User:Tintero21/List of pharaohs

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Pharaoh of Egypt
The Pschent combined the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt
Details
Style	Five-name titulary
First monarch	Narmer / Menes (as King of all Egypt) Akhenaten or Thutmose III (first to be called Pharaoh)
Last monarch	Nectanebo II (last native) Cleopatra and Caesarion (last Hellenistic pharaohs) Maximinus Daza (last use of royal titulary)
Formation	c. 3100 BC (first King of all Egypt) c. 1458 BC or c. 1352 BC (first to be called a pharaoh)
Abolition	c. 340 BC (last native pharaoh) 30 BC (last Hellenistic pharaohs) 313 AD (last use of royal titulary)
Residence	Varies by era
Appointer	Hereditary

The pharaohs were the rulers of Ancient Egypt from the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt during the Early Dynastic Period c. 3100 BC until the Roman conquest in 30 BC, with several periods of division and foreign rule. The specific title of "pharaoh" (pr-ꜥꜣ) was not used until the 18th Dynasty, c. 1400 BC. The rulers of Egypt had a complex royal titulary that remained relatively constant during its 3000-year history, featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee name (nswt-bjtj, also called "prenomen") and a Two Ladies name (nbtj), with additional titles being added successively during later dynasties.

Egypt was continually governed, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature and became the 25th Dynasty. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced 100 years of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time in 343 BC. Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by Hellenic pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Despite never officially adopting the pharaonic title, Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors continued to be called pharaohs by the Egyptians until the reign of Maximinus Daza in 313 AD.

The dates given for most of the early history of Egypt are only approximate and may vary depending on the author, sometimes by centuries (see Egyptian chronology). Names are based primarily on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.

Primary sources

Ancient Egyptian king lists

Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records and, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report. An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective. As a result, the dates given by authors often vary significantly, sometimes by hundreds of years. The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created):

• Den seal impressions (1st Dynasty, c. 3000 BC); found on a cylinder seal in Den's tomb. It lists all 1st Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names.
• Qa'a seal impressions (1st Dynasty, c. 3000 BC); found in Qa'a's tomb. It lists all eight kings of the 1st Dynasty by their Horus names.
• Palermo Stone (5th Dynasty, c. 2500 BC); carved on an olivine-basalt slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete.
• Giza writing board (6th Dynasty, c. 2400 BC); painted with red, green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood. Very selective.
• South Saqqara Stone (6th Dynasty, c. 2250 BC); carved on a black basalt slab. Very selective.
• Karnak King List (18th Dynasty, c. 1450 BC); carved on limestone. Very selective.
• Abydos King List (19th Dynasty, c. 1280 BC); carved on limestone at the Temple of Seti I. Very detailed, but omitting some of the Kings from First Intermediate Period and all the kings from Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. A similar but damaged list is found in the Temple of Ramesses II, Seti's successor.
• Saqqara Tablet (19th Dynasty, c. 1250 BC), carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the 1st Dynasty for unknown reasons.
• Turin King List (19th Dynasty, c. 1250 BC); written with red and black ink on papyrus. Likely the most complete king-list in history, today damaged.
• Ramesseum king list (19th Dynasty, c. 1200 BC); carved on limestone. Contains most of the New Kingdom pharaohs up to Ramesses II.
• Medinet Habu king list (20th Dynasty, c. 1150 BC); carved on limestone and very similar to the Ramesseum king list.
• Genealogy of Ankhefensekhmet (22nd Dynasty, c. 750 BC); carved on limestone, today damaged.
• Epitomes of the Aegyptiaca (Greek Period, c. 200 BC); possibly written on papyrus. Much of the original work survive only as corrupted regnal lists.

Manetho

For centuries, Manetho's Aegyptiaca, written around the year 300 BC, was the sole source for the entirety of Egyptian history, but nowadays his work is not considered reliable, as, in addition to being written thousands of years after the events it describes (and being written in Greek, resulting in the corruption of several names), the history only survives in corrupted fragments of much, much later authors foreign to Egyptian culture. Still, the Aegyptiaca is often used as a relevant source, as the original version likely had very accurate information. Manetho, himself an Egyptian priest, recorded the entirety of Egyptian history until the time of Alexander the Great (330 BC) and created the royal structure of 31 dynasties. The epitome of Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 230 AD), preserved bia George Syncellus (c. 810 AD), is often credited as the more "reliable" of Manethos' transmitors, while the Chronicon of Eusebius (c. 330 AD) and its Armenian translation are considered less trustworthy. Still, Africanus' version, or rather that of his later copysts, is also filled with mistakes and typos, often failing to do basic maths with the sums of regnal years and using different names for pharaohs that actually had the same exact name.

Much of Egypt's ancient history has only been "recently" deciphered, as The Egyptian language was only deciphered in the 19th century, following the discovery of the Rosetta Stone.

Predynastic Period

Main article: Prehistoric Egypt

The Predynastic Period ends c. 3100 BC when Egypt was first unified as a single kingdom by the rulers of Upper Egypt. Before this, both Lower and Upper Egypt where divided in several small kingdoms.

Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt geographically consists of the northern Nile and the Nile delta.

The Palermo Stone mentions 14 predynastic pharaohs from Lower Egypt. These may be mythical kings preserved through oral tradition, or may even be completely fictitious. Only a few names survive:

Left to right: "…pu"; Hsekiu; Khayu; Tiu; Thesh; Wazner; Mekh and "…a"

Other rulers include:

• Hedju Hor; only known from two clay jugs from Tura, Egypt
• Ny-Hor; known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan, Tura, Tarjan, and Nagada. Some believe that this serekh is a crude attempt at writing the name "Narmer".
• Ni-Neith; known from inscriptions in Helwan. Reading of name is uncertain.
• Hat-Hor; some scholars believe that this serekh is a crude attempt at writing the name "Narmer".
• [Double Falcon]
• Wash; only known from the Narmer Palette, defeated by Narmer.

Upper Egypt

Main article: Naqada III

Scorpion II, sometimes identified as an alternate name of Narmer, or perhaps one of his rivals.

Upper Egypt refers to the region up-river to the south of Lower Egypt.

• A ; only known from a graffito discovered in the Western Desert in 2004. This ruler is otherwise unattested.
• [Finger Snail]; The existence of this king is very doubtful.
• [Fish]; only known from artifacts that bear his mark. He most likely never existed.
• [Elephant]; likely never existed
• [Stork]
• [Bull]
• [Scorpion I]
• [Crocodile]; potentially read Shendjw; identity and existence are disputed.
• Iry-Hor; correct chronological position unclear.
• Ka; kaybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear.
• [Scorpion II]; potentially read Serqet; possibly the same person as Narmer.

Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100–2700 BC)

See also: Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)

Given the lack of sources for the first dynasties, it's almost impossible to fix exact dates for the early Egyptian rulers. One of the first "absolutes dates" is the accession of the 12th dynasty pharaoh Senusret III, dated to 1878 BC thanks to an astronomincal event that was recorded in his 7th year (1872 BC). Similarly, the accession Amenhotep I can be dated c. 1557–1525 BC, as an astronomical events was recorded in his 9th year (c. 1549–1517 BC). The Turin Canon gives a period of 955 regnal between the start of the First Dynasty and the end of the Eighth Dynasty, which can be placed c. 2160 BC with a small margin of error.

The name columns are simplified, only showing the "main" regnal name (see Royal titulary) and the birth name. The first Egyptian kings were known by a Horus name and the aditional Nebty and Golden Horus names. The next addition were the cartouche names, usually called the nomen (Sa-Ra) and prenomen (nswt-bjtj, "Sedge and Bee") a personal and throne name, respectively. These two names appear from the Fifth Dynasty onwards; earlier cartouches probably represented only the personal name. Early pharaohs are often identified by their Horus name, while later pharohs are often identified by their nomen. Lastly, it's worth nothing that virtually all transliterations are just approximations (Egyptian is a dead language); certain spellings may change depending on the author.

First Dynasty

The date commonly given for the beginning of the First Dynasty is c. 3100 BC, which is derived from several sources including the Turin Canon. A 2013 study, using radiocarbon dating and tools such as Bayesian statistics, placed Narmer's death most likely between 3111 and 3045 BC (with 68% confidence), with a broader range of 3218 to 3035 BC (with 95% confidence). Ancient sources, including Manetho, assign eight rulers to the First Dynasty, a fact confirmed by the records in the necropolis of Qa'a, the last pharaoh. The tombs of all pharaohs, including queen Merneith, are located in the necropolis of Umm El Qa'ab, Abydos.

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Horus name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Narmer	Alternate name Nomen: Menes (?	c. 3100 BC	Unified Upper and Lower Egypt during his rule. Identified by most scholars to be the same ruler as Menes, the first pharaoh according to Manetho. His name is attested as far as the Nahal Tillah in Israel. He was killed by an hippopotamus according to Manetho.	Menes the Thinite Μήνης Θινίτης 62 regnal years
2	Aha		Alternate name Nomen: Teti		May also be the same as Menes and Narmer. Trade was largely replaced by direct exploitation of resources via outposts during his reign.	Athotis Aθωθις 57 years
3		Djer	Alternate name Nomen: Iteti	41 regnal years (?)	His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. First pharaoh with a full Golden Horus name. Renewed trade with the North Eastern borders.	Kenkenes Κενκενης 31 years
4	Djet		Alternate name Nomen: Ita			Ouenephes Ουενεφης 23 years
	Regency of Merneith
5		Den	Alternate name Nomen: Sepati	32 regnal years (?)	First pharaoh to have a praenomen (Nesut-Bity) and use the double crown of upper and lower Egypt. A second sed festival is attested from his reign, indicating a long reign. His campaigns in the northeast are attested on the Palermo stone.	Ousaphaidos Ουσαφαιδoς 20 years
6		Anedjib	Alternate name Nomen: Merbiape	10 regnal years (?)	The Turin Canon gives him an implausible reign of 74 years.	Miebidos Μιεβιδoς 26 years
7	Semerkhet		Alternate name Nomen: Semsu (?		First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo Stone. Many stone vessels of his predecessor were found reinscribed for Semerkhet so he may have been a usurper.	Semempses Σεμεμψης 18 years
8	Qa'a		Alternate name Nomen: Qebeh		Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs.	Bienekhes Βιηνεχης 26 years 263 years in total
*	Sneferka				Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown, perhaps rival kings or just alternative names of previous pharaohs.
*	Bird / Ba (?)

Second Dynasty

The available sources (the royal records of Abydos, Saqqara and Turin) only agree in the order of the first four pharaohs and the last. It has been theorised that following the reign of Nynetjer, the country was split and remained so until the reign of Khasekhemwy.

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Horus name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1	Hotepsekhemwy		Alternate name Nomen: Bedjau		Manetho reports a massive earthquake during his reign. Chose to be buried at Saqqara to be closer to the capital	Boethos Βoηθoς 38 years
2	Nebra		Alternate name Nomen: Kakau			Kaiekhos Καιεχως 39 years
3		Nynetjer	Alternate name Nomen: Benetjer	40 regnal years (?)	Egypt was divided by the end of his reign	Binothris Βίνωθρις 47 years
4 (?	Wadjenes		known by their personal name:			Tlas Τλας 17 years
5 (?	Senedj		known by their personal name:		The Turin Canon gives him an improbable reign of 70 years	Sethenes Σεθενης 41 years
??		Khasekhemwy	Alternate name Nomen (Abydos): Djadjay Nomen (Turin/Saqqara): Bebti	18 regnal years (?)		Cheneres Χενερης 30 years 302 years in total

Several other pharaohs are dated to the 2nd Dynasty, but scholars don't agree on their exact placement. Some may be alternate names of other pharaohs:

• Ba
• Weneg
• Nubnefer
• Seth-Peribsen
• Sekhemib
• Neferkare I
• Neferkasokar
• Horus Sa
• Hudjefa ("missing")

Manetho lists the following pharaohs after Senedj:

• Khaires, 17 years (Sneferka or Neferkare I)
• Nephercheres, 25 years (Neferkare I or Neferkasokar)
• Sesochris, 48 years (Neferkasokar or Hudjefa)

Old Kingdom (c. 2700–2200 BC)

The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the long period of stability and growth following the Early Dynastic Period and preceding the troubled First Intermediate Period. The capital during the period of the Old Kingdom was at Memphis.

Third Dynasty

Ancient sources asign 5 rulers to the Third Dynasty (lasting about 100 years or less), but there are several questions on the exact placement and chronology and rulers. Manetho's work is particulary confusing in this period; it lists 9 kings in the span of 214 years, but the identity of many of his names is still disputed.

No.	Portrait	Horus name		Personal name		Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Netjerikhet		Djoser		28 regnal years (?)	Commissioned the first Pyramid, created by chief architect and scribe Imhotep, who was later deified by both Egyptians and Greeks. Almost certainly the same ruler as Manethos' Tosorthros.	Necherophes Nεχερoφης, 28 years Tosorthros Toσoρθρoς , 29 years Tyreis Tυρεις, 7 years Mesochris Nεχερoφης, 28 years Soyphis Σωυφις, 16 years Tosertasis Toσερτασις, 19 years Aches Aχης, 42 years Sephouris Σηφoνρις, 30 years Kerpheres Kερφερης, 26 years214 years in total
2		Sekhemkhet		Teti			Almost certainly the same ruler as Manethos' Tyreis.
3		Sanakht		Nebka (?
4		Khaba
5		Qahedjet (?		Huni

Fourth Dynasty

Many of the following pharaohs are also populary known by their Hellenized names.

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Cartouche name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Sneferu		30–50 regnal years	Manetho reports a massive earthquake during his reign. Chose to be buried at Saqqara to be closer to the capital	Boethos Βoηθoς 38 years
2		Khufu		25–30 regnal years	Builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza and protagonist of the Westcar Papyrus, one of the oldest imprinted papyri. Also known by the Hellenized name Kheops by Herodotus.	Suphis I Σoυφις 63 years
3		Djedefre				Suphis II Σoυφις 66 years
4		Khafre				Mesochris Mενχερης 63 years
/					Could be the owner of the Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet El Aryan. Most likely fictional, perhaps a confusion with prince Baka.	Bikheris Bιχερης 22 years
5		Menkaure				Rhatoises Ρατoισης 25 years
6		Shepseskaf				Seberkheres Σεβερχερης 7 years
/					Most likely possibly fictional, not archaeologically attested anywhere.	Thamphthis Θαμφθις 9 years /// 284 years total

Fifth Dynasty

Starting with the reign of Neferirkare Kakai, pharaohs became mainly known by two names, a regnal (prenomen) and personal (nomen) names. Pharaohs from this period are known in scholarship by a combination of both names. This is a modern convention and it's not always entirely consistent; compare Merenre Nemtyemsaf I (prenomen-nomen) with Pepi I Meryre (nomen-prenomen).

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Throne name / Personal name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Userkaf		30–50 regnal years	Commissioned the first Pyramid, created by chancellor Imhotep, who was later deified by the Egyptians and Greeks.	Ouserkheres Ουσερχερης 28 years
2		Sahure				Sephres Σεφρης 13 years
3		Neferirkare Kakai				Nepherkheres Νεφερχερης 20 years
4		Neferefre Isi				Sisires Σισιρης 7 years
5	Shepseskare Netjeruser					Kheres Χερης 20 years
6		Nyuserre Ini				Rhathoures Ραθουρης 44 years
7		Menkauhor Kaiu				Menkheres Μενχερης 9 years
8	Djedkare Isesi					Tankheres Τανχερης 44 years
9		Unas				Onnos Οννος 33 years 218 years in total

Sixth Dynasty

No.	Portrait	English name	Personal name / Throne name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Teti				Othoes Οθοης 30 years
2	Userkare					Phios Φιος 53 years
3		Pepi I Meryre				Methusouphis Μεθουσουφις 7 years
4	Merenre Nemtyemsaf I					Phiops Φιωψ 94 years
5		Pepi II Neferkare				Menthesouphis Μενφεσουφις 1 year
6	Merenre Nemtyemsaf II					Nitokris Νιτωκρις 12 year
7	Netjerkare Siptah

First Intermediate Period (c. 2200–2050 BC)

• Dynasty VII (anarchy)
• Dynasty VIII
• Dynasty IX
• Dynasty X

Eleventh Dynasty

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Horus name / Personal name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Tepia Mentuhotep I				"The Eleventh Dynasty of 16 kings of Diospolis [reigned] for 43 years"
2		Sehertawy Intef I
3		Wahankh Intef II
4		Nakhtnebtepnefer Intef III

Middle Kingdom (c. 2050–1800 BC)

Eleventh Dynasty (continued)

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Throne name / Personal name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
5		Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II				"The Eleventh Dynasty of 16 kings of Diospolis [reigned] for 43 years." "In succession to these, Ammenemes ruled for 16 years" Total: "192 kings, 2300 years" (End of Book One)
6		Sankhkare Mentuhotep III
7		Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV

Twelfth Dynasty

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Throne name / Personal name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Sehetepibre Amenemhat I				[ Ammenemes I ] [ Aμμενεμης ] [ 16 year ]
2		Kheperkare Senusret I			Perhaps the origin of the legendary king Sesostris recorded by Herodotus.	Sesonkhosis Σεσονχοσις 46 year
3		Nubkaure Amenemhat II				Ammanemes Aμμανεμης 38 year
4		Khakheperre Senusret II				Sesostris Σεσωστρις 48 year
5		Khakaure Senusret III				Lakhares Λαχαρης 8 years
6		Nimaatre Amenemhat III				Ammeres Aμμερης 8 years
7		Maakherure Amenemhat IV				Ammenemes Aμμενεμης 8 years
8		Sobekkare Sobekneferu			First confirmed female ruler	Skemiophris Σκεμιoφρις 4 years 160 years [+16]

Second Intermediate (c. 1800–1550 BC)

Thirteenth Dynasty

Dynasty XIII is sometimes included in the Middle Kingdom

New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC)

It is customary amongs scholars to only use the pharaonic nomen when referring to rulers after the Middle Kingdom.

Twentieth Dynasty (Ramessid)

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Personal name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Setnakhte Meryamunra				"The Twentieth Dynasty of 12 kings of Diospolis [reigned] for 135 years"
2		Ramesses III Heqaiunu
3		Ramesses IV Heqamaat Meriamun
4		Ramesses V Amunherkhepeshef
5		Ramesses VI Amunherkhepeshef
6		Ramesses VII Itiamun
7		Ramesses VIII Sethherkhepeshef Meryamun
8		Ramesses IX Khaemwaset
9		Ramesses X Amunherkhepeshef Meryamun
10		Ramesses XI Khamwaset Meryamun Netjerheqaiunu

Late period (664–332 BC)

Twenty-sixth Dynasty (Saite)

The 26th Dynasty may be related to the 24th Dynasty. Manetho begins the dynasty with the following local rulers:

• Ammeris the Nubian (?), 12 years. Included by Eusebius but not by Africanus.
• Stephinates (Tefnakht II), 7 years
• Nechepsos (Nekauba), 6 years
• Necho I, 8 years.

No.	Portrait	English name	Personal name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Psamtik I		664–610 BC (14 years)		Psammetichus Ψαμμητιχος 54 years
2		Necho II		610–595 BC (15 years)		Nechaos Νεχεψως 6 years
3		Psamtik II		595–589 (6 years)		Psammuthes Ψαμμητιχος δεύτερος 6 years
4		Wahibre "Apries"		589–570 (19 years)		Waphres Ουαφρις 19 years
5		Ahmose II Iaḥmos Net-za		570–526 BC (44 years)		Amosis Aμωσις 44 years
6		Psamtik III		526–525 BC (1 year)		Psammekherites Ψαμμεχεριτης 6 months 150 years and 6 months (138 years in truth)

Twenty-seventh Dynasty (Achamenid)

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Cambyses (II) 𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹 Kaᵐbūjiya	525–522 BC (3 years)		Kambyses Ωχος 6 years
2		Bardiya 𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹	522 BC (1 year)		"the Magi" Μαγοι 7 months
3		Darius "the Great" 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavaʰuš	522–486 BC (36 years)		Dareiosson of Hystaspes Δαρειος Ύστασπου 36 years
4		Xerxes "the Great" 𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 Xšayār̥šā	486–465 BC (21 years)		Xerxes the Great Ξερξης ό μέγας 21 years
5	Artabanus (?) Aρταβανος		465 BC (a few months?)		Artabanos Aρταβανος 7 months
6		Artaxerxes I 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 Artaxšaçāʰ	465–424 BC (41 years)		Artaxerxes Aρταξερξης 41 years
7	Xerxes II 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁		425–424 BC (a few months)		Xerxes Ξερξης 2 months
8	Sogdianus Σογδιανος		424–423 BC (a few months)		Sogdianos Σογδιανος 7 months
9		Darius II 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁	423–404 BC (19 years)		Dareios Δαρειος, 19 years 124 years 4 months (121 years in truth)

Rebels against Persian rule

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Personal name	Reign	Notes		R.
1		Petubastis III Padibastet		522–520 BC (2 years)
2	Psamtik IV			480s BC

Twenty-eighth Dynasty

No.	English name	Personal name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1	Amenirdisu		664–610 BC (14 years)		Amyrtaeus of Sais Aμυρτεος Σαιτης 6 years

Twenty-ninth Dynasty

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Personal name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Nepherites I Nefaarud		399–393 BC (6 years)		Nepherites I Νεφεριτης 6 years
2		Hakor				Achoris Aχωρις 13 years
3		Psammuthes		c. 390 BC (a few months)		Psammouthis Ψαμμουθις 1 year
4	Nepherites II Nefaarud			380 BC (a few months)		Nepherites II Νεφεριτης 4 months
?				???		Muthis Μουθις, 1 year

Thirtieth Dynasty

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Personal name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Nectanebo I Nakhtnebef		380–362 BC (18 years)		Nektanebes Νεκτανέβης 18 years
2	Djedhor "Teos" Djedhor Setep-en-inhuret			362–360 BC (2 years)		Teos Τεως 2 years
3		Nectanebo II Nakhtnebef Meryhathor		360–343 BC (17 years)		Nektanebos Νεκτανεβος 18 years

Thirty-First Dynasty (2nd Achamenid)

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Personal name	Reign	Notes	Aegyptiaca	R.
1		Artaxerxes III 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 Artaxšaçāʰ	Ochus 𒌑𒈠𒋢 Ú-ma-kuš	340–338 BC (2 years)		Okhos Ωχος 2 years
2		Artaxerxes IV 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 Artaxšaçāʰ	Arses 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎣 R̥šā	338–336 BC (2 years)		Arses Aρσης 3 years
3		Darius III 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavaʰuš	Artashata 𐎼𐎫𐎠𐎧𐏁𐎠 Artašiyāta	336–332 BC (4 years)		Dareios Δαρειος 4 years

Rebel against Persian rule

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Personal name	Reign	Notes		R.
1	Khabash			c. 338–335 BC (about three or two years)

Hellenistic period (332–30 BC)

Thirty-Second Dynasty (Argead)

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Egyptian name	Reign	Notes
1		Alexander "the Great" Ἀλέξανδρος	Aluksindres (ꜣrwksjndrs)	November 332 – 10 June 323 BC (8 years and 7 months)
2		Philip Arrhidaeus Φίλιππος	Pelupuisa (plwpwysꜣ)	323–317 BC (6 years)
3		Alexander (IV) Ἀλέξανδρος		317–309 BC (8 years)

Thirty-Third Dynasty (Ptolemaic)

No.	Portrait	Ruler	Egyptian name	Reign	Notes	R.
		Ptolemy I Soter Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ	ptwlmys	November 305 BC – January 282 BC (22 years and 2 months)
		Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator Κλεοπάτρα Θεά Φιλοπάτωρ	Qlwjwꜣpꜣdrtꜣ	c. February 51 BC – 12 August 30 BC (21 years ½) with Ptolemy XV Caesarion (44–30 BC)

Bibliography

• Burchardt, Max; Pieper, Max (1912). Handbuch der Aegyptischen Königsnamen (in German). Leipzig: J. C. Hindrichs. OCLC 1154955005. — Includes a list of all pharaohs known at the time and their titulature, albeit they are listed with their Hellenized names.
• Bunson, Margaret R. (2002) [1991]. Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Facts on File. ISBN 0816082162.
• Clayton, Peter A. (2001) [1995]. Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.
• Hayes, Michael (1970). "Chapter VI.Chronology, I. Egypt to the end of the Twentieth Dynasty". In Edwards, I.E.S.; Gadd, C.J. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume I, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003) [2000]. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7.
• van Soldt, W. H., ed. (2006). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. BRILL. ISBN 9789004113855.
• Wilkinson, Toby (2000). Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Stone and its Associated Fragments. London: Kegan Paul International. ISBN 0-7103-0667-9.
• Wilkinson, Toby (2005) [1999]. Early dynastic Egypt (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-02438-6.

Online resources

• Mladjov, Ian (2021). "Earlier rulers of Egypt / Rulers of Egypt". Ian Mladjov's Resources.
• Lundström, Peter (2025). "The Dynasties of Manetho". Pharaoh.se.
• Tetley, M. Christine (2017). The Reconstructed chronology of the Egyptian Kings (2nd ed.). Barry W. Tetley. ISBN 9780473419066.
• University College London (2000). "Chronology". Digital Egypt for Universities.