User:ThaddeusOrlando55/sandbox
Draft for Julián Slim Haddad
[edit]Julián Slim Haddad (born Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz) was a Lebanese-born Mexican businessman. He was the founder of the prominent Slim family, which includes his son Carlos Slim Helú, formerly the wealthiest person in the world and currently the wealthiest person in Mexico and Latin America.
Biography
[edit]Slim was born Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz[1] in the village of Jezzine in Lebanon,[2][3] which was then a part of the Ottoman Empire.[4] His family were Maronite Christians.[2]
At the age of 14, in 1902, he fled Lebanon for Mexico, to escape conscription into the Ottoman army before the age of 15. He landed at the port of Veracruz that year, being unable to speak Spanish.[4] From Veracruz, he traveled to Tampico, Tamaulipas, where he joined his older brothers José, Elías, Carlos, and Pedro Slim, who had been living in Mexico since 1898.[4] He then changed his name to Julián Slim Haddad.[1]
In 1904, the Slim brothers moved to Mexico City. There, Julián and José opened the store La Estrella del Oriente (The Oriental Star)[2][4] in the neighborhood of La Merced.[3]
Taken from Carlos Slim's article, to be rewritten and cleaned up
Slim's father, Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz, was born on 17 July 1888[5] in Jezzine, Lebanon (then part of the Ottoman Empire). In 1902, at the age of 14, Haddad emigrated to Mexico alone, and later changed his name to Julián Slim Haddad.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).[unreliable source?]
In 1911, Julián established a dry goods retail store, La Estrella de Oriente (The Star of the Orient).[6] By 1921, he had begun investing in real estate in the flourishing commercial district of Mexico City where Julián acquired prime Mexican real estate at fire sale prices and in the Zocalo District during the 1910–1917 Mexican Revolution.[7][8] By 1922, Julián's net worth reached $1,012,258 pesos, shrewdly diversified among a vast array of various cash flow-producing assets that included large swathes incoming-producing investment-grade real estate, a multifarious assemblage of privately-controlled businesses, and stocks.[6]
In August 1926, Julián Slim married Linda Helú Atta. Linda, of Lebanese ancestry, was born in Parral, Chihuahua. Her parents had immigrated to Mexico from Lebanon in the late 19th century. Upon immigrating to Mexico, her parents founded one of the first Arabic-language magazines for the Lebanese-Mexican community, using a printing press they had brought with them.[9] Julian and Linda had six children: Nour, Alma, Julián, José, Carlos, and Linda. Julián senior died in 1953, when Carlos was 13 years old.[9]
Julian's panoply of successful business ventures and investment undertakings became the source of considerable wealth for himself and his family.[9] As a prominent businessman and wealthy investor who remained a reputable pillar within the Lebanese Mexican community, Julian was known for his shrewd business acumen and his astute knack when making investments during bad economic cycles (which occurred frequently in Mexico).[10] Julián was known for his business savvy, strong work ethic, and commitment to traditional Lebanese moral values.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "15 cosas que no sabías de Carlos Slim". People en español (in Spanish). 2016-01-28.
- ^ a b c Bone, James (11 March 2010). "Mexican mogul Carlos Slim got his big break in sell-off of national telephone firm". The Times. London. Retrieved 17 June 2011.(subscription required)
- ^ a b De Jong, Feike (2017-06-28). "The billionaire and the airport: could his last act in Mexico City ruin Carlos Slim?". The Guardian. Mexico City. Cite error: The
<ref>tag has too many names (see the help page). - ^ a b c d "La travesía del padre de Carlos Slim: huyó de la opresión en el Líbano y comenzó un imperio empresarial con 25,800 pesos". Infobae (in Spanish). 2021-03-18.
- ^ "Family tree of Julián Slim Haddad". Geneanet. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
- ^ a b c "Biography". Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ "THE MOBILE MEXICAN MAGNATE: HOW CARLOS SLIM HELU GOT HIS START". EvanCarMichael. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ Sean Braswell (6 August 2015). "Carlos Slim's Worldwide Portfolio". Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
slimbiowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Jonathan Kandell. "Yo Quiero Todo Bell". Wired. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
Draft for Efraín González Luna
[edit]Efraín González Luna | |
|---|---|
 González Luna in 1951 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 18 October 1898 Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico |
| Died | 9 September 1964 (aged 65) Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico |
| Political party | National Action Party |
| Spouse |
Amparo Morfín (m. 1923) |
| Children | 8, including Efraín |
Efraín González Luna (18 September 1898 – 9 September 1964) was a Mexican politician. He was a founding member of the National Action Party (PAN), and was its first presidential candidate in the 1952 presidential election, which he lost to Adolfo Ruiz Cortines. His son, Efraín González Morfín, was also a presidential candidate for the PAN.
Biography
[edit]Efraín González Luna was born on 18 October 1898 in Autlán de la Grana (now Autlán de Navarro), Jalisco. His parents were Mauro Heliodoro González Álvarez and María del Rosario Luna Michel.[1][2][3] He was the fifth of eleven children.[2]
González Luna married Amparo Morfín on 12 January 1923.[2][3][4] They had eight children,[3][5] including Margarita, Adalberto, Efraín (b. 1929[4]), Ignacio, Luis, and Manuel.[2] Efraín González Luna Morfín, like his father, was a presidential candidate for the PAN, unsuccessfully running in 1970.[4]
In the 1952 election, González Luna received 285,555 votes.[1][6]
He died on 9 September 1964[1] in a hospital[6] in Guadalajara,[1] after suffering from a cerebral hemorrhage several days earlier.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "González Luna, Efraín". Los universitarios sin universidad: El interregno universitario, 1861 - 1925 (in Spanish). Vol. III. Universisdad de Guadalajara.
- ^ a b c d "González Luna Efraín". Gobierno de Jalisco (in Spanish).
- ^ a b c Soto Rodríguez, Omar. "Efraín González Luna". Geneanet (in Spanish).
- ^ a b c "González Luna Morfín, Efraín". Los universitarios contemporáneos, 1925 - 2017 (in Spanish). Vol. Biografías. Universisdad de Guadalajara.
- ^ Aguilar, Rubén (2018-09-11). "Efraín González Morfín". El Economista (in Spanish).
- ^ a b c "Efrain Gonzales Luna, 66; Founder of Mexican Party". The New York Times. Mexico City. 1964-09-12.
Sources:
Draft for Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada
[edit]Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada | |
|---|---|
 Sánchez Taboada, c. 1955 | |
| Secretary of the Navy | |
| In office 1 December 1952 – 1 May 1955 | |
| President | Adolfo Ruiz Cortines |
| Preceded by | Raúl López Sánchez |
| Succeeded by | Alfonso Poire y Ruelas |
| President of the Institutional Revolutionary Party | |
| In office 4 December 1946 – 4 December 1952 | |
| Preceded by | Rafael Pascasio Gamboa Cano |
| Succeeded by | Gabriel Leyva Velázquez |
| Governor of Baja California | |
| In office 1 March 1937 – 31 July 1944 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | March 22, 1895 San Sebastián Villanueva, Acatzingo, Puebla, Mexico |
| Died | May 1, 1955 (aged 60) Mexico City, Mexico |
| Political party | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| Spouse | Eva Sánchez de Sánchez Taboada |
| Children | 2 |
Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada (22 March 1895 – 1 May 1955) was a Mexican military officer and politician who served as secretary of the navy from 1952 until his death in 1955, during the presidency of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines. He previously served as the governor of the territory of Baja California from 1937 to 1944 and as president of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) from 1946 to 1952.
As president of the PRI, Sánchez implemented an anti-communist platform. He also directed the successful presidential campaign of Ruiz Cortines in 1952, and acted as a political mentor to Luis Echeverría, a future Mexican president.
Biography
[edit]Youth and family
[edit]Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada was born in San Sebastián Villanueva, in Acatzingo, Puebla, on 22 March 1895.[1][2]Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page).[a] His parents were Tirso "Charro" Sánchez Limón and Margarita Taboada.[1][2] He attended primary school at the Colegio de San José, and secondary school at the state college.[2][3]
He was married to Eva Sánchez de Sánchez Taboada, and they had two children.[4] His daughter, Margarita Sánchez, died in 2018.[5]
In February 1913, during the Mexican Revolution, President Francisco I. Madero was overthrown by Victoriano Huerta. This inspired Sánchez to join the revolutionary forces, serving under Fortunato Maycotte.[3][2]
Political career
[edit]Sánchez was elected to serve as the governor of Baja California on 1 March 1937.[2] At the time of his governorship, Baja California was a federal territory.[4][6] During his administration, the second Pro-State Committee (Spanish: Comité Pro-Estado) was formed in 1940, following the first in 1929.[6] The territory would ultimately become a state in 1952.[6][7]
During World War II, a national directive was issued that ordered governors to remove their Japanese populations to designated zones of Mexico City and Guadalajara. Sánchez quickly rounded up his state's Japanese population and forced them on trains and trucks bound for the zones. He gave them only twenty-four hours to evacuate, but ex-president Lázaro Cárdenas, who was in charge of military operations in the Pacific zone, expanded the timeframe to one week.[8] Sánchez's term ended on 31 July 1944. Afterwords, he returned to service in the army.[2]
Sánchez became the president of the PRI on 4 December 1946, succeeding Rafael Pascasio Gamboa Cano.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). Sánchez had been appointed Mexican President Miguel Alemán Valdés. Sánchez's predecessor was largely unknown and unpopular, and had been an attempt at "civilianizing" the party. Sánchez became the first of four PRI presidents in a row from 1946 to 1964 who were all generals and some of Mexico's most prominent military figures.[9]
Following the declaration of the Truman Doctrine in the United States in 1947, the PRI followed its lead in adopting increasingly anti-communist stances. The party declared itself to be "neither extreme left nor extreme right" (Spanish: ni extrema izquierda ni extrema derecha). Sánchez declared that from that point on the PRI would not accept people from other parties, which was intended to allow for the expulsion of communists from the party.[10]
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In 1946, while he was serving as president of the PRI, he hired Luis Echeverría Álvarez to serve as his personal secretary. Echeverría would later serve as president of Mexico from 1970 to 1976.[11] Echeverría has been described as a protege of Sánchez, and the latter as Echeverría's mentor.[12][13] Sánchez also made him director general of press and propaganda of the PRI in 1949.[14] Echeverría later stated of Sánchez and his entry into politics:
When I was received I wanted to enter into political activities and I went to ask General Sánchez Toboada for work and he gave it to me and that decided everything... he decided my life.
Spanish: Cuando me recibí quise entrar en actividades políticas y fui a pedirle al general Sánchez Toboada trabajo y me lo dio y eso decidió todo... decidió mi vida.[15]
In 1951, Sánchez called for a national convention to select the PRI's presidential candidate for the 1952 election, to be held from 11 October to 14 October.[16] On 13 October, Sánchez proposed Adolfo Ruiz Cortines as the candidate.[17] He subsequently became the candidate the following day.[18] Sánchez served as the director of his presidential campaign.[19] Ruiz Cortines used the slogan "austerity and work" (Spanish: austeridad y trabajo)[18] and endorsed women's suffrage.[7] Ruiz Cortines won the election with 2,713,419 votes,[20] or 74.3% of the vote.[21] He defeated three opponents: Miguel Henríquez Guzmán, Efraín González Luna, and Vicente Lombardo Toledano.[22] Sánchez's presidency of the PRI ended on 4 December 1952. He was succeeded by Gabriel Leyva Velázquez.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page).
Upon assuming the presidency, Ruiz Cortines nominated Sánchez to serve as secretary of the navy.[19] Succeeding Raúl López Sánchez,[23] he assumed office on 1 December 1952.[19] Sánchez named Echeverría as General Director of Accounts and Administration of the Secretary of the Navy.[12][24]
Sánchez Taboada died in office of a myocardial infarction at 9 PM on 1 May 1955[19] in Mexico City.Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page).[25] He was buried in the Panteón Francés de Puebla in the city of Puebla on 3 May.[19] On 9 May, Ruiz Cortines nominated Alfonso Poire y Ruelas to succeed Sánchez.[26] Following Sánchez's death, Echeverría was made a senior officer of the Secretariat of Public Education.[14]
Legacy
[edit]Mexicali International Airport is named after Sánchez. A borough in the area of the Tijuana River also bears his name.[5] A bust of Sánchez Taboada existed on a street named after him in Guaymas, Sonora, but it was stolen in 2012. In 2020, a replacement bust was unveiled.[27]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Emilio Chuayffet and Salvador Cienfuegos give his date of birth as 7 May.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Archivo Histórico 1994, p. 9
- ^ a b c d e f Fernández Pavón 2014, p. 18
- ^ a b c Chuayffet Chemor & Cienfuegos Zepeda 2014, p. 946
- ^ a b "Gen. Sanchez Taboada; Secretary of Mexican Navy Is Dead at the Age of 60". The New York Times. 1955-05-03.
- ^ a b "Falleció hija de Sánchez Taboada". Agencia Fronteriza de Noticias (in Spanish). 2018-03-05.
- ^ a b c "Transformación Política de Territorio Norte de la Baja California a Estado 29". Baja California: Gobierno del Estado (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 September 2019.
- ^ a b Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012, p. 221
- ^ García 2014, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Camp 1992, p. 79.
- ^ Delgado de Cantú 2002, p. 265.
- ^ "Del 2 de octubre al Halconazo ¿Quién fue Luís Echeverría?". Forbes México (in Spanish). 2022-07-09.
- ^ a b "De joven entusiasta del PRI al "Halconazo": Luis Echeverría Álvarez y sus 100 años de vida". Infobae (in Spanish). 2022-01-17.
- ^ Camp 1992, p. 76.
- ^ a b Durán Gómez, Lizbeth Liliana (2022-07-16). ""Echeverría es un asesino"". La Crónica de Hoy (in Spanish).
- ^ "Luis Echeverría vivió en Tamaulipas y vendió agua de limón para comprarse una bicicleta". Milenio (in Spanish). 2022-07-09.
- ^ Gaytán Apáez 2006, p. 82.
- ^ Gaytán Apáez 2006, pp. 85–86.
- ^ a b Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012, p. 220
- ^ a b c d e Fernández Pavón 2014, p. 19
- ^ "González Luna, Efraín". Los universitarios sin universidad: El interregno universitario, 1861 - 1925 (in Spanish). Vol. III. Universisdad de Guadalajara.
- ^ Aguilar Plata & García 2006, p. 86.
- ^ Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012, p. 222.
- ^ Fernández Pavón 2014, pp. 16–17.
- ^ "Luis Echeverría: Línea de tiempo de 100 años". El Universal (in Spanish). 2022-07-09.
- ^ Chuayffet Chemor & Cienfuegos Zepeda 2014, p. 947.
- ^ Fernández Pavón 2014, p. 21.
- ^ Alejandri, Claudia (2020-08-26). "Develan nuevo busto del General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada". Expreso (in Spanish). Guaymas.
Bibliography
[edit]- Aguilar Casas, Elsa; Serrano Álvarez, Pablo (2012). Martínez Ocampo, Lourdes (ed.). Posrevolucionario y estabilidad. Cronología (1917-1967) (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. ISBN 978-607-7916-65-9.
- Aguilar Plata, Áurea Blanca; García, Carola (2006). Medios de comunicación: del destrape a las campañas electorale, 1934-1982 (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. ISBN 970-722-577-7.
- Camp, Roderic Ai (1992). Generals in the Palacio: The Military in Modern Mexico. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507300-2.
- Chuayffet Chemor, Emilio; Cienfuegos Zepeda, Salvador (2014). Generales de la Revolución, Tomo II: M-Z (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. ISBN 978-607-9276-49-2.
- Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2002). Historia de México, Volumen II: México en siglo viente (in Spanish) (Cuarta ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 970-26-0356-0.
- Fernández Pavón, Marisol (2014-04-09). Illades Rosas, María Perla del C. (ed.). Secretarios de Marina de 1940 a la fecha (PDF) (in Spanish). Unidad de Historia y Cultura Naval.
- García, Jerry (2014). Looking Like the Enemy: Japanese Mexicans, the Mexican State, and US Hegemony, 1897–1945. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-3025-0.
- Gaytán Apáez, Leopoldo (2006). "El triunfo del corbatín, el ascenso de Ruiz Cortines". In García Calderón, Carola (ed.). Medios de communication: del destape a las campañas electorales, 1934-1982 (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 77–90. ISBN 970-722-577-7.
- Siñer: boletín del Archivo Histórico del Gobierno del Estado de Baja California · Issues 1-9 (in Spanish). Archivo Histórico del Estado de Baja California. 1994.
Sources:
1: https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/320/oa_monograph/chapter/2574324
2: https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/320/oa_monograph/chapter/2574456
3: https://afntijuana.info/informacion_general/80129_fallecio_hija_de_sanchez_taboada
4: https://afntijuana.info/politica_y_gobierno/82160_hacen_guardia_de_honor_por_sanchez_taboada
Draft for Premiership of Tage Erlander
[edit] Erlander in 1949 | |
| Premiership of Tage Erlander 11 October 1946 – 14 October 1969 | |
| Monarchs | |
|---|---|
Premier | |
| Cabinet |
|
| Party | Social Democratic Party (1947-1969), Centre Party (1951-1957) |
| Election | |
|
| |
.svg)
Tage Erlander served as the Prime Minister of Sweden from his appointment on 11 October 1946, following the death of his predecessor Per Albin Hansson, until his resignation on 14 October 1969, being succeeded by his protégé, Olof Palme. He simultaneously served as the leader of the Social Democratic Party, and governed in a coalition with the Centre Party from 1951 to 1957. At 23 years uninterrupted, Erlander's premiership is the longest in Swedish history and in a modern Western democracy.