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Marsha P. Johnson
Born(1945-08-24)August 24, 1945
Elizabeth, New Jersey
DiedJuly 3, 1992(1992-07-03) (aged 46)
New York City, New York

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. [a][b]

Early life

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Marsha P. Johnson was born Malcolm Michaels Jr.[c] on August 24, 1945 in Elizabeth, New Jersey.[14] Her[a] mother, Alberta Claiborne, was a housekeeper from Elizabeth.Her father, Malcolm Michaels Sr, was a General Motors (GM) assembly line worker who relocated to neighboring Linden, New Jersey from Virginia during the Second Great Migration.[15] The two separated when Johnson was three years old, with her father returning to Linden to work at the GM plant there. While Johnson lived with her mother in Elizabeth, her father continued to maintain an active role in her life. Elizabeth was both a segregated city and an early hub for civil rights activism when Johnson was a child, with activists launching a campaign there to protest discriminatory practices at the local Howard Johnson's hotel. She lived in a small house on Washington Avenue in central Elizabeth.[7]

Johnson cross-dressed for the first time at five years old, against the wishes of her mother[d] and despite hostility from local children.[15] In an interview filmed near the end of her life, Johnson describes being raped by a 13-year-old boy during this period.[e][17] She frequently attended film screenings at the local Little Theater, where she drew inspiration from actress Billie Burke. She also attended the Mount Teman African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, the oldest Black church in Elizabeth. Johnson was deeply religious, attending church every Sunday and performing onstage as part of the church's Christmas program. Her mother sometimes attended drag shows at Billy's Tavern, a local gay bar.[7]

Johnson attended Edison High School (now the Thomas A. Edison Career and Technical Academy) in Elizabeth.[18] She regularly participated in local parades, serving as the drum major for her school's marching band. In 1962, at the age of 17, she briefly enlisted in the United States Navy. She began receiving military recruit training in Chicago, but was honorably discharged after she punched a man who attempted to sexually assault her. That same year, she attended her first drag ball in New York City. Soon after, she began waiting tables in hopes of raising money to move to Manhattan, finally doing so after graduating from high school.[7]

Early years in New York

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Times Square, 1963. Johnson frequented 42nd Street in Times Square, which is where she met Sylvia Rivera

Johnson moved to New York in 1963, allegedly with "$15 and a bag of clothes".[18] She regularly spent time on 42nd Street in Times Square. At some point, she began working at the Childs Restaurants there, supplementing her income by begging and through sex work, for which she was frequently arrested.[19] It was in Times Square that she first met Sylvia Rivera, whom she took out to eat at Childs with money she had earned from begging.[20] Activist Randy Wicker later recalled her as "the most generous person [he] ever know", noting an incident when she stole a loaf of bread to feed an unhoused person.[21] She also met Agosto Machado, with whom she would regularly collaborate on artistic ventures. Lacking stable housing, she regularly slept in friends' apartments, hotels, adult movie theaters, and gay bathhouses.[22]

Johnson frequently went out in partial drag. Initially using the moniker "Black Marsha", she later began using the name Marsha P. Johnson.[23] According to Tourmaline, the name "Marsha" was a reanalysis derived from a nickname of hers, "Mikey".[24] Meanwhile, the name "Johnson" was derived from the Howard Johnson's Hotel in Elizabeth. When asked about the meaning of the middle initial "P", Johnson gave various answers. At times, she claimed that it stood for "pay it no mind", particularly when questioned about her gender.[25] However, she eventually claimed to Village Voice reporter Steve Watson, a close friend, that it stood for "Piola". Johnson regularly incorporated dresses, high heels, robes, stockings, and wigs into her presentation. While she lacked the financial resources to afford the expensive outfits associated with "high drag",[f] she frequently supplemented her appearance with vibrant improvised accessories such as artificial fruits, Christmas lights, and crowns made from discarded flowers.[27] In a 1970 interview with journalist Liza Cowan, Johnson claims that she was wearing women's clothing "full-time" by 1969.[28] At some point, she began undergoing feminizing hormone therapy, claiming that "when [she] became a drag queen, [she] started to live [her] life as a woman".[19] In the Cowan interview, she stated that her goal was to eventually obtain gender-affirming surgery.[29]

Stonewall riots

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Stonewall Inn, 2016

Various accounts exist of Johnson's participation in the Stonewall riots. The riots, which took place at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, were provoked by a police raid and the attempted arrests of several patrons, including cross-dressers and sex workers.[30] Johnson claims to have been one of the first drag queens to frequent the Stonewall, an account corroborated by independent scholars Monica Keller and Jessica Morris.[31] However, Tourmaline notes that Johnson and her associates were frequently denied entry, often opting to spend their time at Sheridan Square across the street instead.[5]

According to historian Martin Duberman, "rumor has it" that Johnson, upset by several "no-shows" at a party she had organized, went to the Stonewall on June 27, 1969, to dance.[32] Specifically, Johnson remembers it being a birthday party, and claimed in a later interview that she remembers the riots as having happened in August, around the time of her birthday.[5] The raids actually began early in the early hours of the morning on June 28.[33] According to writer David Carter, activist Robin Souza reported that after the raids started, fellow Stonewall veterans such as Morty Manford and Marty Robinson witnessed Johnson throw a shot glass at a mirror, screaming, "I got my civil rights!"[34] Souza later reported that members of the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) considered this the "shot glass that was heard around the world". Carter notes inconsistencies with this account, observing that in official testimonies given by Manford, he did not mention Johnson. Carter speculates that this may have been an attempt by Manford to censor himself, fearing that crediting Johnson, who was mentally ill and transgender,[b] with the riots would reflect poorly on the gay liberation movement.[35]

Playwright Robert Heide remembers that as the riots were beginning, Johnson shouted at police and threw rocks at them.[5] Carter identifies Johnson as having been "almost indubitably among the first to be violent that night and may possibly even have been the first".[35] Johnson herself claims that she did not arrive at the scene of the riots until 2:00 a.m, after they had already started.[36] Historian Marc Stein claims that while she "definitely participated in subsequent developments", it is unlikely that Johnson was present at the beginning of the riots.[30] Mama Jean Devente, a friend of Johnson's, remembers Johnson helping her tend to her wounds after she was beaten by police.[5] Activist Craig Rodwell claims that at some point during the second night, Johnson climbed on top of a lamppost and dropped a bag containing a heavy object onto a police car's windshield, destroying it.[37] According to Tourmaline, Johnson was present at the site of the riots for five days.[38]

Stein notes several dimensions to the debates about Johnson's participation at Stonewall. One dimension concerns recognition, with some arguing that proper credit should be accorded to individuals who played an important role in the riots and others arguing that discussions about credits are ahistorical and pertain primarily to modern debates about identity politics rather than the riots themselves. Another dimension concerns the role of structural factors in the riots, with some arguing that the emphasis on individual agency is overstated relative to these "social and structural factors". Amidst these debates, Stein notes that it is "challenging to avoid both minimization and exaggeration".[39] Tourmaline argues that inconsistencies in Johnson's story "offer another way of remembering—one in which one’s emotional memory takes over the facts". She also notes that Johnson periodically became confused and frustrated when asked too many questions about Stonewall, speculating that this may have been the result of trauma and arguing that Johnson's "incoherence" should be respected.[5]

After Stonewall

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Flyer for the first Christopher Street Liberation Day rally on June 28, 1970. Johnson marched in the rally alongside the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA).

In the aftermath of the Stonewall riots, gay rights activists founded various advocacy organizations, including the GAA and the Gay Liberation Front (GLF).[40] Johnson was active in both organizations.[41] As part of her work with the GAA, she petitioned for a gay and lesbian nondiscrimination bill. In one instance, she was arrested while petitioning in Bryant Park during a Vietnam War protest. The GAA widely publicized her arrest and successfully compelled the city to drop the charges against her.[38] Later, on June 28, 1970, the anniversary of the beginning of the Stonewall riots, Johnson marched with the GAA during the first Christopher Street Liberation Day rally.[42]

In September 1970, Johnson participated in the Weinstein Hall occupation to protest the cancellation of gay dances at the Weinstein Hall residential building at New York University (NYU) alongside several other street queens,[g] including Andorra Martin, Bambi L'Amour, and Bubbles Rose Lee.[44] Johnson and the other street queens slept in couches in the back of the basement and were tasked with cooking, cleaning, and fundraising for the occupation.[45] During this time, Johnson suggested the formation of an organization for transgender people, to be called Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR). According to Tourmaline, the name may have been partially inspired by an album called STAR by the musician Julianne.[38] After five days, on September 25, the occupation was broken up by a police tactical unit, prompting the occupiers to leave and march throughout Greenwich Village.[46]

A group called Street Transvestites for Gay Power, which included both Johnson and Rivera, later organized protests at NYU's Loeb Student Center and Bellevue Hospital. At NYU, they demanded the creation of a gay community center, open enrollment for gay people, and the right to be openly gay with fear of retaliation. At Bellevue, they demanded an end to psychiatric abuse and compulsory sterilization, as well as free, community-controlled health and dental care.[47] NYU responded by allowing gay dances to take place at Weinstein Hall.[48] Around this time, Johnson and Rivera also managed a shelter for roughly 20 unhoused transgender youths out of a semi-truck trailer.[49] According to Rivera, she and Johnson supported themselves and the shelter by begging and engaging in sex work. They provided meals for the youths who lived at the shelter, assuming a parental role for them. At some point, a group of truck drivers attempted to take the trailer away. Johnson and Rivera vigorously protested, fearing that one or more of the youths was still inside. However, their pleas were ignored, and one of the youths was accidentally taken to California.[49]

STAR activism

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See also: Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries
A map of Manhattan with the location of STAR House marked at the southern end.
A map of Manhattan with the location of STAR House marked at the southern end.
class=notpageimage|
Location of STAR House in the East Village, Manhattan

The first official STAR meeting, which was prompted by the incident with the truck drivers, was held in late 1970.[50] Attendees included Johnson, Rivera, Martin, Lee, Bebe Scarpi, and Zazu Nova.[51] At the meeting, Rivera nominated Johnson for president of the new organization, but she declined, claiming that she "tend[ed] to go off in other directions".[52] She instead assumed the role of vice president, while Rivera became president.[53] They also made preparations for the creation of a permanent shelter for unhoused youth, to be called STAR House, with either Scarpi or Lee agreeing to secure a rental from the mafia.[h][54]

STAR began renting STAR House, which was located at 213 East 2nd Street, in November 1970.[56] STAR House provided clothing and food for its residents: a rotating group of 15 to 25 individuals.[57] Influenced by ballroom "house" culture, Johnson and Rivera took on the role of "house mothers", engaging in sex work to help pay for the house's rent while the house's "children" obtained food.[40] Johnson also engaged in various types of domestic work to support the residents of STAR House, including sewing banners for STAR to use at events.[58] Someday, she hoped that STAR would be able to provide educational and medical services for its residents.[59]

During this time, Johnson met Thomas Gerald Davis, also known as Candy, at a dance. Davis regularly spent time at STAR House, and the two entered into a romantic relationship. At some point, they held a wedding ceremony, though they never formalized their marriage legally. In one instance, David gifted Johnson a dog to symbolize their relationship. The dog was pregnant with a litter of puppies, who all became residents of STAR House. Tourmaline characterizes Johnson and Davis's relationship as "marked by love, complexity, and a deep desire for self-actualization".[58] However, it was sometimes strained as a result of Davis's drug addiction and his resistance to Johnson's association with transgender people.[60]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b This article used she/her pronouns for Johnson, as these are the pronouns used by the majority of sources, and, according to Chan and Holder, the pronouns she used most often.[1] This is not meant as a definitive statement on Johnson's identity or the pronouns that she may have preferred. Throughout her life, Johnson at various times identified as a boy, a gay man, a drag queen, a queen, and a "transvestite", in her own words.[2] Some sources, such as Ellison & Hoffman and Teppo, identify Johnson as a trans woman.[3] Holder speculates that she may have identified with the terms gender fluid or gender nonconforming if the terms were commonly used at the time.[4] Tourmaline considers it a "fool’s errand" to try to to determine "whether an individual in 1969 was a gay man, versus a drag queen, versus a transvestite, versus a trans woman".[5] According to Cohen, Johnson, when asked whether she saw herself as a man or woman, said, "I think of myself as me".[6] It should be noted that some members of Johnson's family use he/him pronouns for Johnson. According to her brother, this is "not meant to disrespect her; it is simply how he remembers her".[7]
  2. ^ a b In line with anthropologist David Valentine's definition of "transgender" as a "useful shorthand in describing non-normative genders; as a way of recognizing and objectifying a group of diverse people who have not always been seen to inhabit the category", this article uses the term broadly to encompass multiple non-normative genders and forms of gender presentation.[8]
  3. ^ While Wikipedia policy specifies that the dead/former names of transgender people should not be included "in any page", Johnson continued to use her birth name throughout her life under certain circumstances.[9] Some sources, such as Cohen, consider Malcolm to have been a "male persona" of Johnson's.[10] Others, such as Mary Lou Harris, whom Johnson occasionally babysat, consider Malcolm to have been "Marsha’s protector, a different character Marsha conjured up to keep herself safe".[11] It should be noted that some members of Johnson's family also use the names "Malcolm" and "Mikey" for Johnson.[12] Per Tourmaline, paraphrasing Johnson's brother, "Marsha never asked him to call her by her chosen name and if she did, he would have".[13]
  4. ^ Johnson had a complicated relationship with her mother, who struggled to understand aspects of Johnson's LGBTQ identity at times but was generally supportive of her. In one instance, after Marsha's first arrest, she helped her find legal representation, and she also regularly visited Marsha when she was institutionalized. In an interview, Johnson requested that "if anyone should ever write [her] life story" that she would like to "thank all those wonderful people on my way up the hill from Elizabeth, New Jersey... especially [her] mom and [her] dad and sisters and brothers".[7]
  5. ^ Johnson later claimed that she was sexually inactive until the age of 17.[16] However, according to her biographer, Tourmaline, she was sexually active as a teenager.[7]
  6. ^ According to a contemporary study of drag culture written by Esther Newton in 1972, "high drag" at the time would have been characterized by "very formal female attire", often including elaborate wigs, high heels, makeup, and various "formal accessories".[26]
  7. ^ A term used to refer to unhoused transgender youths of color.[43]
  8. ^ Scarpi according to Duberman and Lee according to Cohen.[54] Per Duberman, Lee was friends with a local mafioso named Michael Umbers.[55]

References

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  1. ^ Chan 2018; Holder 2024, pp. 25–26.
  2. ^ Kasino 2012, 00:34:55; 00:37:17; Chan 2018; Holder 2024, pp. 25.
  3. ^ Ellison & Hoffman 2019, p. 267; Teppo 2022, p. 1.
  4. ^ Holder 2024, p. 25.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the Stonewall Rioter".
  6. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 105.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the Jersey Kid".
  8. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 94.
  9. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 103; Chan 2018; Holder 2024, pp. 25–26.
  10. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 103.
  11. ^ Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the Downtown Performer".
  12. ^ Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the Jersey Kid"; "Marsha, the Legacy".
  13. ^ Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the Legacy".
  14. ^ Jackson 2021, pp. 290–291.
  15. ^ a b Chan 2018; Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the Jersey Kid". Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEChan2018Tourmaline2025"Marsha, the Jersey Kid"" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  16. ^ Watson 1979.
  17. ^ Kasino 2012, 0:04:41.
  18. ^ a b Chan 2018.
  19. ^ a b Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the Times Square Hustler".
  20. ^ Cohen 2021, p. 799; Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the Times Square Hustler".
  21. ^ Carter 2010, pp. 65–66.
  22. ^ Kasino 2012, 0:07:51; Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the Times Square Hustler".
  23. ^ Carter 2010, p. 65.
  24. ^ Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the Jersey Kid"; "Marsha, the Times Square Hustler".
  25. ^ Chan 2018; Keller & Morris 2021, p. 466.
  26. ^ Newton 1972, p. 34.
  27. ^ Kasino 2012, 0:09:31; Chan 2018; Coke 2020.
  28. ^ Rivera & Johnson 1970.
  29. ^ Goodyear 2020.
  30. ^ a b Stein 2021, p. 803.
  31. ^ Johnson & Wicker 1989; Keller & Morris 2021, p. 466.
  32. ^ Duberman 1994, p. 193.
  33. ^ Keller & Morris 2021, pp. 802–803.
  34. ^ Carter 2010, pp. 233–234, 298.
  35. ^ a b Carter 2010, p. 298.
  36. ^ Johnson & Wicker 1989.
  37. ^ Carter 2010, p. 188.
  38. ^ a b c Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the STAR Activist".
  39. ^ Stein 2019, p. 17.
  40. ^ a b Stryker 2017, p. 100.
  41. ^ Keller & Morris 2021, p. 466.
  42. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 56.
  43. ^ La Fountain-Stokes 2021, p. 235.
  44. ^ Ng 2013, p. 20; Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the STAR Activist".
  45. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 113; Tourmaline 2025, "Marsha, the STAR Activist".
  46. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 115; Ng 2013, pp. 20–21.
  47. ^ Cohen 2008, pp. 121–122.
  48. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 125.
  49. ^ a b Cohen 2008, p. 126.
  50. ^ Cohen 2008, pp. 126, 128.
  51. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 128; White 2024, p. 157.
  52. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 128.
  53. ^ The New York Historical 2019.
  54. ^ a b Duberman 1994, p. 250; Cohen 2008, p. 128.
  55. ^ Duberman 1994, p. 250.
  56. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 131.
  57. ^ Cohen 2008, pp. 131–132; Beemyn 2021, p. 394.
  58. ^ a b Tourmaline 2025, "Street Transvestites for Gay Power".
  59. ^ Tourmaline 2025, "Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries".
  60. ^ Cohen 2008, p. 127; Tourmaline 2025, "Street Transvestites for Gay Power".

Sources

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Personal notes

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Hello! Just a heads up that I am planning on overhauling and improving this article as part of the ongoing 2025 Wiki Loves Pride campaign. My primary goals are to improve sourcing and to expand the article in preparation for a GA review. In particular, I'd like to incorporate info from Tourmaline's new biography on Johnson, which came out this year (unfortunately, my copy is an ebook that does not have proper pagination; if you have a copy that does, feel free to add in proper page numbers to the sfn citations). This is a tough subject. There are a lot of narratives surrounding Marsha's life, and I want to do right by her as best I can while also portraying her life accurately. As such, I have had to make several difficult decisions while working on this article. Most of these I have tried to address using footnotes, but even so, there are limitations to editing Wikipedia and staying within policy guidelines that proved especially challenging. I will to discuss these challenges, and the rationale behind some of the changes I made, here:

  • Okay, a particularly tough one. Pronoun use. The current consensus seems that using she/her pronouns is acceptable. I think I agree, though I would like to make it clear that any "preferred" pronoun scheme is speculative. That includes she/her, they/them, he/him, and even no pronouns. Opting for no pronouns is also making a choice. Ultimately, enough sources use she/her pronouns to constitute a consistent usage in the literature (whether or not they are referring to Johnson as a woman or as a gay man, per Carter), and some sources (perhaps incorrectly, I can only report what the sources say), do claim that she most commonly used she/her pronouns. There have been some claims on this page that she used any pronouns or that she selectively used she/her and he/him pronouns in certain situations. These claims may be true, and if they are, I think that they should be given due consideration. Even if it were absolutely clear that Johnson would have been a binary trans woman if that vocabulary had been available to her (and I don't think it is—she may have equally plausibly been genderfluid, for example), it is still possible that she may have used she/her and he/him pronouns with equal prevalence or in different circumstances. I just cannot find any sources that back this up, at least when it comes to pronoun use. If anyone has any, I think they should be added to the article/the relevant footnote.
  • I also want to make it clear, that I don't believe that friends and family of Johnson's that use he/him pronouns are doing so out of disrespect or in an attempt to misgender her. I have tried to clarify this in the footnotes where possible, but if there are other sources out there that discuss this directly (especially regarding her friends), I think they should be incorporated.
  • I have opted to use the word "transgender" to describe Johnson and her activism. This is, of course, an anachronism. As has been pointed out, this terminology was not widely in use when Marsha was alive/most active. The use of the term in my edits coincides with David Valentine's definition of "transgender" as a "useful shorthand in describing non-normative genders; as a way of recognizing and objectifying a group of diverse people who have not always been seen to inhabit the category". In this usage (as I will explain in a footnote), transgender is being used to describe several types of non-normatively-gendered people and presentations, including, potentially, non-binary people, transvestites, trans women, and some other gender non-conforming people. I am very open to discussing this, as even in the modern context, not all people who could fall under the transgender umbrella necessarily want to. In Marsha's case, given that she went on HRT, potentially wanted bottom surgery, and "started to live [her] life as a woman" when she "became a drag queen", the term seems reasonably appropriate. I also think that there is a connection between Johnson's activism and the modern trans rights movement that is worth highlighting. I considered using the word trans*, but felt that this was perhaps too theoretical/neologistic a term. Again, I am very open to discussion about this.
  • I found the discussion of Johnson's drag style deeply fascinating, but I don't think it was adequately supported by the sources if we're using the WP:OR standard. I think the analysis is probably valid, but definitely goes beyond what the sources say or portray. I've tried to preserve it as much as I can, but some stuff had to go. If anyone has any sources that discuss Johnson's presentation, I think those would be great additions to the article.
  • I removed content about the clientele of the Stonewall. The single source cited is a self-published blog, there are a lot of stronger (and still sometimes conflicting) sources about the clientele served (see Carter, Duberman, Stein, Tourmaline among others). Ultimately it would have taken a long time to explain all of the relevant demographic factors and it didn't seem relevant enough to include as a paragraph-long aside. If someone feels strongly that it is important to include such a section, I have quite a few sources I can point them to to get them started. Feel free to message me.

I will be working in my sandbox, so feel free to check my progress there and message me if you feel there are issues with the sandbox content or if you have ideas for sources. There will probably be a very big edit coming tomorrow or in the next couple days. If there are issues with that edit once it goes through, let me know and we can discuss it here. Thank you!

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