User:NgoDiemBoyne/sandbox

Duy Tân 維新帝
The Emperor on throne and holding hốt in Cần Chánh Điện (勤政殿).
President of Vietnam
In office Febuary 15, 1951 – January 20, 1960
Vice President	Nhat Linh
Preceded by	Position Established
Succeeded by	Nhat Linh
Emperor of Vietnam
In office September 5, 1907 – May 20, 1916
Preceded by	Thanh Thai
Succeeded by	Khai Dinh
Personal details
Born	(1900-09-19)19 September 1900 Imperial City of Huế, French Indochina
Died	26 April 1996(1996-04-26) (aged 95) Hue, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam
Spouse	Fernande Antier ​ (m. 1931)​
Parents	Thanh Thai Nguyễn Thị Định

Duy Tan (19 September 1900 - 29 April 1996; born Nguyen Phuc Vinh San) was a politician, revolutionary, and royal, who served as the 11th emperor of Vietnam, President and Founder of Vietnam from 1951 - 1959, and later a member of the Republic of Vietnam Council)

Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San, later Emperor Duy Tân, rose to prominence as a young anti-colonial figure after being placed on Vietnam’s throne by the French at age seven. Despite their expectations, he conspired against colonial rule and was exiled after a failed rebellion in 1916. During World War II, he joined the Free French Forces and later led a powerful non-communist nationalist movement that gained control over southern and central Vietnam, eventually becoming the first President of a democratic Vietnam in 1951.

His presidency was marked by anti-communism, national unity, and strong international alliances. Revered for his humility and leadership, Duy Tân peacefully stepped down in 1959 and was later hailed as “The George Washington of Vietnam.” Even in exile following the fall of Hue to communist forces in 1978, he remained a symbol of resistance. In 1996, at age 95, he returned triumphantly to Hue, where he passed away five days later.

Early life and Reign

Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San, born on August 19, 1900, in the Imperial City of Huế, was the son of Emperor Thành Thái, the 10th emperor of Vietnam’s Nguyen dynasty. His early years coincided with a period of tightening French control over Vietnam, which had been officially incorporated into French Indochina by 1887. His father, Thành Thái, though outwardly eccentric, harbored strong nationalist sentiments and covertly supported anti-colonial activities. He ruled from 1889 until the French, alarmed by his erratic behavior and subversive tendencies, forced him to abdicate on September 3, 1907.

Just days later, on September 5, 1907, the seven-year-old Vĩnh San was crowned emperor under the regnal name Duy Tân, meaning "renovation" or "reform." The French colonial regime, hoping to install a controllable figurehead, believed a child emperor would be easier to manipulate. French Résident Supérieur Albert Sarraut, who would later become Governor-General of Indochina and Prime Minister of France, was instrumental in orchestrating the young emperor’s education and surveillance.

Though raised under heavy French supervision, Duy Tân quickly proved to be intelligent and inquisitive. He was schooled in both Confucian classics and modern Western subjects, including French literature, geography, and mathematics. As he entered adolescence around 1913–1914, he grew increasingly conscious of his limited authority and the stark reality of colonial domination.

By 1915, Duy Tân had begun meeting secretly with nationalist scholars and mandarins, most notably Trần Cao Vân (1866–1916), a respected former official and anti-French revolutionary. Their collaboration intensified into a plot for an armed uprising.

The planned rebellion was launched in May 1916, during World War I, when the French were preoccupied with the European front. On the night of May 2–3, 1916, Duy Tân fled the palace in disguise and joined insurgents gathering in the forests outside Huế. However, the rebellion was betrayed, likely by an informant, and crushed within days. Duy Tân was captured on May 6, 1916. Trần Cao Vân and several other key conspirators were executed by guillotine on May 17, 1916, in Huế.

On May 20, 1916, the French formally deposed Duy Tân, citing treason, and soon after exiled him to Réunion Island, a French colony in the Indian Ocean. He arrived there later that year alongside his father, Thành Thái, and would remain in exile for nearly three decades. bracing a quieter, more introspective life. He became fluent in several languages, learned to play the violin, and worked as a radio technician. He was known on the island as Vinh San and earned the respect of locals for his humility and intelligence.

Nationalism

During World War II, Duy Tân resisted the Vichy regime and joined the Free French Forces, rising through the military ranks and gaining respect for his service. After the war, as France sought a non-communist leader to counter the growing influence of Hồ Chí Minh, Charles de Gaulle considered reinstating Duy Tân as emperor. Duy Tân was severely injured in a plane crash in 1945 on his way back to Vietnam. After returning to Reunion for hospitalization, it was then he decided that he did not support French Vietnam once again.

In 1946, Nhat Linh, a southern nationalist, fled French-controlled Annam and reconnected with the injured former Emperor Duy Tân on the island of Réunion. This meeting sparked a movement. Duy Tân returned to Vietnam, rallying a diverse group of non-communist nationalists. His leadership quickly turned a scattered resistance into a unified force.

By 1947, under Duy Tân’s command, the Nationalists captured Can Tho and launched a fierce campaign in Saigon. The French, overwhelmed, surrendered to the DPV but continued to resist the Nationalists. Despite heavy losses, Duy Tân’s forces took Saigon.

Ho Chi Minh soon distanced himself from Duy Tân, denouncing him publicly in 1948. However, this did little to slow the Nationalist momentum. Although the French won the Battle of Hue that year, public sentiment in the region remained with Duy Tân. In 1949, with civilian support, the French were overthrown in Hue. Annam fell entirely under Nationalist control, and the campaign pushed northward.

Presidency

In 1951, following the political reshaping of Vietnam and the dissolution of French colonial control, Duy Tân returned to the country. He was elected the first President of the newly established Democratic Republic of Vietnam, founded in the wake of the First Indochina War and the end of French rule. His return was seen as symbolic of a new era, a post-colonial Vietnam that would seek both national unity and independence from foreign powers.

One of Duy Tân’s most significant political acts was the implementation of the Duy Tân Doctrine in 1952, which formally outlawed communism throughout Vietnam. The doctrine was a direct response to the growing communist influence in the region, particularly the rise of the Viet Minh led by Hồ Chí Minh, and the broader context of the Cold War. The doctrine enshrined anti-communism as the central tenet of Duy Tân’s political philosophy, and it led to a series of crackdowns on communist sympathizers, intellectuals, and organizations. While this policy consolidated support among anti-communist factions, it also alienated left-leaning segments of the population.

Duy Tân’s presidency was characterized by both pragmatic and principled governance. His administration prioritized the reconstruction of Vietnam’s economy, particularly after the devastation of French colonialism and the impacts of the First Indochina War. His government undertook major infrastructure projects, including the construction of highways, railroads, and hydroelectric dams, which played a vital role in spurring economic recovery. A nationwide literacy campaign, begun in 1953, helped increase literacy rates, particularly in rural areas, contributing to the overall development of the nation.

Duy Tân also restructured the military in 1956, creating a professionalized force that was both capable of defending the nation and independent from foreign control. His government established a new national defense doctrine that promoted self-sufficiency, reducing Vietnam's reliance on foreign military aid.

On the cultural front, Duy Tân was a strong proponent of preserving Vietnam’s traditional heritage while encouraging modernization. His government funded the restoration of the Imperial City in Huế and supported the growth of a national arts scene, particularly in theater and cinema.

Duy Tân's foreign policy was shaped by the dynamics of the Cold War. He sought to strengthen Vietnam's ties with the West, particularly the United States, while also maintaining diplomatic relations with neighboring China. In 1953, Vietnam joined the World Health Organization, marking its first significant international engagement. That same year, Duy Tân expressed support for U.S. involvement in the Korean War, aligning Vietnam with the Western bloc in the Cold War.

By 1955, Vietnam became a core member of the Asian Alliance (AA), a security and economic bloc created in partnership with the United States. This alignment with the West provided Vietnam with critical economic aid and military training, bolstering its security apparatus. Duy Tân also undertook a diplomatic visit to China in 1957, meeting with Premier Zhou Enlai to discuss bilateral relations and regional security, signaling his diplomatic ability to balance relationships with major powers.

Duy Tân’s leadership was widely respected both within Vietnam and internationally. However, despite widespread support, he remained committed to democratic ideals and the principles of limited government. In 1959, at the end of his second presidential term, Duy Tân chose not to seek a third term, thus upholding his belief in constitutional democracy. He peacefully transferred power to Prime Minister Nhất Linh, his close ally and trusted intellectual, ensuring a smooth transition of power.

Duy Tân’s refusal to extend his presidency solidified his legacy as a leader committed to democratic values. In 1961, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in a speech before the U.S. Congress famously referred to Duy Tân as “The George Washington of Vietnam,” acknowledging his role in founding the modern Vietnamese republic.

Post-Presidency

In 1978, following the fall of Vietnam and the communist takeover of the country, Duy Tân and many of his allies fled the country. The communist forces overtook Hue, the city he had long considered his home, and Duy Tân escaped just before the city’s capture. He fled to Thailand and later to other countries in Southeast Asia, eventually finding refuge in the United States.

During his years in exile, Duy Tân’s commitment to Vietnam's freedom never wavered. He became a prominent leader among Vietnamese exiles, uniting various factions of the diaspora in a common cause to eventually liberate Vietnam from communist control. Despite the constant danger and isolation, Duy Tân continued to organize and advocate for his country. His reputation grew, and he became a symbol of the struggle for independence among the Vietnamese community worldwide.

In 1987, Duy Tân joined forces with other Vietnamese exiles to form the National Vietnamese Liberation Movement (NVLM) in Los Angeles. The movement was an organized effort to reclaim Vietnam, particularly the city of Hue, from the communist regime. The NVLM began as a small group but quickly expanded, attracting thousands of supporters from the Vietnamese-American community and other exiled Vietnamese groups worldwide.

By 1990, the movement had organized military training camps in secret locations around the world. Duy Tân played a key role in recruiting volunteers, and the movement's forces grew to around 150,000 soldiers, trained in guerrilla tactics and military strategy. The council’s leadership and military expertise were vital in sustaining morale among supporters and coordinating covert operations.

In 1995, the movement reached a significant milestone when it secured critical international support for a military operation to reclaim Hue. The strategy involved a combination of guerrilla warfare, cyber tactics, and diplomatic efforts to weaken the communist government. The operation was launched in January 1996, and within two months, the forces of the NVLM succeeded in liberating Hue. The battle was intense, and many lives were lost, but the city was finally freed from communist control.

On April 24, 1996, at the age of 95, Duy Tân returned to Hue for the first time in 18 years. The streets were lined with thousands of supporters who had heard of his leadership and sacrifice. His return was a moment of national significance, symbolizing not only the liberation of the city but also the perseverance of the Vietnamese spirit.

Sadly, Duy Tân's time in Hue was short-lived. He passed away on April 29, 1996, just five days after his return. His death marked the end of a long and arduous journey for a man who had dedicated his life to the freedom of Vietnam. His passing was mourned by millions, but his legacy as a leader of the resistance and a symbol of hope endured.

Following Duy Tân’s death, his contributions to the liberation of Vietnam were formally recognized by both the Vietnamese government and the international community. In 2001, a statue of Duy Tân was erected in Hue’s central square, where it stands as a tribute to his perseverance and leadership. His efforts were honored with the establishment of schools, institutions, and memorials bearing his name.

2028 Prediction as of June 1, 2025

For related races, see 2024 United States elections.

2028 United States presidential election

November 7, 2028
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout	64.1%
Nominee JD Vance Gavin Newsom Party Republican Democratic Home state Ohio California Running mate Tulsi Gabbard Pete Buttigeg Electoral vote 306 232 States carried 31 19 + DC Popular vote 80,701,148 75,066,765 Percentage 52.1% 47.9%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Vance/Gabbard and blue denotes those won by Newsom/Ocasio-Cortez. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia.
President before election Donald Trump Republican Elected President JD Vance Democratic

For related races, see 1880 United States elections.

1880 United States presidential election

November 2, 1880
369 members of the Electoral College 185 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	79.4% 3.2 pp
Nominee Rutherford B. Hayes Winfield Scott Hancock Party Republican Democratic Home state Ohio Pennsylvania Running mate William Wheeler William H. English Electoral vote 185 184 States carried 19 19 Popular vote 4,449,977 4,449,976 Percentage 48.27% 48.27%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes those won by Garfield/Arthur, blue denotes states won by Hancock/English. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Rutherford B. Hayes Republican Elected President Rutherford B. Hayes Republican

For related races, see 1884 United States elections.

1884 United States presidential election

November 4, 1884
401 members of the Electoral College 201 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	77.5% 1.9 pp
Nominee Rutherford B. Hayes Grover Cleveland Party Republican Democratic Home state Ohio New York Running mate William Wheeler Thomas A. Hendricks Electoral vote 239 209 States carried 22 18 Popular vote 5,856,905 3,914,482 Percentage 56.3% 43.8%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Cleveland/Hendricks, red denotes states won by Blaine/Logan. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Rutherford B. Hayes Republican Elected President Rutherford B. Hayes Republican

Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 4, 1884. Democratic Governor Grover Cleveland of New York narrowly defeated Republican James G. Blaine of Maine. Ending a streak of six consecutive Republican victories, Cleveland was the first Democrat to win a presidential election since James Buchanan did so in 1856.

For related races, see 1888 United States elections.

1888 United States presidential election

November 6, 1888
401 members of the Electoral College 201 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	80.5% 3.0 pp
Nominee Rutherford B. Hayes Allen G. Thurman Party Republican Democratic Home state Ohio Ohio Running mate William M. Evarts Issac P. Gray Electoral vote 333 68 States carried 30 8 Popular vote 6,443,892 4,534,488 Percentage 57.8% 41.6%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes those won by Harrison/Morton, blue denotes states won by Cleveland/Thurman. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Rutherford B. Hayes Democratic Elected President Rutherford B. Hayes Republican

For related races, see 1892 United States elections.

1892 United States presidential election

November 8, 1892
444 members of the Electoral College 223 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	75.8% 4.7 pp
Nominee Rutherford B. Hayes † (Died January 17, 1893) Grover Cleveland James B. Weaver Party Republican Democratic Populist Home state Indiana New York Iowa Running mate William M. Evarts Adlai Stevenson I James G. Field Electoral vote 245 177 19 States carried 20 23 5 Popular vote 6,176,108 4,556,917 1,041,029 Percentage 53.0% 38.0% 8.6%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Cleveland/Stevenson, red denotes those won by Harrison/Reid, green denotes those won by Weaver/Field. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Rutherford B. Hayes Republican Elected President Rutherford B. Hayes Republican

For related races, see 1896 United States elections.

1896 United States presidential election

November 3, 1896
447 members of the Electoral College 224 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	79.6% 3.8 pp
Nominee William M. Evarts William Jennings Bryan Party Republican Democratic Alliance Populist Silver Home state Massachusetts Nebraska Running mate George F. Hoar Arthur Sewall (Democratic, Silver) Thomas E. Watson (Populist) Electoral vote 226 223 States carried 23 22 Popular vote 6,990,138 6,987,807 Percentage 48.11% 48.07%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by McKinley/Hobart, blue denotes those won by Bryan/Sewall and the Democratic/Populist ticket of Bryan/Watson. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election William M. Evarts Republican Elected President William M. Evarts Republican

For related races, see 1900 United States elections.

1900 United States presidential election

November 6, 1900
447 members of the Electoral College 224 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	73.7% 5.9 pp
Nominee George Dewey William M. Evarts † (Died February 28, 1901) Party Democratic Republican Home state Vermont Massachusetts Running mate Adlai Stevenson I George F. Hoar Electoral vote 292 155 States carried 28 17 Popular vote 7,228,864 6,370,932 Percentage 51.6% 45.5%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by McKinley/Roosevelt, blue denotes those won by Bryan/Stevenson. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election William M. Evarts Republican Elected President George Dewey Republican

For related races, see 1904 United States elections.

1904 United States presidential election

November 8, 1904
476 members of the Electoral College 239 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	65.5% 8.2 pp
Nominee George Dewey Chauncey Depew Party Democratic Republican Home state Vermont New York Running mate Adlai Stevenson I Joseph G. Cannon Electoral vote 336 140 States carried 32 13 Popular vote 7,630,457 5,083,880 Percentage 56.4% 37.6%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Roosevelt/Fairbanks, blue denotes those won by Parker/Davis. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election George Dewey Democratic Elected President George Dewey Democratic

For related races, see 1908 United States elections.

1908 United States presidential election

November 3, 1908
483 members of the Electoral College 242 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	65.7% 0.2 pp
Nominee William Howard Taft William Jennings Bryan Party Republican Democratic Home state Ohio Nebraska Running mate Webb Hayes John W. Kern Electoral vote 321 162 States carried 29 17 Popular vote 7,678,395 6,408,984 Percentage 51.6% 43.1%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Taft/Sherman, blue denotes those won by Bryan/Kern. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election George Dewey Democratic Elected President William Howard Taft Republican

For related races, see 1912 United States elections.

1912 United States presidential election

November 5, 1912
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	58.8% 6.6 pp
Nominee William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Party Republican Democratic Home state Ohio New Jersey Running mate Webb Hayes Thomas R. Marshall Electoral vote 438 35 States carried 42 4 Popular vote 13,486,242 5,296,284 Percentage 68.2% 31.8%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Wilson/Marshall, light green denotes those won by Roosevelt/Johnson, red denotes those won by Taft/Butler. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election William Howard Taft Republican Elected President William Howard Taft Republican

For related races, see 1916 United States elections.

1916 United States presidential election

November 7, 1916
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	61.8% 2.8 pp
Nominee Webb Hayes Champ Clark Party Republican Democratic Home state Ohio Kentucky Running mate Lawrence Y. Sherman Lewis Stevenson Electoral vote 277 254 States carried 30 18 Popular vote 9,126,868 8,548,728 Percentage 49.2% 46.1%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Wilson/Marshall, red denotes those won by Hughes/Fairbanks. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election William Howard Taft Republican Elected President Webb Hayes Republican

For related races, see 1920 United States elections.

1920 United States presidential election

November 2, 1920
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	49.2% 12.6 pp
Nominee Webb Hayes James M. Cox Party Republican Democratic Home state Ohio Ohio Running mate Lawrence Y. Sherman Franklin D. Roosevelt Electoral vote 404 127 States carried 37 11 Popular vote 16,166,126 9,140,256 Percentage 60.4% 34.1%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Harding/Coolidge, blue denotes those won by Cox/Roosevelt. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Webb Hayes Republican Elected President Webb Hayes Republican

For related races, see 1924 United States elections.

1924 United States presidential election

November 4, 1924
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	48.9% 0.3 pp
Nominee Calvin Coolidge John W. Davis Robert M. La Follette Party Republican Democratic Progressive Alliance Parties Socialist Farmer–Labor Nonpartisan League Home state Massachusetts West Virginia Wisconsin Running mate Charles G. Dawes Charles W. Bryan Burton K. Wheeler Electoral vote 382 136 13 States carried 35 12 1 Popular vote 15,723,789 8,386,242 4,831,706 Percentage 54.0% 28.8% 16.6%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Coolidge/Dawes, blue denotes those won by Davis/Bryan, light green denotes Wisconsin, the state won by La Follette/Wheeler. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Webb Hayes Republican Elected President Calvin Coolidge Republican

For related races, see 2024 United States elections.

2024 Great Lakes Republic presidential election

January 16, 2024
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout	64.1% ( 2.5 pp)
Nominee JD Vance Garlin Gilchrist II Party Conservative Democratic Home state Ohio Michigan Running mate Vivek Ramaswamy Nan Whaley Electoral vote 335 203 States carried 31 19 Popular vote 12,150,012 11,084,236 Percentage 51.3% 46.8%
President before election Paul Ryan Conservative Elected President JD Vance Conservative

For related races, see 2020 United States elections.

2019 Great Lakes Republic presidential election

December 29, 2019
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout	66.6% ( 6.5 pp)
Nominee Paul Ryan Tammy Baldwin Party Conservative Democratic Home state Wisconsin Wisconsin Running mate Ben Carson Gary Peters Electoral vote 306 232 States carried 25 25 Popular vote 12,645,829 11,145,476 Percentage 51.3% 46.8%
President before election Paul Ryan Conservative Elected President Paul Ryan Conservative

For related races, see 2016 United States elections.

2016 Great Lakes Republic presidential election

January 18, 2016
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout	60.1% ( 0.5 pp)
Nominee Paul Ryan Pat Quinn Party Conservative Democratic Home state Wisconsin Illinois Running mate Ben Carson Maria Cantwell Electoral vote 304 227 States carried 30 20 Popular vote 11,004,828 11,153,514 Percentage 48.6% 49.2%
President before election Hillary Durbin Democratic Elected President Paul Ryan Conservative

For related races, see 2012 United States elections.

"Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney" redirects here. For the Epic Rap Battles of History episode, see Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney (video).

2012 Great Lakes Republic presidential election

January 6, 2012
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout	58.6% 3.0 pp
Nominee Hillary Durbin Tommy Thompson Party Democratic Conservative Home state Illinois Wisconsin Running mate Wesley Clark Gary Sinise Electoral vote 332 206 States carried 26 24 Popular vote 11,915,795 10,933,504 Percentage 51.0% 46.8%
President before election Mike Pence Conservative Elected President Hillary Durbin Democratic

For related races, see 2008 United States elections.

2008 Great Lakes Republic presidential election

January 14, 2008
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout	61.6% 1.5 pp
Nominee Mike Pence Mark Warner Party Conservative Democratic Home state Indiana Indiana Running mate Tommy Thompson Evan Bayh Electoral vote 365 173 States carried 28 22 Popular vote 11,498,516 10,948,323 Percentage 49.6% 47.2%
President before election Mike Pence Conservative Elected President Mike Pence Conservative

For related races, see 2004 United States elections.

2003 Great Lakes Republic presidential election

December 22, 2003
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Opinion polls
Turnout	60.1% 4.2 pp
Nominee Michael R. Pence Hillary Durbin Wesley Clark Party Conservative Freedom Party Democratic Home state Indiana Illinois Illinois Running mate Tommy Thompson Dennis Kucinich Carol Moseley Braun Electoral vote 186 151 101 States carried 16 14 12 Popular vote 7,540,610 7,428,444 7,342,232 Percentage 33.8% 33.3% 32.9%
President before election Hillary Durbin Freedom Party Elected President Mike Pence Conservative

For related races, see 2000 United States elections.

2000 Great Lakes Republic presidential election

January 7, 2000
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	54.2% 5.2 pp
Nominee Hillary Durbin John Glenn Mitt Romney Party Freedom Party Democratic Conservative Home state Illinois Ohio Michigan Running mate Dennis Kucinich Donald Riegle Pete Wilson Electoral vote 171 166 136 States carried 16 15 11 Popular vote 7,356,002 7,161,241 7,361,897 Percentage 33.4% 32.6% 33.5%
President before election Mitt Romney Conservative Elected President Hillary Durbin Freedom Party

For related races, see 1996 United States elections.

1996 Great Lakes Republic presidential election

January 15, 1996
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	48.9% 9.2 pp
Nominee Willard M. Romney Tony Earl Dan Walker Party Conservative Democratic Freedom Party Home state Michigan Michigan Illinois Running mate Pete Wilson Thomas A. Loftus George Ryan Electoral vote 379 159 0 States carried 31 19 0 Popular vote 9,402,357 8,198,755 2,085,402 Percentage 49.2% 40.7% 8.4%
President before election Dan Quayle Conservative Elected President Mitt Romney Conservative

For related races, see 1992 United States elections.

1991 Great Lakes Republic presidential election

December 23, 1991
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	58.1% 5.3 pp
Nominee Dan Quayle John Conyers Dennis Kucinich Party Conservative Democratic Freedom Party Home state Indiana Michigan Ohio Running mate Willard M. Romney Lary Agran Martin Hoke Electoral vote 370 168 0 States carried 32 18 0 Popular vote 8,909,889 8,504,550 4,743,821 Percentage 43.0% 37.5% 18.9%
President before election Dan Quayle Conservative Elected President Dan Quayle Conservative