazon region, their "browness" come mostly from indigenous ancestors, not Africans. Even though many Pardos have African ancestors, some will have 0%, so to conclude that all of them are part of the "African diaspora" is original research. What these 2 users are trying to do is even worse than the one-drop rule, because the one-drop rule at least included as "African-American" people who actually had African ancestry, even if it was 10%, but to include all Pardos as of "African descent", even when some of them are 0% African, is non-sense. According to a genetic study, the average "Pardo" from the northern Brazilian state of Pará has a mean of only 10% of African ancestry (this is a "mean", which means that some people will score 0% African):
I have doubts that a population that score a mean of only 10% African and 90% non-African ancestry is eligible to be counted as part of the "African diaspora". How much "African" DNA does a population has to score to be part of the African diaspora? Which connections with Africa do people with African ancestors from 500 years ago have? Who can determinate that? If 10% or 1% of African admixture makes a population part of the "African diaspora", then the number for the United States must include most of the 65 million "Latinos" living there, because they also have African admixture[12], or many White Americans who also have African admixture[13] or populations from Northern Africa and the Middle East, such as Marrocans or Egyptians who also score Subsahaaran African admixture. Brazil is a mixed country. Many White Brazilians have African ancestry, and some Pardos have 0% African ancestry. The number of people with any African ancestry in Brazil is unknown, and any attempt to determine the number will fail. Xuxo (talk) 20:40, 24 March 2025 (UTC) Brazil has the largest Afro-descendant population of any country outside Africa, a well-documented fact confirmed by numerous reliable sources. Thefore, Brazil also has the largest Black population outside Africa. According to the most recent 2022 census, 20.7 million Brazilians identified as preto (black), while another 92.1 million identified as pardo (a term that translates to "brown" or "mixed race", though some scholars translate it as "mulatto" due the African ancestry present in this group). According to Datafolha, 40% of pardos also consider themselves negros (another term for Black in Portuguese) and nearly half would identify as black if they had to choose between "black" or "white", this would mean that approximately 32% of Brazilians are Blacks by self-identification. see source 3. The Opposition had previously tried to demote Brazil to second place below the US in the ranking of the infobox by arguing that there are only 20 million Black people in Brazil and excluding millions of pardos, despite most of them having African ancestry. However, the article focuses on the African diaspora, not just the Black diaspora. Black identity is subjective and varies across countries, making it an unreliable criterion for demographic analysis. Thus, presenting both the number of self-identified Blacks and the total number of Afro-descendants is better and follows established precedents in other articles. Excluding pardos contradicts numerous reliable sources and applies a double standard, as the mixed-race populations in other countries were not excluded in the infobox. No original research was conducted since the classification of pretos (blacks) and pardos (browns) as part of the Black population was established in Brazilian law under the Statute of Racial Equality of 2010. The fusion of pretos and pardos into negros (Blacks) is validated by the media, official bodies such as the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), ministries, government departments, and international organizations. see, p 189 Despite some controversy (some self-declared pardos may be of predominately European and Amerindian ancestry), this classification is supported by many scholars and social scientists, which also use the terms Afro-descendent and Afro-Brazilian to refer to them.[source 3 again, p. 6] Furthermore, as shown by genetic studies, pardos generally have some level of African ancestry, even in the North where the indigenous contribution was greater.4, 5, 6, 7. It is worth remembering that the North is not a very populated region anyway, representing only 8.5% of the total Brazilian population, and that migrations from other parts of Brazil have contributed to the genetic makeup in the region reducing the indigenous contribution. Finally, the number 112 million (92 million self-declared pardos + 20 million self-declared pretos according to the census) is within the range of estimates for people of African descent in Brazil (at least 100 million, between 65 million and 120 million, 148 million). In principle, there does not appear to be any opposition to my proposal. Judging by these edits (see, see), the disagreement is about the maximum number of Afro-descendants that should be next to the number of self-declared Blacks. Personally, I am more in favor of maintaining the number of pardos for all the reasons stated above and although I am not necessarily against using an unofficial estimate, they are more complicated (there are more than one, there are no periodic updates like census data). Mawer10 (talk) 00:29, 26 March 2025 (UTC) First statement by moderator (African diaspora)I believe Mawer10's suggestion is a reasonable middle ground. As we can't say a number for certain, we have to settle for a range. If I understood correctly, there's no disagreement about the minimum, but there is a disagreement about the maximum. What about using Mawer10's suggestion and adding a footnote explaining the situation? Kovcszaln6 (talk) 16:18, 26 March 2025 (UTC) First statements by editors (African diaspora)
I responses to this suggestion by Mawer10 in the article talk page and while I do not fundamentally disagree with it, I think to a degree it's already done. For the applicable countries where there is both a black and mixed population figure (such as Brazil, Colombia, DR, etc.) there is already a label that says which figure is for which so I don't think it needs an explanation exactly. If any more explanation is needed, there is the note section that can explain it more in detail. Perhaps I am having a hard time visualising it, but it can be done at least to try and we can see how it goes. I also think that there should be a section explaining the difference between afrodescendant versus black/self-identifying as black as it seems to cause confusion, but I haven't come up with a good explanation yet for that to send as a draft in the talk page (or here) Kyogul (talk) 16:04, 28 March 2025 (UTC) Second statement by moderator (African diaspora)If I understand correctly, the sources are (somewhat) disagreeing. University of Rio Grande do Norte (if we use Kyogul's interpretation), Minority Rights Group, and The Guardian state that there are 91, 97, and ~112 million Brazilians are of African ancestry, because they seem to assume that all pardos are of African ancestry. However, sources state[3] (and I believe that there's no disagreement about this) that "pardo" includes people who aren't of African ancestry. So the question is: should they be included in the infobox? I think it's an acceptable compromise to include them in the infobox and add a footnote describing this situation; and by reading your comments, I think no one opposes this. Is anyone against this idea? Kovcszaln6 (talk) 16:47, 28 March 2025 (UTC) Second statements by editors (African diaspora)The figures are different as Minority Rights Group (MRG) and The Guardian (TG) because they're using older censuses (2010) in addition to MRG using an estimate whereas TG is using absolute figures from the census as stated per source. The main purpose of the article was less about absolute figures and more so showcasing that pardos are considered afrodescendants in Brazil. The TG article is most important as it quotes IBGE talking about this phenomena of afrodescendants being a majority in the country. I read the source you linked and am not reading what you're talking about. If you could quote directly what you want to reference just to make sure I'm not missing anything that would be great. From what I read, it's talking more about disparities between blacks and pardos and even pardos depending on their own self classification, such as some "transitioning" to whiteness. This seems more of like a discussion of colourism which shows disparities within minority groups, but the source is talking about disparities as opposed to classification. There is a similar discussion here about American colourism and the economic, academic, and health outcome disparities between darker skinned and biracial/admixted African-Americans, and it briefly discusses the same thing amongst the Latino-American population too in which the excerpt you are quoting is talking about that rather than only about Brazilian identity (and what constitutes that) Kyogul (talk) 19:47, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
I also wanted to reiterate that my only thing against the footnotes in the infobox is that I envision it to be messy. Is there some sort of prototype that could be posted here to see what it could look like? From the brief proposal that @Mawer10 made about it I'm not opposed but it just seems more of like a side grade if anything. The figures for both mixed and self-identified black populations are already distinguished in the infobox and there is also a note section for any lengthier detailing that needs to be said as well, which I think it would be more appropriate there Kyogul (talk) 19:57, 28 March 2025 (UTC)
@Kovcszaln6: In Brazil's first census, conducted in 1872, pardos were people of mixed African and European ancestry. In the second census, in 1890, the term mestiço replaced pardo, but it referred to individuals of mixed Black and white ancestry. Meanwhile, Indigenous people and those of mixed Indigenous and European descent were categorized separately as caboclos. Between 1900 and 1930, Brazilian censuses did not record racial or color classifications. In 1940, the census reintroduced racial categories, establishing white, preto (black), pardo (brown), and yellow (the Indigenous category was added later in 1991). source 1A, pag. 41 In this census, the pardo category became a residual category because everyone who did not identify with the black, white or yellow categories was automatically classified as pardo. Pardo is still a residual category ("the rest"), but now you need to self-identify with it and has been understood as a category for mixed-race people in general. source 2A.
Third statement by moderator (African diaspora)Thank you for your answers. If I understood correctly, no one is against Mawer10's suggestion, so we've got consensus for that, right? Are there any other issues? Kovcszaln6 (talk) 08:38, 29 March 2025 (UTC) Third statements by editors (African diaspora)References
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The Left (Germany)
![]() | Closed due to loss of interest. It appears that no editor now thinks that an RFC is necessary. I am not entirely sure whether there was a real content issue or whether this is a matter of editors who don't like each other, but that question doesn't need an answer. Resume discussion at the article talk page. If disputes resume, read the boomerang essay before reporting to WP:ANI. Robert McClenon (talk) 15:29, 31 March 2025 (UTC) |
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Have you discussed this on a talk page? Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved
Dispute overview (Edited summary, should be final copy) I started off by adding that Die Linke is far left in the lead paragraph, because on the talk page there was discussion but 4 sources were provided to back up that statement. Dispute started after I made bold edit, reverted by Johnbod (talk · contribs) who started right off with violating WP:NPA, asking if I "even spoke any German" (suggesting that because I don't I should not be allowed to edit the article), and claimed that I get my news from Fox News. I am also, of course, aware that Macron and Trudeau are not members of Die Linke, assuming that I was suggesting they were is insanity. I then provided an academic source to add to the four newspaper articles, which GlowstoneUnknown (talk · contribs) and IP user immediately called bias, they did not provide evidence even when prompted and I have found none with my own research. Finally what seems to be Simon's main point is I have not been following WP:LEADFOLLOWSBODY (spelled as it should be, 'lede' is improper English), however LFB is a guideline, not a policy. I am not required to follow it, and it certainly is not grounds for a revert. What seems to be happening here (and on most socialism-related articles) is this specific group of editors (Simon, Robby, John, Glowstone, TFD) 'protect' these articles from negative edits, as I (and JacktheBrown (talk · contribs)) have seen this exact type of aggressive reverting and hostile tone used by these exact same users on Right wing populism and Brothers of Italy. How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? Mediate. Summary of dispute by Robby.is.onPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Summary of dispute by JohnbodPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
The formula for the lead description that Modern Manifest Destiny has several times reverted to leaves the text as "is a left-wing extremist democratic socialist political party in Germany." Contrary to what he claims, I have said in the discussion, that I might be happy with "far-left", but not as part of the contradictory and confusing jumbo sandwich description "left-wing extremist democratic socialist political party". What are readers to make of that? It is easy to reference that they are "left-wing", but "extremist" is a different matter. In last month's German general election they won just over 10% of the parliamentary seats, which makes it much harder to say they are "extremist". None of these terms have generally agreed definitions. Does the "John" in his "What seems to be happening here (and on most socialism-related articles) is this specific group of editors (Simon, Robby, John, Glowstone, TFD) ..." refer to me (and if not me, then who)? I have never edited the other articles, and my over-280,000 edits must include only a couple of dozen of articles on political parties. This untruth is pretty typical of his way of carrying on - see the edit summaries on his edits to the article, like ""Clarified that Die Linke is a far left party, any reverts will be marked as vandalism as this has already been discussed many many times in the talk page, and it is clear that this designation is correct." - untrue in various respects. If you want to see "aggressive reverting and hostile tone" his various edits provide plenty of that, and I agree with several other points by Simonm223 just below. Unfortunately at present the article talk seems to have few if any editors (including me) who speak German well and actually follow German politics closely; it would be worth asking for some attention from the German wikiproject. Like most large political parties, and perhaps more than most, "The Left" is in practice a coalition of various factions between them covering a wide range of views. The sections lower down seem to me to do a reasonable job explaining this, and the lead description should imo be expanded to introduce this, but not just by introducing an adjectival pile-up that will just leave readers confused. What does his "I am also, of course, aware that Macron and Trudeau are not members of Die Linke, assuming that I was suggesting they were is insanity" relate to? Did anyone suggest that? Some of his comments, such as: "they are 1: a far left party, in that their views differ significantly from mainstream leftism (they are socialists)..." suggest a pretty complete lack of knowledge of European politics", which (together with his very combative approach) greatly reduces his usefulness in discussing this subject. Johnbod (talk) 05:15, 11 March 2025 (UTC)
Summary of dispute by Simonm223Please keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
I am a bit confused about some items related to the formulation of this DRN case. There are actually several other parties that are equivalently involved to myself. These include @GlowstoneUnknown:, @The Four Deuces:, @Manuductive:, @JacktheBrown: and at least one IP user. I am uncertain about the appropriate etiquette around notifications here but I have pinged these additional parties as they were also participants in the article talk in question. The argument against inclusion in the lede largely stems from WP:LEDEFOLLOWSBODY - previously I raised that the body of the article is quite nuanced regarding the political position of this party and that reducing this to far-left in the lede or in associated infoboxes would be an over-simplification of a relatively nuanced academic discussion. ModernManifestDestiny incorrectly referred to this as WP:CIRCULAR. In the same post they also engaged in a personal attack against me, calling me a Tankie[16]. They have also referred to other editors as The conversation at article talk has also been made more difficult by some misunderstandings of Wikipedia article talk spaces by Modern Manifest Destiny. They have repeatedly accused an IP user with a rotating IP address of being a sock [18] have complained that multiple editors have reverted their WP:BOLD edit when they reached the WP:3RR brightline for edit-warring to reinsert it over multiple opposing editors [19], they have engaged in WP:NOTFORUM replies suggesting that Macron and Trudeau (neither of whom are members of Die Linke nor even from Germany) are secret communists [20] and generally seem to be approaching this argument from a WP:BATTLEGROUND mentality. Simonm223 (talk) 14:39, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
The Left (Germany) discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
Zeroth statement by possible moderator (Die Linke)This is a preliminary inquiry to determine whether DRN is a workable forum for any dispute, and a preliminary statement about the rules. I don't know if DRN is a workable forum because of the large number of editors. With a large number of editors, sometimes RFC is the only workable means for dispute resolution. However, if an RFC is in order, I will try to assist in formulating the RFC question to be concise and neutral. Since Die Linke has its historical roots in East Germany, this dispute has to do with Eastern Europe, so that this is a contentious topic based on the ArbCom ruling on Eastern Europe. If moderated discussion is in order, we will use DRN Rule D. Be civil and concise. Do not engage in back-and-forth discussion. Address your comments to the moderator and the community. Overly long statements may help the poster to feel better, but may not communicate what the dispute is about. Do each of the editors want to engage in moderated discussion about a contentious topic? If so, please state, concisely, what you want to change in the article that another editor does not want to change, or what you want to leave unchanged that another editor wants to change. It isn't necessary to move any statements, because we will start over. That is, I won't pay much attention to the above statements. State concisely, again if you already did make a concise statement, what the issue is about article content. Are there any other questions at this point? Robert McClenon (talk) 18:05, 11 March 2025 (UTC) Statement 0.1 by possible moderator (Die Linke)I will add or restate a few points. Comment on content, not contributors. Discuss edits, not editors. Those two instructions are the same because they need repeating. Do not cast aspersions. All of you have been given the required notice about a contentious topic. Robert McClenon (talk) 19:28, 11 March 2025 (UTC)
Statement 0.3 by possible moderator (Die Linke)It appears that one of the issues, or maybe the only issue, has to do with the characterization of Die Linke and its ideology and policies, in particular whether to describe the party as far left. If that is either the only content issue or the principal content issue, an RFC should be used. So please also state whether the main issue, or one of the main issues, is how to characterize the ideology of the party. Robert McClenon (talk) 19:50, 11 March 2025 (UTC) Zeroth statements by editors (Die Linke)Zeroth statement by Simonm223Honestly I'm quite receptive to your suggestion that an RfC would be a more appropriate dispute resolution mechanism in this case. Simonm223 (talk) 18:13, 11 March 2025 (UTC)
Zeroth statement by GlowstoneUnknownI fully agree with the sentiment that this is the wrong forum for this discussion, an RfC would be a much more suitable solution. – GlowstoneUnknown (Talk) 09:55, 12 March 2025 (UTC) Zeroth statement by JohnbodI agree an Rfc would be best (I suggested this in the edit summary of my first intervention here). Several draft phrasings for the whole sentence(s) in the lead should be put forward - the lead is pretty short here and some expansion would be better. I don't actually agree that "the only content dispute is whether to describe the party as far-left in the lede and / or the infobox" is true. The overall description is the issue here, as should be clear from the to-and-fro above. Johnbod (talk) 02:33, 13 March 2025 (UTC)
First statement by possible moderator (Die Linke)It appears that we agree that RFC is the way to resolve this dispute. It is my understanding that at least one editor,User:Simonm323 has a draft RFC. If that is correct, or if any editor has a draft RFC, please provide a link to it so that we can review it before it is launched. Are there any other questions? Robert McClenon (talk) 03:16, 13 March 2025 (UTC)
First statements by editors (Die Linke)First statement by Simonm223I'm putting this in with incomplete formatting but here's the draft: Header level 2: RfC - Should the party be described as far-left in the lede or in the infobox? (RFC politics tag goes here) Should Die Linke be described as far-left in the lede or in the infobox?
Header level 3: Poll Header level 3: Discussion I think this is appropriately neutral and includes all the preferred options for this conflict. Simonm223 (talk) 11:34, 13 March 2025 (UTC)
Second statement by moderator (Die Linke)I have edited the proposed RFC by Simonm323 and have saved it in a temporary file, Talk:The Left (Germany)/Draft RFC 1. Comments are welcome. Please do not vote in it, because it is not a live RFC. Other editors are invited to propose alternate RFCs. Johnbod says that it is far too short and simplistic. Does that mean that there is a content issue beyond the labeling of the party? If so, what is the additional content issue? Otherwise, what else should be included in the RFC? Are there any other questions at this time? Robert McClenon (talk) 03:32, 15 March 2025 (UTC)
Statement 2.1 by Moderator (Die Linke)An editor disagrees with my statement that the former East Germany is covered by the contentious topic designation for Eastern Europe. On the one hand, we can reasonably disagree. On the other hand, it makes very little difference if the discussion of this topic and the editing of the article are collaborative. What a contentious topic designation does is to make it easier for administrators to sanction an editor who is disruptive. If the editors are collaborative rather than disruptive, it doesn't matter whether contentious topic sanctions are available. An editor who wishes to ask whether eastern Germany is a conteintious topic may ask the Arbitration Clarifications and Amendments. If the ArbCom disagrees with my interpretation that Eastern Europe includes East Germany, then the effect is that punishing or restricting disruptive editors is more difficult. The assumption of good faith is that all of the editors in a dispute are at least trying to edit properly. I will assume that East Germany is in Eastern Europe and is a contentious topic. Robert McClenon (talk) 14:19, 16 March 2025 (UTC)
Second statements by editors (Die Linke)Second statement by Simonm223Just for the record I do also object to inclusion of the term "far left" in the lede or in the infobox because I feel like the lede is inappropriate for the level of nuance necessary to parse whether the term is correct based on the reliable sources currently in the body for the question. Simonm223 (talk) 15:41, 19 March 2025 (UTC)
Third statement by possible moderator (Die Linke)One editor developed a draft RFC, and I worked it into a form where I think it is ready to be moved to Talk: The Left (Germany). Another editor has said that the draft RFC is too short and simplistic, and will not resolve the issues. I asked for alternate RFCs and for comments about the RFC, and I don't see any comments or answers. If there are no useful comments within 24 to 48 hours, I will copy the draft RFC to the article talk page and activate it. Some editors have on the other hand distracted themselves over an issue that should not matter if they plan to be civil and to cooperate with dispute resolution, and I have confidence that the editors here are acting in good faith and plan to comply with guidelines including civility. The significance of a contentious topic designation is that editors who edit disruptively may be subject to special sanctions and special remedies. It shouldn't matter if the German Democratic Republic is a contentious topic if you plan to edit collaboratively. Any editor who wants to submit a Request for Clarification to the Arbitration Committee about the German Democratic Republic, which was a Soviet Union puppet state, is welcome to submit such a request. It should not affect this dispute unless someone plans to engage in civil POV pushing or incivility. We should be trying to solve the content issue rather than arguing about what the sanctions are for disruptive editing. Are there any comments, suggestions, or questions about an RFC? Are there any other questions? Robert McClenon (talk) 20:11, 19 March 2025 (UTC)
Third statements by editors (Die Linke)Third statement by Simonm223The editor who originally brought this forward to DR/N hasn't edited anything in a week and hasn't responded to this dispute in nine days. I know that there's no deadline for Wikipedia and I hesitate to act too quickly but I guess the question is whether there remains a dispute? I think the lede is fine at status quo. So does Robby.Is.On and BobFromBrockley (who is not a party to the dispute). I'm OK with my RfC going forward if it's needed or with someone else taking a crack at improving the RfC but, if nobody is particularly inclined to mess with the lede in its present form, and if the original person who felt dispute resolution is needed has decided to take a wikibreak I wonder if we're not all kind of wasting time here. Simonm223 (talk) 12:38, 20 March 2025 (UTC)
Fourth statement by possible moderator (Die Linke)There seems to be a rough consensus at this point that the article can be left alone, and that there is no need for an RFC. If there is little or no interest in an RFC, and if there are no other content issues, we can close this DRN case. Are the editors willing to close this case? Are there any other content issues? Robert McClenon (talk) 00:48, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
Fourth statements by editors (Die Linke)Fifth statement by possible moderator (Die Linke)It appears that, because some editors disagreed with whether Die Linke is a contentious topic, some editors have decided to ignore the other provisions of DRN Rule D and are engaging in back-and-forth discussion, some of which borders on being uncivil. Then read DRN Rule A and abide by it. Back-and-forth discussion is not permitted. It appears that most editors think that the article can be left alone and the discussion closed, but a few editors would like to designate the party as far-left. There is a draft RFC on that question. We do not need a local rough consensus to launch the RFC. Any editor has the right to launch an RFC. RFC guidelines call for discussion before the RFC, and we have had discussion. Any editor who wants to launch the RFC can do so. As a service to the editors, I am willing to launch the RFC on request. (I have more experience with RFCs than most of you do, because disputes at DRN often go down the RFC road.) If anyone wants a different RFC drafted, we can do that. If we are divided between editors who don't think that an RFC is needed and editors who want an RFC, I will launch the RFC after we finish any tweaking. Do any editors want an RFC? If so, do you want the current draft RFC? We don't need a majority of the participants here to use an RFC. Are there any other questions? Robert McClenon (talk) 18:33, 25 March 2025 (UTC)
Fifth statements by editors (Die Linke)Fifth statement by Simonm223I am entirely OK with us bringing the RfC live. I have not because I was expecting revisions to its language. If there are none... Simonm223 (talk) 17:46, 26 March 2025 (UTC)
Sixth statement by possible moderator (Die Linke)It appears that one editor has said that they are willing to have an RFC, but no editor has said that they want an RFC. If no editor specifically wants an RFC, we will not have an RFC, and this dispute will be closed. Are there any other questions? Robert McClenon (talk) 04:26, 30 March 2025 (UTC) Sixth statements by editors (Die Linke)Sixth statement by Simonm223I will not be participating in this dispute resolution process any further. Please feel free to use my RfC draft or to modify it as you see fit should consensus arise that an RfC is an appropriate way forward. Simonm223 (talk) 14:28, 31 March 2025 (UTC) Sixth statement by GlowstoneUnknownDitto to Simon's 6th statement, any meaningful discussion to be had here has petered out and an RfC isn't necessary as consensus is established. – GlowstoneUnknown (Talk) 14:32, 31 March 2025 (UTC)
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Markov chain
![]() | Closed due to blocked filing editor. The filing editor has been blocked. This was probably not the right forum. The right forum was the Reliable Source Noticeboard. They did also file at RSN, and at WP:AN. The filing at WP:AN and the filing at RSN were closed as forum-shopping, and this is also forum shopping. If the filing editor is unblocked, they may file a new request only as RSN. Any editor may resume discussion at the article talk page. Robert McClenon (talk) 01:27, 1 April 2025 (UTC) |
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Have you discussed this on a talk page? Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved
Dispute overview I am requesting assistance in resolving a long-standing dispute regarding the removal of a peer-reviewed academic source from the Markov chain article. The source in question is: Gagniuc, P.A. (2017). Markov Chains: From Theory to Implementation and Experimentation. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-38755-8. This book: Is published by Wiley, a major academic publisher Has over 1,000 scholarly citations Contains formal definitions, historical context, and reproducible code implementations of Markov chains Despite fulfilling WP:RS and WP:SCHOLARSHIP criteria, the book has been repeatedly removed by users such as Malparti, XOR’easter, and JBL, citing vague issues such as: “poor writing” “no real theory” “badly-worded boring code” “author does not understand the basics” These are subjective assessments, not grounded in policy. No secondary academic sources have been provided to dispute the book’s reliability or correctness. Additionally, there is documented evidence of editorial coordination and long-standing bias: In this edit request from June 2024, XOR’easter states: “As Malparti said...”, echoing his language and judgment ➤ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Markov_chain#c-XOR'easter-20240630181800-XOR'easter-20240613205100 I have raised the issue on the Talk page and proposed reinsertion with a neutral citation, but these editors have opposed inclusion regardless of phrasing or context. I would appreciate: A clear ruling on whether the Wiley book meets WP:RS / WP:SCHOLARSHIP Input on whether the pattern of subjective dismissal constitutes POV-pushing or coordinated editorial bias Guidance on whether this dispute should be escalated to ANI or Arbitration Thank you. ~~ EricoLivingstone (talk) How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? I believe this dispute can be resolved by confirming whether the Wiley source (Gagniuc, 2017) meets Wikipedia’s reliable source standards (WP:RS and WP:SCHOLARSHIP). I have proposed neutral phrasing for its inclusion, but some editors have opposed it based on subjective opinions and unsourced claims. I’m requesting a neutral evaluation and help in reaching consensus. Summary of dispute by MalpartiPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Summary of dispute by XOR’easterPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Summary of dispute by JBLThe correct resolution of this dispute is that the forum-shopping disruptive filer should be blocked. (I understand that is not an action that will be taken here, I am just suggesting that DRN volunteers not waste their valuable time with this inanity.) --JBL (talk) 17:56, 31 March 2025 (UTC)
Markov chain discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
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Amiga
![]() | Closed as not followed up on by filing editor. This case was filed 5 days ago, and the filing editor was notified 2 days ago that they had not notified the other editor, User:MrOllie. They still have not notified the other editor, but that is because they have not been editing for the past 4 days. Taking a wikibreak is permitted, but taking a wikibreak after requesting dispute resolution at a noticeboard is not useful. When the filing editor returns, they may resume discussion on the article talk page, Talk:Amiga. If that discussion is lengthy and inconclusive, they may file another case request here, and are required to notify the other editor, and are advised to check the status of any noticeboard cases that they have filed. Robert McClenon (talk) 20:45, 1 April 2025 (UTC) |
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Have you discussed this on a talk page? Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved Dispute overview I've been trying to correct misinformation on this page. Since I worked there, indeed I'm already mentioned in the wikipedia Amiga webpage, I should be able to contribute to this page and correct the facts. MrOllie keeps reverting changes with some sort of reasoning. I've tried to conform to the request the MrOllie states, and in the last undo he states that even though I've now corrected the previously untrue information, my accurate information, backed up by a published account of the 1984 CES is trivial. A single editor should not decide what is trivia unless they have detailed knowledge of the subject. Indeed most of wikipedia info could be considered trivia to many people. I suggest that other editors be allowed to participate in this discussion.
At least one other editor has stated their support of my position. How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? I believe additional editors need to participate in this discussion. MrOllie is not an expert on the Amiga subject and I believe he should not be allowed to make changes unless his changes are discussed in the talk section. I've always thought that wikipedia is the place to go for accurate information, indeed google seems to reference it with its AI bot. However the wikipedia Amiga page has much inaccurate information. I was the second software engineer to join Amiga. I joined in August of 1983. Summary of dispute by MrOlliePlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Amiga discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
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Political marriages in India
![]() | Closed without prejudice because the other editor has not responded and has not edited since this case was filed. The filing editor notified the other editor five days ago, but the other editor has not edited for six days. The filing editor should resume normal editing of the article. If the other editor returns, and the content dispute resumes, a new case request can be filed after article talk page discussion. Robert McClenon (talk) 21:06, 4 April 2025 (UTC) |
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Have you discussed this on a talk page? Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved Dispute overview User:HistorianAlferedo seeks to feature invented cheap website AI generated stories in an extended protected historic article that is meant to feature well reputed publications or even some modern scholarship, which the article already does with the exception of this edit. The User is insisting on this inclusion, usually such edits would be dealt with the IP being banned, or page protection raised. But this User has an account and is able to edit on extended-protected article, including repeatedly disrupting it. Hence i'm having to start a dispute resolution request on a matter of article disruption. How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? Talk:Political marriages in India#Inclusion of Mythical history How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? Stop him for adding it again. Summary of dispute by HistorianAlferedoPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Political marriages in India discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
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Canadian Indian residential school gravesites
![]() | Closed. The filing editor has been blocked indefinitely. Editors in good standing should edit the article normally and discuss their edits on the article talk page. Robert McClenon (talk) 18:55, 6 April 2025 (UTC) |
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Have you discussed this on a talk page? Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved
Dispute overview I'm trying to make improvements to the article, but a specific editor (@TarnishedPath) keeps blank slate reverting and refusing to engage in edit explanations or requests by citing any policy possible. Recently it's been consensus, but motivated reasoning has shown it can be anything. I don't want to report the user, I just want some impartial outside opinion on how to improve the article, and where my edits need fixing or improving or have issues. I'm not getting that from the editor in question, although others have been helpful, they are just less active and the # of editors is so small. How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? just need someone willing to engage with my edits, and perhaps encouraging the other editor to do so instead of blank slate reverting. Summary of dispute by TarnishedPathPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Canadian Indian residential school gravesites discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
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Talk:The Poem_of_the_Man-God#Geneviève Esquier
![]() | Closed as incompletely filed. The filing editor has not listed or notified the other editors. Resume discussion at the article talk page. If discussion is lengthy and inconclusive, a new request can be filed here, and the other editors must be listed and notified. Robert McClenon (talk) 14:14, 7 April 2025 (UTC) |
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Have you discussed this on a talk page? Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved Dispute overview Dispute about artice content How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? Please see WP:Help desk#Inclusion/exclusion of an item in an article which suggested I should request help here. Thank you. How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? Please see WP:Help desk#Inclusion/exclusion of an item in an article which suggested I should request help here. Thank you. Talk:The Poem_of_the_Man-God#Geneviève EsquierPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
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One Direction
![]() | (With lack of engagement from all involved editors, including 3O editors, I'm closing this request. I would encourage discussion to continue on the 1D Talk Pages and commend and encourage continued civility of editors.) Penguino35 (talk) 15:58, 8 April 2025 (UTC) |
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Filed by Jolielover on 13:39, 26 March 2025 (UTC).
Have you discussed this on a talk page? Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved
Dispute overview Dispute on whether an image should be included in the article; full discussion is on the article talk page and my talk page.![]() First originated in the peer review by @David Fuchs: who suggested the image was of poor quality and should be removed; I agreed and removed it. Serge (uploader of the image, who had added it back in 2012) disagrees with the removal. I find no EV in the image and it is of poor quality; Serge believes the image is essential and adds to the article. Requested a third opinion, received 2, one for and one against. How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? I hope to find some consensus on whether the image should be included or not, I want to take the article to FA so hope something as silly as an image would not obscure its chances. Thanks. Summary of dispute by SergeWoodzingRequested statement: The photo was stable in the article for many years but was removed recently without discussion due to 1 brief comment in a peer review calling it "decorative" (seems to be a trendy term to use to under-illustrate quite a few articles on English Wikipedia?). I reinstated the photo believing it was removed in error during massive changes being made to the article. That was promptly reverted with an edit summary comment but still no discussion for consensus. The photo is not of masterfully high quality, but good enough. It's clear enough and illustrates the group's popularity, at a specilly created & secure photo op for fans, in a country which does not have (the group's) English as their main language. It illustrated the artcle's section Image well, but that section has also been removed, unclear why. The image is rare, as donated to Commons for free use, and relevant to the article. It should be appreciated as such rather than being made a big spectacle of in a manner like this, which frankly seems ridiculous to me. Why is it so important to remove it when there is no other free image to use in it's qualifying context? --SergeWoodzing (talk) 20:47, 26 March 2025 (UTC)
PS There are now only 2 comments in the consensus discussion on the article's talk page supporting removal; 3 supporting inclusion. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 21:01, 26 March 2025 (UTC) One Direction discussionOnce all editors have contributed here in a brief statement, we will get started. Thank you, all, for your collaborative participation. Awaiting response by SergeWoodzing (talk · contribs). I edit almost daily, usually in US morning. Thank you for your patience throughout this process. Penguino35 (talk) 17:39, 26 March 2025 (UTC) We will refrain from discussion until all engaged parties have made their initial statements. Penguino35 (talk) 17:45, 26 March 2025 (UTC)
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Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
![]() | Closed as there doesn't seem to be a dispute. As far as I can tell, no one has reverted or otherwise disputed the filing editor's edit. If there's any disagreement, discuss that on the talk page (start new discussions at the bottom of the talk page). Also, this isn't the Arbitration Committee, and the committee doesn't deal with content disputes. Kovcszaln6 (talk) 12:16, 9 April 2025 (UTC) |
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Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved Dispute overview "Fire, Water, Wood, Metal, and Earth" is the order of the Qizheng 七政 (see "Days of the Week"), which is widely used in East Asia. Other language versions of this Wikipedia article also use this order to list the five elements. But some user neglected the "efn" stated afterwards, and just changed the order to "Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water" or "Fire, Earth, Metal, Water, Wood", which contradicts the "efn" stated. In addition, "Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, and Earth" is the order of the "Guoyu 國語", "Bai Hu Tong 白虎通" or "Shiming 釋名", which is common in feng shui. How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? Talk:Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)#add How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? I wanted Arbitration Committee to judge which order should be first listed in the "Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)" article? I prefer the "Days of the Week" sequence, and don`t want to change other language versions of this Wikipedia article again. Feng shui practitioners prefer the "Guoyu", "Bai Hu Tong" or "Shiming" sequence. Summary of dispute by ForistslowPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Wuxing (Chinese philosophy) discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
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Timothy Parker (puzzle designer)
![]() | Closed for multiple reasons. Firstly, DRN is not suitable for conduct-related disputes, but that appears to be the main point of this thread (Dispute concerning biased editing and improper conduct). Secondly, the filing editor has not notified the other editor on their user talk page. Thirdly, the edits suggested by the filing editor are poorly sourced (3 citations "will be provided", one appears to be original research, some are primary, etc.). I remind the filing editor to remain civil and assume good faith. If you have neutral suggestions with reliable, secondary sources, discuss them on the article talk page. Thanks. Kovcszaln6 (talk) 12:41, 9 April 2025 (UTC) |
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Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved Dispute overview Title: Dispute concerning biased editing and improper conduct on the “Timothy Parker (puzzle designer)” article Involved Parties: Neutral Third-Party Editor: Jameel Gleason (attempted neutral revisions) Challenging Editor: User “SnowFire” (responded with personal attacks, dismissals, and policy misrepresentations) Summary of Dispute: This filing documents a clear case of editorial bias, misconduct, and improper gatekeeping on the Timothy Parker (puzzle designer) article. A neutral third-party editor submitted fact-based, source-supported edits to bring the page up to standard. These contributions were immediately attacked by user “SnowFire,” who exhibited behavior in direct violation of WP:CIVIL, WP:AGF, and WP:NPOV. Specific Violations by SnowFire: 1. Violation of WP:CIVIL and WP:AGF (Assume Good Faith): "You can't just lie, or ask ChatGPT to make stuff up." This falsely accuses the contributor of dishonesty and violates Wikipedia’s foundational behavioral guidelines. 2. Disqualification of Contributor Based on Edit History – Not Policy: "You aren't a 'neutral third party editor'. All of your edits are to this one page." This violates WP:AGF. A contributor’s neutrality is not determined by the number of articles they edit, but by adherence to content policies. 3. Dismissal of Notability Without Review of Valid Sources: Documented achievements—such as being the Guinness World Records Puzzle Master, national TV credits, and widespread media coverage—were summarily dismissed without citing WP:GNG or WP:AUTHOR. This constitutes content dismissal without due process. 4. Use of Derisive and Mocking Language: Phrases like “random, forgotten books” and sarcastic dismissal of “popular Left Behind series?” violate WP:CIVIL and exhibit editorial bias and hostility. Evidence Provided: Talk page comments from April 8–9, 2025, by SnowFire Quotes cited above are visible in the “Timothy Parker (puzzle designer)” article’s Talk page history Requested Actions: Administra How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Timothy_Parker_(puzzle_designer) How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? Request admin review to ensure compliance with Wikipedia’s BLP and sourcing policies. Seeking neutral correction of outdated, disproven, or biased content based on Talk page discussion. Prefer neutral admin edits or dispute resolution process to restore balance and factual accuracy. Editor Jameel Gleason is available to support with verifiable sources.
Summary of dispute by SnowFirePlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Timothy Parker (Puzzle Desisner) discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
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Lan Samantha Chang
![]() | Closed due to failure to notify the other editor. The filing editor has not notified the other editor, three days after it was noted that they had not notified the filing editor. Robert McClenon (talk) 13:40, 16 April 2025 (UTC) |
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Have you discussed this on a talk page? Yes, I have discussed this issue on a talk page already. Location of dispute Users involved Dispute overview The page Lan Samantha Chang is about a Chinese American writer. In interviews and news features dating back to 1998, Chang has described, and continues to describe, herself as specifically "Chinese American." Book reviews cite this. Promotional materials from her publishers state this clearly. But recently, the user GuardianH changed Chang's ethnicity to "Taiwanese American." GuardianH's argument capitalizes on the complicated nature of Chinese-Taiwanese relations and -- ignoring decades-old evidence of Chang's own description of herself -- GuardianH tampers with edits on the page, tweaking details to present a false perspective. In one instance, GuardianH attributes to Chang a false comment that she actually does not make in an interview. It is fabrication. It is my belief that GuardianH's insistence on describing Chang as Taiwanese American, while trying to remove her self-designation as Chinese American, is politically motivated. I now suspect that GuardianH may have a pattern of such edits based on misrepresentation of comments. On the article Talk page, I have made an extensive case for the correctness of the designation of Chinese American; but GuardianH ignored that and reverted the edit for the third time. How have you tried to resolve this dispute before coming here? [[22]] How do you think we can help resolve the dispute? Please could you go through both sides' arguments, and some research of your own perhaps, and uphold that Chang's designation of herself as "Chinese American" -- and not the imposition of "Taiwanese American" on her -- is the correct and consensus designation? Summary of dispute by GuardianHPlease keep it brief - less than 2000 characters if possible, it helps us help you quicker.
Lan Samantha Chang discussionPlease keep discussion to a minimum before being opened by a volunteer. Continue on article talk page if necessary.
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Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Zsa Zsa Gabor
![]() | Closed as incorrectly filed. This report was not filed using the template for the purpose and so does not have the information that is needed to the tracking and handling of DRN (and that information had to be added manually in order to archie this report). This report does not list the other editors and does not show previous discussion. Please discuss at the article talk page, Talk:Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. After that discussion is lengthy and inconclusive, a new request can be filed here. The filing editor states correctly that they want to add information to the biography of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk about the reported affair between Ataturk and Zsa Zsa Gabor. The issue has been whether those reports have been made in reliable sources. Discuss reliability of sources at the Reliable Source Noticeboard, and discuss the biography at Ataturk at Talk:Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Any requests for dispute resolution at this noticeboard should be made using the template for the purpose. Any attempts to file reports at this noticeboard that are not made using the template for this purpose will be deleted. If the filer does not understand how to use the template, please ask at the talk page for this noticeboard or the Teahouse. Robert McClenon (talk) 15:26, 16 April 2025 (UTC) |
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A final decision needs to be made about this so editors like Beshogur will no longer be allowed to disruptively remove an extensively sourced, widely accepted piece of information that is relevant to the subjects' biographies. PromQueenCarrie (talk) 07:13, 15 April 2025 (UTC)
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- ^ Voigt, Sebastian. "Antisemitic Anti-Zionism Within the German Left—Die Linke." Global Antisemitism: A Crisis of Modernity. Brill Nijhoff, 2013. 335-343.
- ^ Rayder, Benjamin. Calculated Competitors or Ideological Bedfellows?: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Similarities and Differences Between the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) and Die Linke in the Saxon State Parliament During the 5th Legislative Period, 2009-2014. Diss. Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, Fakultät Sozial-und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, 2017.
- ^ https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210925-could-far-left-die-linke-become-part-of-next-german-government
- ^ https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/german-far-left-disbands-after-senior-member-quits-to-form-rival-group/
- ^ https://www.voanews.com/a/populist-left-leader-moves-to-launch-new-german-party-/7322313.html
- ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/16/carola-rackete-activist-aiming-to-revive-germany-far-left-die-linke-party
- ^ Moderate in power, populist in opposition? Die Linke's populist communication in the German states. By: Thomeczek, Jan Philipp, Journal of Political Ideologies, 13569317, Feb2025, Vol. 30, Issue 1
- ^ https://www.biasly.com/sources/france-24-bias-rating/
- ^ https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/france24/
- ^ https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/euractiv/