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This page is a sandbox for the BESA design M class locomotives. WIP

Please note that the Indian Steam Railway Society website was listed by Rob Dickinson's International Steam Pages website as being "harmful by July 2020" (read: usurped). If you must access the links go through the archive links instead, otherwise exercise caution and use a strong antivirus software.

Indian locomotive class M[a]
Pakistan Railways MS no. 63
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
DesignerEngineering Standards Committee (later the British Engineering Standards Association (BESA))
Messrs. Rendel, Palmer, and Tritton (under employment of the ESC)
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • Whyte4-6-0
 • UIC2'C n2
2'C h2 (superheated)
Driver2nd driving wheel
Gauge1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)
Coupled dia.48 in (1,200 mm)
Wheelbase:​
 • Axle spacing
(Asymmetrical)		First and second drivers: 5 ft 4+1⁄2 in (1.638 m) (5 ft (1.5 m) (RSR/SRT))[1]
Second and third drivers: 6 ft 7+1⁄2 in (2.019 m) (6 ft (1.8 m) (RSR/SRT))[1]
 • Engine21 ft 1 in (6.43 m) (20 feet 1⁄2 inch (6.109 m) (RSR/SRT))[1]
 • Leading4 ft 9 in (1.45 m)
 • Coupled12 ft (3.7 m) (11 feet (3.4 m) (RSR/SRT))[1]
 • Tender11 ft (3.4 m)
 • Tender bogie5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)
 • incl. tender42 ft 1+1⁄4 in (12.833 m) (41 feet 4+3⁄4 inches (12.617 m) (RSR/SRT))[1]
Length:
​
 • Over buffers52 ft 7+13⁄16 in (16.048 m)
Width7 ft 9 in (2.36 m)
Height11 ft (3.4 m)
Axle load8.7 t (8.6 long tons; 9.6 short tons)
Service weight33.5 t (33.0 long tons; 36.9 short tons)
Firebox:​
 • TypeBelpaire
Boiler pressure180 psi (1,200 kPa)
Safety valveRamsbottom
CylindersTwo, outside
Valve gearWalschaerts
Caprotti (RSR/SRT)
Valve typeSlide
Piston
Career
OperatorsIndian Railways (IR)
Pakistan Railways (PR)
Bangladesh Railway (BR)
Burma Railways (BR)
Royal State Railway of Siam (RSR), later State Railway of Thailand (SRT)
Iraqi State Railways (ISR)
Aden Railway (AR)
ClassM, MS (superheated) (government operated railways, Pakistan Railways)
R, RS (superheated), RC (superheating conversion), RH (ex-Assam Bengal Railway (ABR)) (Bangladesh Railways)
K, Ks (superheated) (Burma Railways)[2][3]
E (RSR/SRT)[4]
Numbers1 (AR)
8-19 (later 156-67), 35-9 (later 168-72), 173-198 (RSR/SRT)[5]
LocaleBritish Raj, later India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
Myanmar
Thailand
Cambodia
Aden Province
Iraq
Preservedaround 11 (Thailand)[6]
Reference(s): [7], unless where noted

The Indian locomotive class M (Mixed)[a] were a class of 4-6-0 mixed traffic metre-gauge locomotives introduced in 1903[b] as one of four standard locomotive designs developed by the Engineering Standards Committee (later the British Engineering Standards Association (BESA)) for the metre-gauge railways of British India. Outside of British India (later India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), locomotives of this design operated in Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Cambodia, Aden, and Iraq.

Background

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British Indian railways operated numerous steam locomotives built to their own design standards. Around the turn of the century, this strained British locomotive manufacturers who could not keep up with motive power demand for the growing railways.[8][9] This led to British Indian railways outsourcing production of locomotives to non-British companies, which generated complaints from British locomotive manufacturers.[10]

Amidst this developing situation, proposals for standardisation of British Indian steam locomotives had been drawn up in the 1870s but never went through;[11] but later, a locomotive standardisation scheme for British Indian railways was finally realised when the Engineering Standards Committee was requested by the British Indian government to develop standard locomotive classes for British Indian railways.[12][13][9] Its first report, compiled in 1903,[7][b] outlined plans for British Indian standard locomotive designs, with additional reports issued in 1907[14] and in 1910.[15]

History and operational service

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Drawings of the Engineering Standards Committee 4-6-0 mixed-traffic metre-gauge locomotive

First catalogued in the first report of the Engineering Standards Committee on British Indian standard locomotive designs of 1903, this design of mixed-traffic locomotives for British Indian metre-gauge lines was based on pre-existing locomotive designs used by the Bengal and North Western Railway and the Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway.[16]

These locomotives received superheaters in 1912, as with all other Engineering Standards Committee-design locomotives at the time.[17] Engines built to this design worked the metre-gauge lines of British Indian railways (later Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi); however, only government-operated railways designated these locomotives as the class M.[18][better source needed] Burmese, Cambodian, Thai, and Iraqi railways, and the Aden Railway, also operated locomotives built to this design.

Foreign operators

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Burma (Myanmar)

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Several locomotives of this design were delivered to Burma Railways and were classified as class K.[2] Superheated versions were classified as Ks.[3]

A singular Ks class locomotive, no. 396, was captured by Japanese occupation forces in Burma and taken to Thailand during the Second World War.[19]It was later scrapped in 1954 after the Thai railways recovered from the war.[20]

Thailand

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E class locomotive plinthed in Chumphon railway station

The Royal State Railway of Siam/Thailand (RSR(S)), later the State Railway of Thailand (SRT), ran several locomotives derived from this design, as operated on the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway (MSMR).[21]

Delivered on the Southern Line starting from 1912, these locomotives were classified as the E class.[4] Construction of the metre gauge line (metre gauge would become standardised for later lines of the RSR/SRT) was initially undertaken by the Germans, but the British took issue to this and would later continue construction instead.[22] However, orders continued to be placed to Krauss of Germany for more metre gauge locomotives, resulting in complaints from British diplomats, moreover, creating issues between the Germans and British involved in building railways in Siam.[4] Ultimately, this resulted in the British locomotives building these locomotives in batches of 12, 5, and 25 by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL) in 1912, 1915, and 1919-20, respectively.[23]

The locomotives proved reliable on the RSR and continued to see service on the SRT well beyond the mid-1950s.[1] Five of the E class were later donated to Cambodia in the 1970s.[24] The donated locomotives were considered surplus at the time by the SRT.[25] The last E class locomotives still in service at that time, nos. 176 and 183, were scrapped by 1974.[24]

Cambodia

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Five Thai E class locomotives were donated by the State Railways of Thailand (SRT) to Cambodia in the 1970s.[26][24] The donated locomotives were numbered under the 230-0xx series,[c] which was also used by the earlier Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg (NIS) 381-400 series/C52 class[d] locomotives that were brought over from Java to Cambodia during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in Cambodian service, which were out of service by the time these Thai engines were delivered.[27]

Aden Province

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See also: Transport in Yemen § Railways

Construction on a metre gauge railway from Aden—the Aden Railway—were undertaken by the Royal Engineers during 1915-16, with administration being handled by the North Western Railway of India. An engine of this design became part of the Aden Railway's motive power fleet, built by Nasmyth, Wilson and Company, being numbered 1.[28]

In 1931, about two years since the railway's closure in 1929,[29] the engine was sent to the Eastern Bengal Railway (EBR) and renumbered no. 325 in EBR stock.[28][better source needed]

Iraq

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The Iraqi State Railways had several locomotives built to this design for the railway's metre gauge network, which were designated as their HG and HGS (superheated) class locomotives.[citation needed]

Design

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The design parameters outlined by the Engineering Standards Committee in their original 1903[b] report were as follows: the locomotives were designed to use the same boilers as their 4-8-0 goods locomotives and their passenger 4-6-0 locomotives—also of the metre gauge,[7] two outside cylinders, a Belpaire firebox[7] and saturated steam.[30] The valve gear used was the Walschaerts valve gear with slide valves,[7] and the reversing gear was located on the right-hand side of the cab, controlled by a screw reverser.[7] The wheelbase between the two rear driving wheels are longer than those of the two front driving wheels to accommodate the firebox and grate,[e] and the size of the drivers did not neccessitate the need to fit splashers above the wheels on the running board.[f] The tender had a fuel capacity of 4 tons, a water capacity of 2000 gallons and fuel capacity of 4 tons, and a half-cab on the tender.

The locomotives were designed for a boiler pressure of 180 psi (1,200 kPa), commonplace with the rest of the Engineering Standards Committee-designed locos outlined in the 1903 report.[7]

Design variations

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Several design variations that can be seen on locomotives built to this design are as follows: superheated versions were classified as MS[a][30] (S means superheated) and were equipped with piston valves.[citation needed] The original design specified an open half-cab on the tender. Some iterations had the half-cab fully enclosed; the Thai examples, on the other hand, lacked the half-cab.[citation needed] Other iterations also increased the fuel capacity to 7 tons and decreased the water capacity to 1850 gallons, a difference of 150 gallons.[citation needed]

Six locomotives from the first batch of the RSR E class were given Caprotti valve gear. Smoke deflectors were given to some of the Es and trial conversions to oil burning were undertaken, additionally.[1]

Preservation

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Locomotives of this design were classified as M and MS only in railways run by the British Indian government.
  2. ^ a b c The Engineering Standards Committee report that first catalogued this locomotive design was compiled in 1903, but was not published until 1905 (British Standards Institution).
  3. ^ The Cambodian railway network used the French locomotive classification system, counting axles instead of wheels—therefore 230 meant a 4-6-0 type locomotive.
  4. ^ C52 was the wartime designation of the class, structured according to the Japanese locomotive classification system.
  5. ^ The wheelbase between the first and second drivers measured 5' 4 1/2", and between the second and third drivers it measured 6' 7 1/2". However, the wheelbase between the first and second drivers measured 5' second and third drivers on the Thai examples measured 6' upon comparison between the diagrams of the Engineering Standards Committee and those presented in Ramaer (2009).
  6. ^ The driving wheel diameter measured 4'. This also was the case with the G class 4-8-0 locomotives with a driving wheel diameter of 3' 7". The 4-6-0 P class had a wheel diameter of 4' 9", therefore neccessitating the addition of splashers on the running board to make space for and cover the wheels.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Ramaer 2009, p. 28.
  2. ^ a b Diagram of Burma Railways class K: Goods B.E.S.A. Class K, Insein Works, Insein, Myanmar: Burma Railways, 1965, retrieved 16 November 2024 via Flickr
  3. ^ a b Diagram of Burma Railways Ks (superheated K) class locomotive: Goods B.E.S.A. Class Ks, Insein Works, Insein, Myanmar: Burma Railways, 1965, retrieved 16 November 2024 via Flickr
  4. ^ a b c Ramaer 2009, p. 27.
  5. ^ Ramaer 2009, pp. 197–8.
  6. ^ "Preserved/Extant Steam Locos and Steam Cranes in Thailand". International Steam Pages. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways (Report). British Standards Institution. November 1903. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  8. ^ "History of Steam: Broad Gauge". ISRS website. Indian Steam Railway Society (ISRS). Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2024. As the various railways grew in size and traffic at different pace, demand for larger and more powerful locomotives also increased. Due to individual practices followed by different railways and the local tastes the various railway systems adopted to their own configuration of engines and this led to considerable delay in supply of these engines from various manufacturers in England.
  9. ^ a b Bhandari, R. R. "Steam in History". IRFCA website. Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  10. ^ Bhandari, R. R. "Steam in History". IRFCA website. Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA). Retrieved 8 September 2024. [The inability of British locomotive manufacturers to meet demand] resulted in orders being placed on German and American manufacturers and ... protest was made on behalf of the [British locomotive manufacturers] in the British Parliament.
  11. ^ "History of Steam: Broad Gauge". ISRS website. Indian Steam Railway Society (ISRS). Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2024. Attempts at standardisation of locomotives were made as early as 1872 and 1879 but these were not conclusive.
  12. ^ "Indian locomotive practice". The Locomotive, Railway Carriage & Wagon Review. Vol. 14. London: Locomotive Publishing Company. 15 June 1908. p. 103. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  13. ^ Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways (Report). British Standards Institution. November 1903. p. 2. Retrieved 8 September 2024. The Locomotive Committee beg leave to report that, in accordance with instructions received through the Engineering Standards Committee from the Secretary of State for India, and with the assistance of a Conference between the Consulting Engineers and Locomotive Manufacturers of the country, they have carefully considered the questions of the most suitable designs of Locomotives for use on the Railways of India, and of the standardisation of their component parts.
  14. ^ Second Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways (Report). British Standards Institution. February 1907. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  15. ^ "[Third Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways]". Indian Industries and Power. Vol. 7. 1909. p. 275. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  16. ^ Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways (Report). British Standards Institution. November 1903. p. 2. Retrieved 27 December 2024. [T]he Mixed Traffic, or Goods Engine ... [has] been designed largely on the same lines as the Engines recently adopted by the Bengal and North Western and Rohilkund and Kumaon Railways ...
  17. ^ "History of Steam: Metre Gauge". ISRS website. Indian Steam Railway Society (ISRS). Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2024. ... introduction of superheating from 1912 onwards.
  18. ^ "History of Steam: Broad Gauge". ISRS website. Indian Steam Railway Society (ISRS). Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2024. Even the attempt to standardise the engine classification were followed strictly only by the railways operated by the state ...
  19. ^ Ramaer 2009, pp. 78, 85.
  20. ^ Ramaer 2009, p. 85.
  21. ^ Ramaer 2009, pp. 27–28.
  22. ^ Ramaer 2009, pp. 6–7.
  23. ^ Ramaer 2009, pp. 27, 28.
  24. ^ a b c Ramaer 2009, p. 29.
  25. ^ Roberts, Basil. "Thai E class (no. 187) before donation to Cambodia". Tiger Steam photo gallery: Thailand. International Steam Pages. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  26. ^ Roberts, Basil. "Ex-Thai E class locomotive in Cambodian service". Tiger Steam photo gallery: Cambodia. International Steam Pages. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  27. ^ Martindale, Colin. "Derelict ex-Thai E class locomotive in Cambodia". Tiger Steam photo gallery: Cambodia. International Steam Pages. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  28. ^ a b "Rolling stock for the Aden [Railway]". The Locomotive, Railway Carriage & Wagon Review. Vol. 34. London: Locomotive Publishing Company. 15 February 1928. pp. 42–43. Retrieved 13 November 2024. Retrieved via Flickr.
  29. ^ "Aden Railway". Families in British India Society (FIBIS). Retrieved 23 December 2024.
  30. ^ a b Smith, Jonathan. "BESA steam locomotives". The terminal: Standard steam locomotives. Iowa State University. Retrieved 8 September 2024.

Bibliography

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