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Sneath Glass Company
IndustryGlass
PredecessorTiffin Glass Company
Founded1892 (1892)
Defunct1952 (1952)
HeadquartersHartford City, Indiana
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Ralph Davis Sneath, Henry Crimmel
ProductsLantern globes
Glassware
Specialty glass
RevenueUSD $1.055 Million (1951)
Number of employees
144+ (1952)

The Sneath Glass Company /sniːθ/ was an American manufacturer of lantern globes and glassware. It began in Tiffin, Ohio, in 1892 when businessman Samuel B. Sneath purchased the Tiffin Glass Company and renamed it. Additional owners were his son Ralph Davis Sneath, and John W. Geiger. Mr. Theodore J. Creighton provided glass–making expertise and was plant manager. Production began during February 1892. Original products were mainly glass jars and lantern globes.







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Beginning

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Predecessor

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Old picture of an older man with a beard, little hair, and dressed in a tuxedo
Samuel B. Sneath circa 1902

The Tiffin Glass Company was organized as a cooperative in April 1888. It was the first glass company in Tiffin, Ohio. Samuel B. Sneath, a local businessman with no glassmaking experience, was president.[1] Construction of a glass works began during May, and the facility with a 12-pot furnace was completed by September.[1][Note 1] Production began September 10, and the main products were tableware. Lamps and lantern globes were expected to eventually join the product portfolio.[1][Note 2]

By the Fall of 1889, the company was not performing well financially—and its approximately 120 employees were unhappy with management.[10] In an attempt to pause and resolve differences, the factory shut down on November 30, 1889. By January 1891, nothing had been resolved, the factory was still shut down, and creditors (employees, shareholders, tax collectors, and vendors) wanted money. An application to dissolve the company was approved in February, and the facility was leased for about four months to another glassmaker. To pay debts, the county sheriff put the glass works up for auction on January 7, 1892.[11] The winning bidder was Samuel B. Sneath, who had been president of the company. The Tiffin Glass Company was officially dissolved on January 11, 1892. (Many years later, a different Tiffin Glass Company would come into existence.)[12]

Sneath in Tiffin

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old man with white mustache and full head of hair, wearing bow tie and suit jacket
Henry Crimmel

After Sneath's purchase of the Tiffin Glass factory, it was revealed that prior to the purchase, a new firm called Sneath Glass Company had been formed—and Sneath's purchase had been on behalf of that company.[13] The new firm was organized by Samuel B. Sneath, his son Ralph D. Sneath, and J.W. Geiger. The elder Sneath was the new company's president and treasurer, Geiger was secretary, Theodore J. Creighton was plant manager. Production began on February 20, 1892. Products were jars and lantern globes.[13]

In nearby Fostoria, Ohio, the Novelty Glass Company shut down in January 1892 because of a lack of orders. Although it planned to restart in April, it still remained closed during May.[14] At that time, plant manager Henry Crimmel left the company to become manager of Sneath Glass—replacing Theodore Creighton.[15] Crimmel was an experienced glass worker who had worked at J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company, Belmont Glass Works, and Fostoria Glass Company in addition to Novelty Glass Company.[16] He was involved with the startup, and been a manager, at all of those companies except the Hobbs works.[17] 






Sneath Glass prospered under his leadership.[13]

[18]

[19]

Factory burns

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On March 14, 1894, the Sneath Glass plant was destroyed by a fire. The company's workforce totaled to about 80 at the time. The destruction was so complete that it was said that the only things remaining were the building's side walls and smokestack. The facility would never be rebuilt.

Elsewhere during the late 1880s, the discovery of natural gas in Eaton, Indiana started an economic boom period in East Central Indiana.[20] Like many East Central Indiana communities during the gas boom, Hartford City's leaders sought to take advantage of their newfound energy resource. The Hartford City Land Company was formed in 1891 as part of the effort to attract manufacturers. The company offered "free sites, free gas, excellent switching facilities, and reasonable cash subsidies" as enticements for manufacturers to locate in the boom town.[21] An offer was made to the Sneaths and Geiger to restart their glass making on a free site in Hartford City. The offer included a relocation bonus. The free land, relocation bonus, railroad facilities, and insurance money made it possible to restart the glass company.

Indiana

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The Tiffin Glass Company was established in 1889 in Tiffin, Ohio.[22] On January 22, 1892, the company was purchased by Samuel B. Sneath, Ralph D. Sneath, and John. W. Geiger—and renamed Sneath Glass Company. Production began in February, and their main products were lantern globes and tumblers.[Note 3] After a reorganization and the destruction of its Tiffin works by fire, the company was lured to Hartford City, Indiana.[22][26] Located in East Central Indiana, Hartford City offered free natural gas and land.[27] The East Central Indiana area was enjoying an economic “boom” period at that time caused by the discovery of natural gas.[Note 4] The first Sneath Glass plant in Hartford City was located on the north side of town.[32] Production began in September 1894, and the company already had orders for 6 months of work on the first day of operation.[33]

Following the company's reorganization, the firm's officers were Ralph Davis Sneath, president; John. W. Geiger, treasurer; Alvie Clyde Crimmel, secretary; and Henry Crimmel, plant manager.[22] These four men were also the owners of the company, each owning equal shares of its stock. The board of directors consisted of the four owners plus Ralph's father, Samuel B. Sneath. The Sneaths came from a family of prominent businessmen from Tiffin, Ohio,[34] and the Crimmels came from a family of glassmakers.[35] Ralph Sneath also became involved in a grain dealership, railroading, and banking. He eventually became president of the Commercial National Bank of Tiffin, Ohio, and also president of the Ohio Banker's Association.[36] Civil War veteran Henry Crimmel brought over 25 years of glass making experience to the company, having learned and sharpened his skills in Bellaire, Fostoria, and Tiffin, Ohio. Henry's brothers, Johannes (a.k.a. John) and Jacob, worked in glassmaking—and Jacob also helped found the American Flint Glass Workers' Union.[37] Both Henry and Jacob Crimmel were considered key craftsmen in the early days of the Fostoria Glass Company.[38] While the Sneaths remained in Tiffin to oversee their many business interests, the Crimmels and Tiffin businessman J. W. Geiger moved to Hartford City.

Originally, Sneath Glass made kerosene lantern globes and the founts that held the lantern's fuel. Ruby, green, and blue globes were a specialty.[39] At one time, Sneath Glass was one of only three factories in the United States that made copper ruby globes. Major customers of lantern globes were railroads and ships.[22] Sneath globes were also used during the construction of the Panama Canal.[40]

By 1897, the company had over 60 employees.[41] Although plant manager Henry Crimmel was known for his craftsmanship, he was also mechanically inclined. The Sneath plant had a unique system of air hoses that would allow glass blowers to quickly finish glassware that was started without the aid of machinery, enabling the skilled workers to achieve a much higher production rate.[42] Henry Crimmel received a patent in 1904 for a “Glass Drawing Machine” that was an improvement for glass blowing and prevented irregularities in the glass.[43]

In 1905, Sneath Glass moved to the Jones plant of the American Window Glass Company, located on Wabash Avenue in the west side of Hartford City. The Wabash Avenue site had direct access to a railroad, and was close to Washington Street, which eventually became part of Indiana State Road 26, now the major east–west highway through the city. The Jones plant was quickly remodeled, and both operations and headquarters were moved to that site. This location became the permanent home of Sneath Glass Company.

John W. Geiger, part of the original company ownership and management, retired in 1907 and moved back to Tiffin, Ohio. He died at his home in Tiffin on June 23, 1915, at the age of 74 years.[44] Another original investor, Samuel B. Sneath, died earlier in the same (1915) year, on January 7.[45]

Transition from globes to other products

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Old picture of plain kitchen glassware
Sneath Glass canisters for Hoosier Cabinets. Compare to collection shown in picture below.
Color picture of old kitchen glassware in a wooden cabinet
A collector's display of an ash tray and most of a set of canisters made by Sneath Glass for Hoosier Cabinets.

Originally, the company devoted its production exclusively to lighting and lantern-related products such as lantern globes and founts. It made more globes than any two companies combined.[22] Several factors contributed to the need for a transition from globe manufacturer, and all were related to declining demand. First, around the beginning of the 20th century, electrification and the incandescent light bulb began replacing oil lamps, causing less need for lamp globes and fonts in cities.[46] A few decades later, railroads (major customers for globes) stopped expanding. Railroad route miles peaked around 1916, and railroad employees peaked around 1920.[47] Since the railroad industry was shrinking, its demand for lantern globes would diminish. Finally, in the 1930s, rural electrification decreased farmers' need for oil lamps.[48]

By 1899, the company was listed as the only manufacturer of semaphore globes and bulls eye lenses.[49][50] However, the company was diversifying from its lighting products portfolio with fruit jars and glassware.[Note 5] Three sizes of Mason jars were being hand blown by 1908. The Sneath jars were said to be "superior and more durable than machine made jars."[55] Around the same time, the company began making glass canisters for kitchen cabinet companies, including the Hoosier cabinet made by Hoosier Manufacturing Company.[42] This began the gradual (but important) transition from manufacturer of globes to manufacturer of glass products for portable kitchen cabinets. Cabinet products included salt and sugar bins, spice jars, and coffee and tea jars.[Note 6] From 1914 to 1916, management patented dispensing caps,[56] a dispensing jar,[57] and a bracket for supporting dispensing bins used in kitchen cabinets.[58]

Henry Crimmel suffered a stroke in 1916, and died about one year later.[59][60] Henry's son (and company co-founder) Alva Clyde (a.k.a. Alvie or Clyde) Crimmel took more management responsibilities at that time, and by 1920 his title was Vice-President and Treasurer. Clyde's oldest son, Henry Hays Crimmel, joined the company's management in 1918, focusing on sales.[42] Henry Hays had been working at Sneath since he was a child, and was very familiar with the company's products. Child labor was common in glass factories during the 19th century and early 20th century. The elder Henry Crimmel was fined $11.95 in 1901 by the state of Indiana for employing children under the age of 14.[61][Note 7]

The company used its experience with lighting and lenses to assist the United States government during World War I. Almost 10 percent of Sneath's production was devoted to a contract with the United States Navy to manufacture signal and masthead lights. Red, green, and white lights were produced for Navy ships.[63]

By 1918, the company's products (in addition to the lenses and lamps) were lantern globes, colored and crystal specialties, and food preservation ware such as canisters and fruit jars.[64] Around 1920, the company began making an interesting (but less important) product—a wall-mounted mail box. These mailboxes were made of glass, enabling one to easily see if mail had been delivered. Sneath employee William Chapman, working under the supervision of Ray Pruden, was granted a patent for the glass mailbox in 1921.[65][Note 8] Ray Pruden was superintendent of the factory, assuming that title after Henry Crimmel's stroke. William Chapman was a well-known glass blower who also secured a patent for an ash tray.[68] Employees of the company also patented other products, including a drawer pull,[69] a caster for furniture,[70] a newspaper receptacle,[71] and a chick feeding fount.[72] Years later, the glass mailbox was shown in Popular Mechanics magazine.[73]

Sneath Glass continued making glassware for kitchen cabinet manufacturers such as Hoosier and Sellers, and the 1920s were peak years for that cabinet style. Sneath management also patented more of its products used in kitchen cabinets, such as a sugar bin and a holder for condiment jars.[74] [75] The company also continued to improve its manufacturing process, as two employees were granted a patent for a means to remove glass from molds.[76]

The Sneath S Mark

Sneath Glass Company mark on spice jar

Originally, glassware made by the Sneath Glass Company could easily be identified by an "S" on the bottom of the product, such as on the spice jar shown in the adjacent photograph. Eventually, the "S" mark was discontinued.

The "S" was eliminated to save mold–cleaning time. When the molds for the glassware became unclean, they would need to be scrubbed. In addition to the time spent scrubbing, the "S" on the mold would, in effect, eventually be polished off the mold—making replacement necessary. By not using the "S" mark, scrubbing time was eliminated, and molds would last longer. The problem with this cost-saving change was that it did not promote the Sneath brand. Sneath products lost their brand recognition, became difficult to identify, and competitors could make similar products that customers could not differentiate from Sneath's.

  • Child laborers in a glass works circa early 1900s
    Child laborers in an Indiana glass works
  • cabinet holding old glassware
    Collection of glassware made by Sneath Glass Co.
  • a glass mailbox on display in a museum
    Mailbox made by Sneath Glass Co. displayed in a museum
  • a glass jar and rolling pin
    Jar and rolling pin manufactured by Sneath Glass Co.
  • Old brochure that says "To the housewife"
    Front of booklet listing kitchen glassware made by Sneath Glass Co.

The Great Depression and World War II

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In 1930, management consisted of Ralph D. Sneath, president; Alvie Clyde Crimmel, vice president; Henry Hays Crimmel, treasurer and general manager; Harry C. Hill, secretary and sales manager; and Ray Pruden, factory manager.[77] During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Sneath kept much of its workforce employed by shortening shifts. This kept the company from losing its skilled workers, and enabled more people to be employed. The glass business was thought to have one advantage during difficult economic times: people purchased glass products rather than metal products.

Pitcher made by Sneath Glass Company

In addition to their kitchen glassware products, Sneath began to make refrigeration products. Between 1933 and 1941, management secured at least six patents related to mechanical refrigerators.[Note 9] At one time, Sneath Glass produced almost 90 percent of the glassware used in consumer refrigerators in the United States.[84] This glassware was produced under the name of the appliance manufacturer, and included the major manufacturers of the time. Some of the consumer refrigeration products produced were defroster trays, cold water pitchers, and butter dishes. Additional products made by Sneath included sundae dishes, ink wells, fish tanks, and battery jars used by farmers' windmills.

Like the company's transition from lantern globes to glassware for kitchen cabinets, the transition to refrigerator products was important for the company's survival. By the mid-1930s, the Hoosier style cabinets, many of which contained glassware made by Sneath Glass, had lost their popularity. New houses typically contained built-in cabinetry.[85]

Although the company had transitioned to refrigerator products as a focal point, it still made other merchandise. One product was the company's own version of borosilicate glass, which was called "heat proof" glass. This glass could be moved from a refrigerator to an oven without breaking from the extreme temperature change. Heat proof glass was used for ovenware and coffee makers—and during World War II, it was used in searchlight products.[86] Unfortunately, the Sneath version of borosilicate glass, like the Sneath brand, was not promoted.

In 1940, millionaire Ralph Sneath died shortly after receiving severe injuries in an automobile accident, and the last of the founders, Alvie Clyde Crimmel, became chief executive.[87][88] Although Sneath did not spend much time at the glass plant, he was well liked and watched the company finances. Despite this loss, an aging workforce, and an aging infrastructure, the company continued to have talent both in the manufacturing process and creatively. Employee James A. Lewis received three patents related to glassmaking during the early 1940s, and master glass blower Bill Claytor was well known in the industry.[Note 10] Mr. Claytor became renowned in Hartford City because of the hand-blown Christmas gifts he made from a small furnace in the garage of his home.[42]

During World War II, the company made water-tight globes and lenses for search lights. Additional consumer products included glass irons, skillets, and even kitchen sinks.[92] The 1946 management team was A. C. Crimmel president; Henry Hays Crimmel, Vice President; H.C. Hill, Secretary and Sales Manager; S.B. Sneath Jr., Treasurer; John Richard Crimmel, Assistant Treasurer and Purchasing Agent; and Ray Pruden, Superintendent. Refrigeration products continued to be the most important segment of the product portfolio at that time.

The end of Sneath Glass

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A collector's Hoosier Cabinet filled with Sneath Glass Company products.

In the early 1950s, glass manufacturers faced competition from the new plastics industry. Glass companies needed to change with the times or face extinction, and Sneath Glass did not make enough changes. Refrigerator parts such as drip plates were being made of plastic instead of glass, and the company declined opportunities in both fibreglass and plastics. By making glassware mostly for other companies, Sneath had lost brand recognition, and it did not promote the Sneath brand or products such as its heat proof glass. Competitors making ovenware products had gained much better brand recognition. This meant that the company faced declining demand for its top two categories of products.

During 1952, the nation had a system of price controls that attempted to control post-war inflation. Workers at the Sneath Glass plant held a strike (the first ever for Sneath Glass), demanding better wages and fringe benefits.[93] Unfortunately, even if the competitive market would accept higher prices for Sneath glassware, the nation's Price Stabilization Board would not allow Sneath to increase prices— and the company was already losing money. The plant was closed, and approximately 125 families lost a source of income. The remaining company founder, A.C. Crimmel, died within two years.[94] Ironically, Henry Crimmel helped found a company that lasted 60 years, and his brother Jacob helped found a union that contributed (along with management) to the company's demise.

In 1953, Indiana Glass Company purchased controlling interest of the Sneath works.[95] The Indiana Glass works was located in an adjacent county, in Dunkirk, Indiana. This acquisition enabled the company to offer Sneath's heat proof glass as one of its many glassware products. Production at the Hartford City plant was restarted briefly, but eventually halted. In 1957, the Hartford City plant was sold to Canton Glass Company of Marion, Indiana.[Note 11]


Notes

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ A pot was essentially a measure of a glass plant's capacity. Each ceramic pot was located inside the furnace. The pot contained molten glass created by melting a batch of ingredients that typically included sand, soda, and lime.[2] Stationed around each pot was a team of laborers that extracted the molten glass and began the process of making the glass product.[3] For comparison purposes, the Fostoria Glass Company was incorporated in 1887, and its original furnace was also 12 pots.[4]
  2. ^ Because electric lighting did not begin until the late 1880s, many homes used kerosine lamps for lighting.[5] Lamps consisted of a stand, font, chimney, and often a shade.[6] The font (also spelled "fount") held the kerosine for the lamp.[7] The chimney was a glass tube placed around the lamp's flame that had a bulge at the base that kept drafts away from the flame and added extra illumination.[8] A lamp's shade was a glass object that surrounded the light source and diffused it.[9]
  3. ^ The purchase of the Tiffin Glass plant by the Sneaths is described in the March 15, 1892, edition of China, Glass & Lamps, which is quoted in a set of papers held by the Rakow Research Library.[23][24] The same article is partially quoted in a glassware identification book, which also notes that the Tiffin Glass Company purchased by the Sneaths is not the same Tiffin Glass Company that was the successor to the U.S. Glass Company.[25]
  4. ^ The original East Central Indiana gas discoveries were made in 1886 in the communities of Eaton and Portland, which are 8 and 22 miles, respectively, from Hartford City.[28][29] Successful wells were drilled in Hartford City during the following year.[30] Hartford City also had two railroad lines, one running north-south and one running east-west.[31]
  5. ^ An 1899 directory of products manufactured in the United States lists the following products manufactured by Sneath Glass Company: fancy colored glass-ware,[51] fruit jars,[52] globes and shades,[53] lantern globes,[49] semaphore globes,[49] glass smoke bells,[54] and bulls eye lenses.[50]
  6. ^ Some of the Sneath's kitchen cabinet products for Hoosier cabinets are shown in the brochure displayed herein.
  7. ^ There is a high probability that the elder Henry Crimmel also began his glassmaking career as a child laborer, since his brother Jacob is known to have begun working in a glass plant at the age of 13.[62]
  8. ^ Although the local newspaper listed both Ray Pruden and William Chapman as the patentees of the glass mailbox, both glass mailbox-related patents from that period list only William Moses Chapman as the inventor.[66][67]
  9. ^ Employees of Sneath Glass Company had at least six patents related to interiors of refrigerators. Three patents were granted in 1933.[78][79][80] Three more were granted in 1934, 1940, and 1941.[81][82][83]
  10. ^ Sneath Glass employee James Lewis received three patents during the 1940s. All three patents were related to the mechanized production of glassware.[89][90][91]
  11. ^ The sale of the Sneath Glass plant to Indiana Glass, and then to Canton Glass, is described in a set of papers held by the Rakow Research Library.[24]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c Paquette 2002, p. 409
  2. ^ United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 1917, p. 67
  3. ^ United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 1917, pp. 71–74
  4. ^ Paquette 2002, pp. 179–180
  5. ^
    • "History of the Kerosene Lamp". Iowa State University – University Museums. 24 April 2020. Archived from the original on August 21, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.;
    • "Shining a Light on Oil Lamps". Boylston Historical Society (Massachusetts). 2020. Archived from the original on April 13, 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.;
    • "Camphene to Kerosene Lamps". American Oil & Gas Historical Society. 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  6. ^ Shotwell 2002, pp. 290–291
  7. ^ Shotwell 2002, p. 189
  8. ^ Shotwell 2002, p. 85
  9. ^ Shotwell 2002, p. 494
  10. ^ Paquette 2002, pp. 411–412
  11. ^ Paquette 2002, pp. 412–413
  12. ^
    • Paquette 2002, p. 413;
    • "Tiffin Glass–Works Sold (lower left corner)". Cincinnati Commercial Gazette (Newspaper Archive). January 9, 1892. p. 11. This afternoon Judge J.F. Bunn, receiver of the Tiffin Glass Company, sold the factory building to S.B. Sneath....
  13. ^ a b c Paquette 2002, p. 439
  14. ^ Paquette 2002, p. 206
  15. ^
    • Paquette 2002, p. 439;
    • "Untitled (2nd column from left, near bottom)". Wheeling Daily Intelligencer. October 3, 1892. p. 3. Henry Crimmel...now managing a glass factory at Tiffin.
  16. ^
  17. ^
  18. ^
    • "At the Belmont Glass Works... (page 7, middle of column 3)". Wheeling Sunday Register (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress). March 11, 1883.;
    • "(column 3 near top)". Wheeling Register (Newspaper Archives). November 17, 1887. p. 3. Henry Crimmel, of the Belmont Glass Works, leaves on Monday for Fostoria, where he will manage a glass works.
  19. ^
    • "Untitled (right column of page 1, 1/3 down)". Elmore Independent (Ohio). November 21, 1890. p. 1. The Fostoria Novelty Glass Company was organized....;
    • Murray 1992, p. 33;
    • Paquette 2002, p. 205
  20. ^
  21. ^ Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896, p. 4
  22. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference HC Illustrated 18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ China, Glass & Lamps 1892
  24. ^ a b "[Collection of papers], 1892-1958". Corning Museum of Glass, Rakow Research Library. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
  25. ^ Bredehoft & Sanford 1999, p. 183
  26. ^ "Losses By Fire" (PDF). The New York Times. 1894-03-15. The Sneath Glass Works was burned this afternoon.
  27. ^ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1995, p. 6, column 5
  28. ^ "Indiana's Natural Gas Boom". The American Oil & Gas Historical Society. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
  29. ^ "MapQuest (search for Hartford City, Indiana)". MapQuest. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
  30. ^ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1986, pp. 17–18
  31. ^ Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896, p. 16
  32. ^ Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896, p. 4
  33. ^ Blackford County Historical Society (Ind.) 1995, p. 8, column 1
  34. ^ Unlisted (Seneca County) 1902, pp. 257–261
  35. ^ Crimmel 2000, p. 1
  36. ^ Shimansky 1914, p. 34
  37. ^ Cook 1939, p. 26
  38. ^ Venable & Jenkins 2000, p. 174
  39. ^ United States 1903, p. 691
  40. ^ Bennett 1915, p. 456
  41. ^ Indiana Dept. of Factory Inspection 1898, p. 34
  42. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference GlassBusiness 4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  43. ^ US patent 759,159, "Glass-Drawing Machine", issued 1904–05–03
  44. ^ National Glass Budget 07-03 1915, p. 14
  45. ^ Unlisted (National Cyclopaedia) 1920, pp. 22–23
  46. ^ "Electrification History 1 – Early Years". National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  47. ^ "A Short History of the U.S. Freight Railroads". Association of American Railroads. October 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
  48. ^ "Electrification History 2 – Rural Electrification". National Academy of Engineering. 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  49. ^ a b c Unlisted (Seeger and Guernsey) 1899, p. 318
  50. ^ a b Unlisted (Seeger and Guernsey) 1899, p. 1082
  51. ^ Unlisted (Seeger and Guernsey) 1899, p. 172
  52. ^ Unlisted (Seeger and Guernsey) 1899, p. 174
  53. ^ Unlisted (Seeger and Guernsey) 1899, pp. 316–317
  54. ^ Unlisted (Seeger and Guernsey) 1899, pp. 328–329
  55. ^ "Mason Jars". (Hartford City) Times-Gazette. 1908-05-28.
  56. ^ US patent 1,116,569, "Metal Cap", issued 1914–11–10
  57. ^ US patent 1,157,679, "Dispensing Cap Or Cover", issued 1915–10–26
  58. ^ US patent 1,179,286, "Bracket", issued 1916–04–11
  59. ^ Cite error: The named reference HenryObit was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  60. ^ National Glass Budget 10-13 1917b, p. 1
  61. ^ Indiana Department of Inspection 1902, p. 7
  62. ^ Crimmel 1924, p. 11
  63. ^ National Glass Budget 05-26 1917a, p. 3
  64. ^ National Glass Budget 01-12 1918, p. 1]
  65. ^ "Hartford City Men are Patentees of New Glass Mailbox". Hartford City News. 1921-07-21.
  66. ^ US patent 1,393,944, "Mail-Box", issued 1921–10–18
  67. ^ US patent 1,438,518, "Mail Box", issued 1922-12-12
  68. ^ US patent D61267, "Design for an Ash Tray", issued 1922-07-25
  69. ^ US patent 1,478,381[dead link], "Drawer Pull and Label Holder", issued 1923–12–25
  70. ^ US patent 1,484,385[dead link], "Caster for Furniture", issued 1924–02–19
  71. ^ US patent 1,654,364[dead link], "Newspaper Receptacle", issued 1927–12–27
  72. ^ US patent 1,718,944, "Chick Fount", issued 1929–07–02
  73. ^ Popular Mechanics 1943, p. 48
  74. ^ US patent 1,449,974, "Bin for Sugar and the Like", issued 1923–03–27
  75. ^ US patent 1,514,375, "Rack or Holder for Condiment Jars", issued 1924–11–04
  76. ^ US patent 1,478,126, "Means for Removing Articles from Molds", issued 1923-12-18
  77. ^ American Glass Review 1930, p. 125
  78. ^ US patent 1,915,849, "Glass Defrosting Tray for Mechanical Refrigerators", issued 1933–06–27
  79. ^ US patent 1,915,647, "Glass Defrosting Tray for Mechanical Refrigerators", issued 1933–06–27
  80. ^ US patent 1,920,359, "Vessel and Track Construction for Refrigerators", issued 1933–08–01
  81. ^ US patent 1,949,453, "Receptacle and Combination Teat", issued 1934–03–06
  82. ^ US patent 2,199,195, "Multiple Compartment Tray", issued 1940–04–30
  83. ^ US patent 2,242,903, "Refrigerator and Tray Construction", issued 1941–05–20
  84. ^ Cite error: The named reference GlassBusiness 5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  85. ^ Pulos 1988, p. 130
  86. ^ Davis & Gross 2001, p. 207
  87. ^ Banking Publicity Assn. of the United States 1940, p. 24
  88. ^ "Ralph Sneath Taken by Death". Fostoria Daily Review. 1940-06-10.
  89. ^ US patent 2,216,318, "Glass Machine Operating Cam", issued 1940–10–01
  90. ^ US patent 2,251,847, "Glass Machine", issued 1941–08–05
  91. ^ US patent 2,301,892, "Glass Machine", issued 1942–11–05
  92. ^ Cite error: The named reference GlassBusiness 6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  93. ^ Cite error: The named reference SneathClose was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  94. ^ "Rites A. C. Crimmel Set for Saturday at Funeral Chapel Here". Hartford City News Times. 1954-02-26.
  95. ^ American Flint Glass Workers’ Union 1953, p. 17

References

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