User:Hew2126/sandbox

London
Capital city
London skyline, facing west Map of London in south-east England
Coordinates: 51°30′N 0°08′W
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Country	England
Region	London
Settled by Romans	AD 47 (47), as Londinium
Administrative HQ	County Hall, Lambeth
Local government	103 London boroughs and the City of London
Government
• Type	Metropolitan County
• Body	London County Council
• Mayor	Sadiq Khan (L)
• London County Council	42 constituencies
• UK Parliament	131 constituencies
Area
• Total	3,443 sq mi (8,917 km2)
Population  (2024)
• Total	24,874,333
• Rank	1st in the UK 4th in the world
• Density	7,224.9/sq mi (2,789.54/km2)
Demonyms	Londoner
Ethnicity (2021)
• Ethnic groups	57.74% English 10.23% Indian 10.07% West Indian 5.71% Mixed 5.40% Irish 1.21% Welsh 0.84% Scottish 8.80% Others
Religion (2021)
• Religion	66.86% Christianity 15.77% no religion 6.88% Islam 6.23% Hinduism 1.66% Sikhism 1.16% Judaism 0.01% Buddhism 1.43% other
Time zone	UTC+0 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (BST)

List of prime ministers of Great Britain or the United Kingdom since 1721

Portrait		Prime minister (Lifespan)	Term of office			Elections	Office	Party
			Start	End	Duration
​		Robert Walpole (1676–1745)	3 April 1721	11 February 1742	20 years, 315 days	1722	MP for King's Lynn	Whig
						1727
						1734
						1741
		Spencer Compton 1st Earl of Wilmington (1673–1743)	16 February 1742	2 July 1743[†]	1 year, 137 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
		Henry Pelham (1694–1754)	27 August 1743	6 March 1754[†]	10 years, 192 days	-	MP for Sussex	Whig
						1747
		Thomas Pelham-Holles 1st Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768)	16 March 1754	11 November 1756	2 years, 241 days	1754	House of Lords	Whig
		William Cavendish 4th Duke of Devonshire (1693–1768)	16 November 1756	29 June 1757	226 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
		Thomas Pelham-Holles 1st Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768)	29 June 1757	26 May 1762	4 years, 332 days	1761	House of Lords	Whig
​		John Stuart 3rd Earl of Bute (1713–1792)	26 May 1762	8 April 1763	318 days	-	House of Lords	Tory
​		George Grenville (1712–1770)	16 April 1763	10 July 1765	2 years, 86 days	-	MP for Buckingham	Whig
		Charles Watson-Wentworth 3rd Marquess of Rockingham (1730–1782)	13 July 1765	30 July 1766	1 year, 18 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
		William Pitt 1st Earl of Chatham (1708–1778)	30 July 1766	14 October 1768	2 years, 77 days	1768	House of Lords	Whig
		Augustus FitzRoy 3rd Duke of Grafton (1735–1811)	14 October 1768	28 January 1770	1 year, 107 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
​		Frederick North Lord North (1713–1792)	28 January 1770	27 March 1782	12 years, 59 days	-	MP for Banbury	Tory
						1774
						1780
​		Charles Watson-Wentworth 3rd Marquess of Rockingham (1730–1782)	27 March 1782	1 July 1782[†]	97 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
		William Petty 2nd Earl of Shelburne (1737–1805)	4 July 1782	26 March 1783	266 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
		William Cavendish-Bentinck 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809)	2 April 1783	18 December 1783	261 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
​		William Pitt (1759–1806)	19 December 1783	14 March 1801	17 years, 86 days	1784	MP for Appleby (1784) MP for Cambridge University(1784-1801)	Tory
						1790
						1796
		Henry Addington (1757–1844)	17 March 1801	10 May 1804	3 years, 55 days	1801	MP for Devizes	Tory
						1802
		William Pitt (1759–1806)	10 May 1804	23 January 1806[†]	4 years, 259 days	-	MP for Cambridge University	Tory
​		George Grenville 1st Baron Grenville (1759–1834)	11 February 1806	25 March 1807	1 year, 43 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
​		William Cavendish-Bentinck 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809)	31 March 1807	4 October 1809	2 years, 188 days	1807	House of Lords	Tory
		Spencer Perceval (1762–1812)	4 October 1809	11 May 1812[†]	2 years, 221 days	-	MP for Northampton	Tory
		Robert Jenkinson 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1770–1828)	8 June 1812	9 April 1827	14 years, 306 days	-	House of Lords	Tory
						1812
						1818
						1820
						1826
		George Canning (1770–1827)	12 April 1827	8 August 1827[†]	119 days	-	MP for Seaford	Tory
		Frederick John Robinson 1st Viscount Goderich (1782–1859)	31 August 1827	8 January 1828	131 days	-	House of Lords	Tory
		Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852)	22 January 1828	16 November 1830	2 years, 299 days	-	House of Lords	Tory
						1841
​		[2|Charles Grey]] 2nd Earl Grey (1764–1845)	22 November 1830	9 July 1834	3 years, 230 days	1831	House of Lords	Whig
						1832
		William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848)	16 July 1834	14 November 1834	122 days	-	House of Lords	Whig
​		Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852)	17 November 1834	9 December 1834	23 days	-	House of Lords	Tory
		Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850)	10 December 1834	8 April 1835	120 days	-	MP for Tamworth	Tory
​		William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848)	18 April 1835	30 August 1841	6 years, 135 days	1835	House of Lords	Whig
						1837
​		Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850)	30 August 1841	29 June 1846	4 years, 304 days	1841	MP for Tamworth	Conservative
​		John Russell (1792–1878)	30 June 1846	21 February 1852	5 years, 237 days	1847	MP for the City of London	Whig
​		Edward Smith-Stanley 14th Earl of Derby (1799–1869)	23 February 1852	17 December 1852	299 days	1852	House of Lords	Conservative
​		George Hamilton-Gordon 4th Earl of Aberdeen (1784–1860)	19 December 1852	30 January 1855	2 years, 43 days	-	House of Lords	Peelite
​		Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1784–1865)	6 February 1855	19 February 1858	3 years, 14 days	1857	MP for Tiverton	Whig
​		Edward Smith-Stanley 14th Earl of Derby (1799–1869)	20 February 1858	11 June 1859	1 year, 112 days	-	House of Lords	Conservative
​		Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1784–1865)	12 June 1859	18 October 1865[†]	6 years, 129 days	1859	MP for Tiverton	Liberal
						1865
		John Russell 1st Earl Russell (1792–1878)	29 October 1865	26 June 1866	241 days	-	House of Lords	Liberal
​		Edward Smith-Stanley 14th Earl of Derby (1799–1869)	28 June 1866	25 February 1868	1 year, 243 days	-	House of Lords	Conservative
		Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881)	27 February 1868	1 December 1868	279 days	-	MP for Buckinghamshire	Conservative
​		William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898)	3 December 1868	17 February 1874	5 years, 77 days	1868	MP for Greenwich	Liberal
​		Benjamin Disraeli 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881)	20 February 1874	21 April 1880	6 years, 62 days	1874	MP for Buckinghamshire (1874-1876) House of Lords (1876-1880)	Conservative
​		William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898)	23 April 1880	15 August 1890	10 years, 115 days	1880	MP for Midlothian	Liberal
						1887
		Joseph Chamberlain (1836–1914)	15 August 1890	22 June 1894	3 years, 312 days	-	MP for Birmingham West	Liberal
​		Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1830–1903)	25 June 1894	11 July 1902	8 years, 17 days	1894	House of Lords	Conservative
						1900
		Arthur Balfour (1848–1930)	12 July 1902	10 March 1905	2 years, 242 days	-	MP for Manchester East	Conservative
​		Herbert Gladstone (1854–1930)	11 March 1905	2 February 1910	4 years, 329 days	-	MP for Leeds West	Liberal
						1906
						1910
		Reginald McKenna (1863–1943)	2 February 1910	20 February 1912	2 years, 19 days	-	MP for North Monmouthshire	Liberal
​		Arthur Balfour (1848–1930)	20 February 1912	31 January 1913	347 days	1912	MP for Manchester East	Conservative
​		Richard Haldane (1856–1928)	1 February 1913	21 June 1920	7 years, 142 days	-	MP for Haddingtonshire	Liberal
						1915
						1918
​		Edward Carson (1854–1935)	21 June 1920	22 June 1921	1 year, 2 days	-	MP for Dublin University	Conservative
​		Austen Chamberlain (1863–1937)	22 June 1921	6 March 1923	1 year, 258 days	1921	MP for Birmingham West	Liberal
​		Robert Cecil (1864–1958)	7 March 1923	23 May 1923	78 days	-	MP for Hitchin	Conservative
​		Reginald McKenna (1863–1943)	23 May 1923	25 July 1924	2 years, 19 days	-	MP for North Monmouthshire	Liberal
		H.H. Asquith (1852–1928)	25 July 1924	5 March 1926	1 year, 224 days	1924	MP for East Fife	Liberal
​		Noel Skelton (1880-1935)	5 March 1926	15 February 1928	1 year, 348 days	1926	MP for Perth	Conservative
​		John Simon (1873–1954)	15 February 1928	12 May 1931	3 years, 87 days	-	MP for Spen Valley	Liberal
						1930
		David Lloyd George (1863–1945)	12 May 1931	20 March 1935	3 years, 313 days	-	MP for Caernarvon Boroughs	Liberal
						1933
​		Ernest Bevin (1881–1951)	20 March 1935	9 March 1951	15 years, 355 days	1935	MP for Wandsworth Central (1935-1949) MP for Woolwich East (1949-1951)	Labour
						1945
						1949
		Hugh Gaitskell (1906–1976)	9 March 1951	12 October 1965	14 years, 218 days	-	MP for Leeds South	Labour
						1953
						1957
						1961
​		Peter Thorneycroft (1909-1994)	12 October 1965	17 March 1971	5 years, 157 days	1965	MP for Monmouth	Conservative
						1969
​		Anthony Crosland (1918–1977)	17 March 1971	18 October 1972	1 year, 216 days	-	MP for Great Grimsby	Labour
​		Jo Grimond (1913–1993)	18 October 1972	16 October 1973	364 days	-	MP for Orkney and Shetland	Liberal
​		Anthony Crosland (1918–1977)	16 October 1973	19 February 1977[†]	3 years, 127 days	1973	MP for Great Grimsby	Labour
		Roy Jenkins (1920–2003)	20 February 1977	6 March 1977	15 days	-	MP for Birmingham Stechford	Labour
		Peter Shore (1924–2001)	7 March 1977	14 October 1981	4 years, 222 days	-	MP for Stepney and Poplar	Labour
						1977
​		Francis Pym (1922-2008)	14 October 1981	9 May 1986	4 years, 208 days	1981	MP for Monmouth	Conservative
						1985
​		Peter Shore (1924–2001)	9 May 1986	16 October 1989	3 years, 161 days	-	MP for Bethnal Green and Stepney	Labour
​		Jim Prior (1927-2016)	16 October 1989	3 November 1990	1 year, 19 days	1989	MP for Waveney	Conservative
​		John Hume (1937–2020)	3 November 1990	17 October 1997	6 years, 349 days	-	MP for Foyle	Labour
						1993
​		David Steel (born 1938)	17 October 1997	17 March 2000	2 years, 153 days	1997	MP for Tweeddale, Ettrick, and Lauderdale	Liberal
​		Hilary Benn (born 1953)	17 March 2000	19 October 2001	1 year, 217 days	-	MP for Leeds Central	Labour
​		Jeremy Ashdown (1941-2018)	19 October 2001	17 October 2005	3 years, 364 days	2001	MP for Yeovil	Liberal
​		Hilary Benn (born 1953)	17 October 2005	16 October 2013	8 years, 0 days	2005	MP for Leeds Central	Labour
						2009
​		Theresa May (born 1956)	16 October 2013	15 October 2021	7 years, 364 days	2013	MP for Maidenhead	Conservative
						2017
​		Keir Starmer (born 1962)	15 October 2021	Incumbent	3 years, 208 days	2021	MP for Holborn and St Pancras	Labour

List of largest companies in the UK, by revenue

Rank	Company	Headquarters	Industry	Revenue (£bn)	Employees
1.	Acorn Computers	Cambridge	Electronics	391.04	164,000
2.	British Motor Corporation	Birmingham	Automobiles	333.57	667,647
3.	Sovereign Wealth Fund	Cambridge	Investment	195.62	572
4.	Rolls Royce Group	Manchester	Automobiles	160.94	154,950
5.	Rover Group	Birmingham	Automobiles	158.56	166,056
6.	Barclays Bank	London	Banking	158.10	309,926
7.	Union and General	London	Insurance	158.05	159,253
8.	Atomic Energy Authority	Oxford	Utilities	119.71	69,378
9.	General Electric	London	Electronics	116.20	420,000
10.	British Telecom	London	Telecommunications	115.92	205,000

World War II
From top to bottom, left to right: German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front, 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign, 1941 British atomic bombing of Nagasaki, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Tsaritsyn, 1943 Chinese machine gun nest at the Battle of Wuhan, 1938 Royal Navy warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines, 1945
Date 7 July 1937 – 2 September 1945 (8 years, 57 days) Location Global Result United Nations victory
Participants
United Nations China Commonwealth France Russia United States Others	Axis France Germany Japan Others
Commanders and leaders
Main UN leaders: Hengque Emperor Ernest Bevin Charles de Gaulle Mikhail Tukhachevsky Franklin D. Roosevelt	Main Axis leaders: Philippe Pétain Adolf Hitler Hirohito
Casualties and losses
Military dead: Over 13,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 25,000,000 Total dead: Over 38,000,000 ...further details	Military dead: Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 5,000,000 Total dead: Over 13,000,000 ...further details