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European Movement International

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Background
The Congress of Europe
  • Liaison Committee of the Movements for European Unity: set up in Paris on 20 July 1947[3] (this is probably excessive detail)
    • Liaison Committee of the Movements for European Unity had the following constituents: the Independent League for European Cooperation (ILEC), the Union of European Federalists (UEF), the United Europe Movement (UEM)[3]
  • Paris on 10 and 11 November 1947, decision to replace the Liaison Committee of the Movements for European Unity with the International Committee of the Movements for European Unity (ICMEU)[3]
    • ICMEU President: Duncan Sandys, Secretary-General: Joseph Retinger, Deputy Secretary-General: Georges-Louis Rebattet [fr][3]
    • ICMEU Headquarters: London, Liaison Office: Paris[3]
    • ICMEU constituents (including those previously constituting the Liaison Committee): the French Council for a United Europe, the ILEC, the Nouvelles Équipes Internationales (New International Teams — NEI), the UEF and the UEM[3]
    • [For further minutiae of ICMEU's internal organization and committee membership, see[3]]
    • April 1949: European Parliamentary Union (EPU) joins the ICMEU.[3]
  • When ICMEU was created, the organization decided to organize a Congress in Spring 1948.[3]
    • Piet Kerstens, on behalf of ILEC, proposed the Congress to be held in The Hague.[4]
    • ICMEU's Organising Committee for the congress: Piet Kerstens (Chairman),
    • TBD: Tensions between UK Labour and Conservatives, reluctance of European Socialists.[4]
    • Number of delegates limited to a maximum of 800.[4] Attended by 740 delegates.[5] (Or between 600 and 800, the 740 figure appears to be not verified, and rather be the list of confirmed attendees rather than actually attending)[6]
      • Official representation (actually apparently none was really official as in representing the state) from: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, France, West Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and Greece. Unofficial observer representation by individuals from Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Spain, the United States, Yugoslavia, and the Saar Protectorate.[5]
      • Greek delegation was headed by Agis Tambacopoulos [el], former Minister of Justice of the Ioannis Metaxas dictatorship, which was a source of controversy.[7]
      • Spanish delegation had representation both from Republican government in exile, as well as a semi-official representation of 4 people approved by the Francoist government.[8][9]
    • Covered by 250 journalists.[10][11]
    • White flag with a red "E" as the emblem for the Congress. The European Movement later adopted white flag with a green "E".[10]
    • Each delegate was assigned to one of three committees: cultural, economic, political. These discussed draft reports by the organization, and prepared resolutions to be approved in the plenary session.[6]

References:

  1. ^ Aldrich 1997, p. 189.
  2. ^ Aldrich 1997.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The International Committee of the Movements for European Unity". The Congress of Europe in The Hague (7–10 May 1948). Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l’Europe (CVCE). Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d "Preparations for the Hague Congress". The Congress of Europe in The Hague (7–10 May 1948). Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l’Europe (CVCE). Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b "The national delegations". The Congress of Europe in The Hague (7–10 May 1948). Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l’Europe (CVCE). Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  6. ^ a b Duranti 2017, p. 100.
  7. ^ Duranti 2017, pp. 107–108.
  8. ^ Duranti 2017, p. 108.
  9. ^ "MADRID SENDS 4 TO HAGUE: Semi-Official Delegation Will Join Congress of Europe". The New York Times. 10 May 1948. p. 16.
  10. ^ a b "Practical organisation and symbols". The Congress of Europe in The Hague (7–10 May 1948). Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l’Europe (CVCE). Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  11. ^ Duranti 2017, p. 101.
  12. ^ "The establishment of the European Movement". The Congress of Europe in The Hague (7–10 May 1948). Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l’Europe (CVCE). Archived from the original on 9 April 2025. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  13. ^ Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (19 September 2000). "Euro-federalists financed by US spy chiefs". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 9 April 2025.

Bibliography:

  • Barnes, Trevor (1982). "The Secret Cold War: The C.I.A. and American Foreign Policy in Europe 1946–1956. Part II". The Historical Journal. 25 (3): 649–670. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00011833.
  • https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09592299708406035
  • Hick, Alan (1991). "The 'European Movement'". In Lipgens, Walter; Loth, Wilfried (eds.). Transnational Organizations of Political Parties and Pressure Groups in the Struggle for European Union, 1945-1950. Walter de Gruyter / European University Institute. pp. 319–435.
  • Aldrich, Richard J. (1997). "OSS, CIA and European unity: The American committee on United Europe, 1948-60" (PDF). Diplomacy & Statecraft. 8 (1): 184–227. doi:10.1080/09592299708406035.
  • Aldrich, Richard J. (1999). "The Struggle for the Mind of European Youth: the CIA and European Movement Propaganda, 1948–60". In Rawnsley, Gary D. (ed.). Cold-War Propaganda in the 1950s. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 183–203.
  • Wilford, Hugh (2001). "Calling the tune? The CIA, the British left and the cold war". The RUSI Journal. 146 (1). Routledge: 56–61. doi:10.1080/03071840108446612.
  • Dedman, Martin, ed. (2009). The Origins & Development of the European Union 1945-2008. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203873618. ISBN 9780203873618.
  • Aldrich, Richard J. (2016). "European Integration: An American Intelligence Connection". In Deighton, Anne (ed.). Building Postwar Europe: National Decision-Makers and European Institutions, 1948-63. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 159–179. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-24052-4_10.
  • Duranti, Marco (2017). The Conservative Human Rights Revolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199811380.
  • Liargovas, Panagiotis; Papageorgiou, Christos (2024). The European Integration. Vol. 1. Springer Nature Switzerland. ISBN 9783031477768.

NATO bombings of Yugoslavia

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PCP

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Authors:

Good bibliography section: https://tintadachina.pt/wp-content/uploads/histpcp-1.pdf

Portuguese Maximalist Federation

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History

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Towards the end of World War I, Portugal fell into a serious economic crisis, in part due to the Portuguese military intervention in the war.[citation needed] The Portuguese working classes responded to the deterioration in their living standards with a wave of strikes. Supported by an emerging labour movement, the workers achieved some of their objectives, such as an eight-hour working day. But a feeling of political powerlessness, the lack of a coherent political strategy among the Portuguese working class and the growing popularity of the Russian Revolution, led to the foundation of the Portuguese Maximalist Federation (FMP) on April 27, 1919. The goal of FMP was to promote socialist and revolutionary ideas and to organize and develop the worker movement.[1]


Bibliography

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  1. ^ "How the Portuguese Communist Party was born". Portuguese Communist Party (in Portuguese). June 14, 2002. Archived from the original on February 5, 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2006.

Spanish people in nazi concentration camps

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Terrorism in BiH

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Press:

Academia:

Al Furqan

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New Acropolis

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Characterization
  • New religious movement
    • Listed under "Spiritist and esoteric NRMs in Brazil and Argentina" (Clarke 2006)
  • Post-Theosophical[1](Introvigne 1999)
  • Western Esotericism[2](Introvigne 1999)
  • Claimed influence of pitagorism[3]
  • Claimed influence of neoplatonism[3]
  • Claimed influence of theosophy[3]
  • Influence of Plato (Clarke 2006)
  • Influence of Blavatsky' theosophy (Clarke 2006), Theosophical Society (Introvigne 1999)
  • Influence of "philosophia perennis" by René Guenon (Clarke 2006)
  • "New Acropolis is commonly labeled as a "cult" by the anti-cult movement", "listed as such in a 1996 French parliamentary report" (Introvigne 1999)
  • "It emphatically denies being in any way a religious movement, however, and prefers to be regarded as a school of philosophy." (Introvigne 1999)
Ideology
  • Claims to be Humanist organization...[1]
    • ...independent of political and religious ties[1][3]
  • Some former members in France accuse of being right-wing and promoting Fascism and neo-Nazi ideas[4]
  • Political conservative movement (Clarke 2006)
  • "The structure, organization and symbolism of the Nouevelle Acropole is clearly indebted to fascist models." (Goodrick-Clarke 2003)
History
  • Founded in Argentina in 1957 by Jorge A. Livraga Rizzi (1930-1991) (Introvigne 1999)
  • in 1974 was established in France by Fernand Schwarz (Introvigne 1999)
References
  • Moraleda, José (1992). "Movimientos esotéricos". Las sectas hoy: nuevos movimientos religiosos (in Spanish). Editorial SAL TERRAE. p. 16. ISBN 9788429310726. Incluimos en este grupo [movimientos esotéricos] los movimientos religiosos o pararreligiosos de inspiración ocultista o gnóstica; se presentan como asociaciones culturales y científicas: Antroposofía, Rosacruz, Fraternidad Blanca Universal, Nueva Acrópolis, Iglesia de la Cienciología
  • Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780814731550. A recent example of the neo-fascist potential in Theosophy is provided by Nouvelle Acropole movement of Jorge Angel Livraga (b. 1930), the charismatic Argentinian Theosophist who by the 1980s had built up an argent youth following in more than thirty countries. The structure, organization and symbolism of the Nouevelle Acropole is clearly indebted to fascist models.
  • Clarke, Peter B. (2006). "Spiritist and esoteric NRMs in Brazil and Argentina". New Religions in Global Perspective: A study of religious change in the modern world. Routledge. p. 188. A more recent Spiritist movement of Argentinian origin is the New Acropolis movement founded in 1957, also in Buenos Aires, by Jorge Angel Livraga Rizzi (1886–1951). This politically conservative movement describes itself as a school of classical philosophy. New Acropolis teachings are based on such diverse sources as the Greek philosophy of Plato (428/27–347 BC), the Theosophical ideas developed by Madame Blavatsky (1831–91) (see Chapter 5) and those of René Guenon (1886–1951) on the theme of the philosophia perennis. One of this movement's main beliefs is in the advent of the Age of Aquarius, which, it warns, will give rise to great pain and suffering at the outset. Like the Escuela Cientifica Basilio the New Acropolis has also become an international movement with a presence in some fifty countries.
Bibliography
  • Introvigne, Massimo (1999). "Defectors, Ordinary Leave-takers, and Apostates: A Quantitative Study of Former Members of New Acropolis in France". Nova Relig. 3 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.83. (free alternative)
  • Gallego, Fernando (2003). "Asociación Cultural Nueva Acrópolis". In Forni, Floreal H.; Cárdenas, Luis A.; Mallimaci, Fortunato (eds.). Guía de la diversidad religiosa de Buenos Aires (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos. pp. 402–404. ISBN 9789507863899.
  • Holland, Clifton L. (2010). "New Acropolis Cultural Association". In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.). Religions of the World A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 2066–2067. ISBN 9781598842036.
Defectors
General


France
Brazil
Italy
Germany
  1. ^ a b c Holland 2010, p. 2066.
  2. ^ Holland 2010, p. 2067.
  3. ^ a b c d Gallego 2003, p. 402.
  4. ^ Holland 2010, pp. 2066–2067.
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