White-rumped monjita
| White-rumped monjita | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | Xolmis |
| Species: | X. velatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Xolmis velatus (Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823)
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The white-rumped monjita (Xolmis velatus) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers.[2] It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and as a vagrant to Argentina.[3]
Taxonomy and systematics
[edit]The white-rumped monjita was formally described in 1823 as Muscicapa velata, a member of the Old World flycatcher family.[4] It was eventually transferred to genus Xolmis that had been erected in 1826. Because Xolmis is masculine, it was necessary to change the ending of the specific epithet to velatus.[5][6]
According to the IOC, the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (SACC), and the Clements taxonomy, the white-rumped monjita shares genus Xolmis with only the white monjita (X. irupero).[2][5][7] However, as of December 2024 BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World includes six other species in addition to the white-rumped and white monjitas.[8] All agree that the white-rumped monjita is monotypic.
Description
[edit]The white-rumped monjita is 19 to 20 cm (7.5 to 7.9 in) long. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a mostly white head with a pearly gray nape. Their upperparts are mostly brownish gray with a white rump. The basal half of their tail is white and the rest black. Their wings are blackish with a white band at the base of the flight feathers that shows as a stripe in flight. Their inner secondaries and tertials also have a white patch. Their underparts are entirely white. They have a dark iris, a black bill, and dusky blackish legs and feet.[9]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The white-rumped monjita is found in Brazil from the lower Amazon River in Pará and Maranhão south to Paraná and occasionally beyond, and west to southern Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul. Its range continues into northern and central Bolivia and northeastern Paraguay.[9][10][11] The SACC also has records of it as a vagrant in northern Argentina.[3] The white-rumped monjita inhabits open and semi-open landscapes such as savanna and grasslands with some bushes and trees, and is usually found near water. It often occurs around isolated human dwellings and on the outskirts of towns. In elevation it ranges up to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[9][10][11]
Behavior
[edit]Movement
[edit]![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2025) |
The white-rumped monjita is a year-round resident.[9]
Feeding
[edit]The white-rumped monjita feeds on insects, though details are lacking. It usually forages in pairs, perching somewhat tamely in the open on fence posts, wires, and bushes. It drops from the perch to the ground to capture prey and also hovers before dropping.[9]
Breeding
[edit] | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2025) |
Nothing is known about the white-rumped monjita's breeding biology.[9]
Vocalization
[edit]The white-rumped monjita is not highly vocal.[9] Its song is a "nasal, downslurred njeh, repeated at 1-sec intervals".[10] It sometimes gives a single whistle at night.[9]
Status
[edit]The IUCN has assessed the white-rumped monjita as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered fairly common and occurs in many national parks and other protected areas. It is "tolerant of converted habitat".[9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b BirdLife International (2024). "White-rumped Monjita Xolmis velatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T22700027A263754578. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22700027A263754578.en. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (March 2025). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List. v 15.1. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
- ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 March 2025. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved 30 March 2025
- ^ Lichtenstein, Hinrich (1823). Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin: nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Säugethieren, Vögeln, Amphibien und Fischen (in German and Latin). In Commission bei T. Trautwein. p. 54. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
- ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 March 2025. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved 30 March 2025
- ^ Oken, Lorenz (1826). Isis von Oken (in German). Expedition der Isis. p. 973. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
- ^ Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2024. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2024. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved October 23, 2024
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2024). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 9. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/about-our-science/taxonomy retrieved December 23, 2024
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Farnsworth, A. and G. Langham (2020). White-rumped Monjita (Xolmis velatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whrmon2.01 retrieved May 11, 2025
- ^ a b c van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 320–321. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
- ^ a b de la Peña, Martín R.; Rumboll, Maurice (2001). Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica. Princeton Illustrated Checklists. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate 75, map 75.4. ISBN 0691090351.