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James Balfour Paul Coat of Arms

Painting

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  Sir James Balfour Paul (1846–1931), Lord Lyon King of Arms (1901 painting by James Guthrie), National Galleries of Scotland.
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  Pursuivant tabard.

Description

In this 1901 portrait by Sir James Guthrie, housed in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Sir James Balfour Paul is depicted in the rich ceremonial attire of the Lord Lyon King of Arms.

• Tabard (quarterly): Embroidered with the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom as used in Scotland
  1. First (top left, from viewer's perspective): England, the arms of England (three gold lions passant guardant on red).
  2. Second (top right): Scotland, a red lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory on gold.
  3. Third (bottom left): Ireland, a gold harp on blue.
  4. Fourth (bottom right): England, Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale Or (i.e., the Royal Arms of England).
• Baton: He holds the baton of office in his right hand—the traditional hand of authority—signifying his role as Scotland’s chief herald and judge of the Lyon Court.
• Two medallions: Hanging from gold chains around his neck—likely the badge of his office and a royal portrait medallion. In the upper left of the composition, a shield bearing Paul’s personal coat of arms reinforces his dual identity as both hereditary gentleman and royal officer.
  1. The Thistle, Rose, and Shamrock: Floral emblems of Scotland, England, and Ireland (before 1921). A medallion Or, ensigned with a Royal Crown, having a scroll below inscribed Dieu et mon droit.
     1. Elements:
        • Crown (Sovereign, St Edward's): A jewelled circlet with alternating crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lis, from which rise arches of pearls, meeting beneath an orb and cross finial.
        • Floral order: Thistle, Rose, and Shamrock represent parts of the realm.
        • Motto: A gold scroll-like banner bearing Dieu et mon droit.

  
  

  2. Second medallion??
• Breeches, Stockings, and Court Shoes: Below the tabard, traditional ceremonial dress consisting of knee-length buff or white breeches, tailored and fitted to end just below the knee. These are paired with white stockings (or hose), which cover the calves and were historically worn as separate garments, though modern versions may be integrated or fastened with concealed fittings. The ensemble is completed with black court shoes featuring decorative buckles, typically in polished leather, maintaining the formal style long associated with state and heraldic occasions.

Armorial Stratigraphy of James Balfour Paul and His Achievements

Heraldic Armory and Elements
① Personal Heraldry
	James Balfour Paul Coat of Arms Escutcheon: Field tincture: Or (gold). Charges: A chevron indented (zigzag-edged) Sable (black) between two lions rampant in chief, langued and armed Gules, and an escutcheon in base Gules.
② Governance Heraldry: Escutcheon of Lord Lyon King of Arms
	Arms of Lord Lyon King of Arms Blazon: Argent, a lion in base, sejant affronté Gules, forepaws extended outward below the shoulders, langued and armed Vert, holding in his dexter (lion's left side of the shield → or right from the viewer's perspective) paw a thistle (national Flower of Scotland) slipped Vert, flowered Proper, and in his sinister paw a shield Gules (the smaller shield) of the second (second tincture mentioned earlier in this part of the blazon, Gules), a St. Andrew's Cross (aka the Saltire Azure) in chief (official coat of Lord Lyon King of Arms). Escutcheon: Shape: Heater. Division of the field: Parted per fess Field tincture (in base): Argent (silver or white). Charges: Saltire (St. Andrew's Cross) Azure in chief. Lion sejant affronté Gules holding a thistle Proper and shield Gules in base.
③ Governance Heraldry: Escutcheon and Achievements of the Lord Lyon King of Arms
	Achievement of Arms for the Lord Lyon King of Arms (simplified)      See Heraldic authority § United Kingdom (the crown, here, is – as of 2003 – different; see note, below) Blazon: Argent a lion sejant guardant Gules armed and langued Azure holding in his dexter paw a thistle Proper and in his sinister a shield of the second; on a chief Azure a St. Andrew's cross of the first. Escutcheon: (same as Lord Lyon King of Arms in Section ②, above) Heraldic elements (not devices, purely structural) and insignia Royal Crown of Scotland: A Scottish crown befitting of the authority of the Lord Lyon King of Arms under the Scottish monarchy. Ermine base: The foundation of the coronet, featuring a white ermine lining with black ermine spots, symbolizing nobility and rank. Circlet (base of the coronet): A golden (Or) circlet, adorned with an ermine-lined cap and featuring alternating fleur-de-lis and crosses pattée Or, separated by small orbs Or. Red Cap (Gules): A velvet cap enclosed within the coronet, visible between the golden ornamental elements. Ornamental upper rim: A golden (Or) arched structure with intricate curling embellishments, providing an elegant flourish to the coronet's design. Central pointer: A distinct gold ornamental projection on the central vertical band, possibly serving as a decorative feature or symbolic element. Crest: Atop the crown, sits a lion sejant affronté guardant Or (seated, facing forward, and looking outward), wearing a crown Or, and holding: In its dexter paw (heraldic right, viewer's left), a sword Or (symbolizing justice and royal authority). In its sinister paw (heraldic left, viewer's right), a scepter Or (a traditional emblem of sovereignty). The lion itself is guardant (facing forward), a characteristic commonly associated with Scottish regal imagery. It wears an open arched crown adorned with fleur-de-lis and crosses pattee, resting atop the red cap of maintenance. Insignia of office (honors and symbols of Lyon's authority, distinct from structural elements). Batons of office: Two ceremonial batons, positioned in saltire (crossed diagonally) behind the escutcheon, with their ends emerging from behind the chief (top) and base (bottom) of the shield. Each baton is Azure, Semé (scattered) with heraldic symbols, all Or, and tipped Or (gold on the ends). Dexter baton (extending from dexter chief to sinister base): Semé of, from top to bottom: a thistle, a fleur-de-lis, and a Tudor rose (the heraldic emblem of England, symbolizing the union of the Houses of York and Lancaster). Sinister baton (extending from sinister chief to dexter base): Semé of, from top to bottom: a thistle, a Saltire, and a thistle. Collar of the Order of the Thistle: An ornate golden chain interwoven with thistles and featuring the badge of the Order of the Thistle at the bottom. Badge of the Order of the Thistle: Featuring St. Andrew holding his saltire, suspended from the collar. Saint Andrew: The patron saint of Scotland, depicted with his traditional diagonal cross. The Saltire (St. Andrew’s Cross): A defining symbol of Scotland, which also appears on the national flag. The Crown: Resembling the Scottish Crown, signifying the Lord Lyon’s official authority. Gold Oval Frame: Represents a heraldic badge, commonly associated with high-ranking officials. Note: In this artistic representation of the Achievement of Arms for the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the inscription Miserere mei Deus is absent from the circlet of the crown. In 2003, a new crown, designed by Nicola Williams, was created for the Lord Lyon King of Arms. It is based on historic Crown of Scotland, last seen in the 17th century. The crown features removable arches—similar to those on one of the late Queen Mother's crowns—which are taken off during coronations to avoid any perceived hint of lèse-majesté.
	Achievement Arms of Lord Lyon King of Arms Two additions to the "Achievement of Arms for the Lord Lyon King of Arms (simplified)" (above): Compartment: A grassy mount Vert, serving as the base for the supporters. Supporters: Two lions rampant guardant Proper Gules, armed and langued Azure, each wearing the proper crown of the Lord Lyon King of Arms, their bodies semée of thistles crowned Or.
④ Heraldic Symbols and Insignia of Office
	Scottish Guardian Thistle See Legend of the guardian thistle.
Crown of a British King of Arms New (as of 2003) Crown of Lord Lyon King of Arms	Crown of Lord Lyon King of Arms Description: Coronet (or Crown) of the Lord Lyon King of Arms is made of silver-gilt and features a circlet inscribed with the Latin phrase "Miserere mei Deus" (meaning "Have mercy on me, O God") from Psalm 51:1. The rim is adorned with sixteen golden oak leaves, with every second leaf rising higher than the one beside it—nine of which are visible in profile view. The cap is made of crimson velvet, topped with a gold finial, and is lined with ermine fur at the base. The oak-leaf design reflects Scottish heraldic tradition, while the inscription emphasizes divine mercy. Historically, this crown was modeled after the Crown of Scotland, but without jewels. The same crown is used for Kings of Arms throughout the United Kingdom: Highest Ranking Garter: Principal King of Arms of England and the highest-ranking herald (professional officer of arms) in the United Kingdom – Chief Herald of the College of Arms. Lord Lyon: Sovereign-appointed Chief Herald of Scotland, unique in that he, she, or they hold judicial authority over heraldic matters – Chief Herald of Scotland but completely independent from the College of Arms. Mid Level Clarenceux: Second in rank after Garter. Responsible for heraldic jurisdiction south of the River Trent, College of Arms Member. Norroy and Ulster: Third in rank. Responsible for heraldic jurisdiction north of the River Trent and Northern Ireland – before 1921, simply Ireland, College of Arms Member. Lower Ranking (Orders of Chivalry): These three heralds only serve their respective orders of chivalry and do not have broader heraldic jurisdiction, and, therefore, are not members of the College of Arms. These Kings of Arms hold ceremonial roles within their respective orders. Bath Order of St Michael and St George Order of the British Empire Finial: At the very top of the Crown of the King of Arms sits a golden thistle finial. Since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when James VI of Scotland became James I of England, the thistle has been recognized as an important British (not just Scottish) symbol. his finial consists of a stylized thistle head with radiating leaves, resembling a traditional heraldic thistle. It is mounted on a rounded gold orb, which serves as the transition point between the crown’s cap and its highest ornament.
	Insignia of Knights and Ladies of The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle Collar: Gold and enamel chain with alternating links of thistles and rue. Badge: Suspended from the collar, an enamelled representation of St. Andrew carrying the cross of his martyrdom. Motto (not used in the later Full Achievement of Arms): Star of the Order of the Thistle, bearing the motto on a circlet, Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin), the National motto of Scotland, which translates to "No one harms me unpunished". Note: The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is also known as The Order of Saint Andrew. It is an order of Knighthood and Ladyhood (female equivalent of a Knight) that is restricted to the King or Queen and sixteen others. It was established by James VII of Scotland in 1687.
	Star of the Order of the Thistle Note: Part of the Collar, above, but not an element used in Official Arms of Lord Byron King of Arms.
	Alternate version adopted by Canada. Cap badge, "Black Friday", of the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada.
⑤ Personal Arms (dexter) Impaled with Office Arms (sinister)
	Achievement (escutcheon only) of James Balfour Paul as Lord Lyon King of Arms Impaled escutcheon: Parted per pale, on the dexter: Argent, a lion in base, sejant affronté Gules, forepaws extended outward below the shoulders, langued and armed Vert, holding in his dexter (lion's left side of the shield → or right from the viewer's perspective) paw a thistle (national Flower of Scotland) slipped Vert, flowered Proper (naturally colored, purple with green stem), and in his sinister paw a shield Gules (the smaller shield) of the second (second tincture mentioned earlier in this part of the blazon, Gules), a St. Andrew's Cross (aka the Saltire Azure) in chief (official coat of Lord Lyon King of Arms); on the sinister: Or, a chevron indented Sable between two lions in chief, rampant, langued and armed, and an escutcheon in base Gules (red). Shield shape: Heater. Division of the field, parted per pale: Dexter half (arms of the office): Field tincture (in base): Argent (silver or white). Charge (in base): A lion sejant affronté Gules, forepaws extended outward below the shoulders, langued and armed Vert, holding in the dexter paw a thistle (national Flower of Scotland) slipped Vert, and in the sinister paw a shield Gules, a shield (the smaller shield) of the second (second tincture mentioned earlier in this part of the blazon, Gules (in Fox-Davies 1904 depiction of James Balfour Paul's Full Achievement of Arms, the lion's forepaws are raised above the shoulders in a more defensive posture, and the tail exhibits a more elaborate flourish). Charge (in chief): St. Andrew's Cross (aka the Saltire) Argent on a field Azure (flag of Scotland). Sinister half (personal arms): Field tincture: Or (gold). Charges: A chevron indented (zigzag-edged) Sable (black) between two lions rampant in chief, langued and armed Gules, and an escutcheon in base Gules.
⑥ Personal Arms Impaled with Office in Full Achievement
	Achievement of Arms of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms (hatched, with full external office and personal elements) Armorial bearings — He bears for Arms: Parted per pale on the Dexter side the official coat of Lyon King of Arms, namely, argent, a lion sejant full-faced gules, holding in the Dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister a shield of the second, on a chief azure, a Saint Andrew's Cross of the field, on the sinister his paternal coat, namely or, a chevron indented sable between two lions rampant in chief, and an escutcheon in base gules. Above the shield is placed the coronet of Lyon King of Arms, thereon a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling sable, doubled or; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for Crest, a lion sejant guardant gules, his dexter paw resting upon an escutcheon as in the arms; and in an escroll over the same this Motto, Pro Rege et Republica [For King and Republic]. Behind the shield are placed in saltire two batons representing that belonging to his office, and round the shield is placed a gold collar of SS (Collar of Esses, a livery collar or chain of office), and a triple chain also of gold, and depending (hanging) from it the proper badge of Lyon King of Arms. Impaled escutcheon: The shield follows the same blazon as described above (see #Arms of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms (in color)). This version is rendered in hatching, using heraldic engraving conventions to indicate tinctures. External Elements of the Achievement Above the Escutcheon (descending, from the top) Motto: Pro rege et republica ("For King and Commonwealth"). Crest: A lion sejant guardant Gules, its dexter paw resting upon an escutcheon as in the arms. Torse: Helm: Angled toward dexter, closed unbarred hinged visor (the movable part covering the face; pivot points on both sides at the temples, dexter side visible), with Gorget, a steel collar to protect the neck and cover the neck opening in a cuirass (also covers the clavicles, sternum, and part of the upper back). The helm features eye-slits and holes in the visor (6 visible) for ventilation. Crown (King of Arms Crown): See Crown of the Lord Lyon, above, in this table. Encircling the Escutcheon Collar: Surrounding the shield is a gold collar of SS (Collar of Esses), with a triple chain and the proper badge of the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Triple chain: A triple-linked chain extends from the base of the shield, from which a pendant "Badge of Office" or the "Lyon Badge" is suspended. The triple-linked chain represents the special status and office of the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Badge of Office (aka Lyon Badge; aka Official Lyon Medallion): The badge is depending (hanging) from the triple-linked chain. The badge bears the official emblem of the Lord Lyon King of Arms – the Royal Arms of Scotland (the red lion rampant on a gold shield), within a crowned oval frame. The Royal Arms of Scotland symbolizes authority derived from the Scottish Crown. Emerging from behind the Escutcheon Batons: Two ceremonial batons, positioned in saltire (crossed diagonally) behind the escutcheon, with their ends emerging from behind the chief (top) and base (bottom) of the shield. Each baton is Azure, Semé (scattered) with heraldic symbols, all Or, and tipped Or (gold at both ends). Notes: This depiction follows the heraldic hatching system – introduced by Silvester Petra Sancta (1590–1647) in the 17th century – to represent colors in black-and-white engraving (see § Tinctures, below).
	Collars of Esses (1882) Albert Hartshorne (1839–1910), artist/author. Badge link Badge of an Officer at Arms Badge of Office Badge History. Hatched Achievement Via Getty Images© 1968 Re-print of The Art of ... Royal Victorian Order 1926: KCVO: Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1900: Bachelor 1900: Knight 1900: Bachelor 1911: CVO – Commander of the Victorian Order 1926: KCVO – Knight Commander of the Victorian Order Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
	Achievement of Arms of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms (in color, with full external office and personal elements) Blazon: Parted per pale, on the dexter side the official coat of the Lyon King of Arms, namely: Argent, a lion sejant full-faced gules, holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped and leaved Vert, and in his sinister a shield of the second; on a chief Azure, a saltire Argent. On the sinister, his paternal arms [the arms of the father of James Balfour Paul, John Paul (1795–1873)]: Or, a Chevron indented Sable between two lions rampant in chief and an Escutcheon in base Gules. Mantling Sable, doubled Or; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, a lion sejant guardant Gules, his dexter paw resting upon an Escutcheon charged as in the arms; and in an escroll above, the Motto: Pro Rege et Republica [For King and Republic]. Impaled escutcheon: The shield follows the blazon as described in the previous entries. Crest: A lion sejant guardant Gules, its dexter paw resting upon an escutcheon as in the arms. Helm: A barred, open-faced steel helm affronté, befitting both the dignity of a knight and the high office of Lord Lyon King of Arms. The open-face and barred features reflect Sir James Balfour Paul's elevation in rank following his creation as a Knight Bachelor in the 1900 New Year Honours and his investiture on 9 February 1900. Crown (King of Arms Crown) Mantling: Gules lined Argent, elaborately displayed. Compartment: Two batons in saltire behind the shield, signifying the office of Lord Lyon King of Arms. Collar: The escutcheon is surrounded by a gold collar of SS, with a triple chain supporting the badge of the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Motto: Pro rege et republica ("For King and Commonwealth"). Additional inscription: Above the escutcheon, a chief bears the Latin inscription Miserere Mei Deus ("Have mercy on me, O God"), a prayer and a verse from Scripture (Psalm 51:1 in the Vulgate; c. 382 ᴀᴅ (a Bible in Latin, translated from Greek). Medallions (badges): Rose medallion: At the bottom center of the Collar of Esses, forming the central linking element, a crowned heraldic rose Or (gold), with a scroll beneath bearing the British Royal Motto, Dieu et Mon Droit (God and my right), displayed in three segments on a curved banner. Rose medallion" At the bottom center of the Collar of Esses is a crowned heraldic rose Or, supported by an ornate horizontal scrollwork that connects it to the collar. Directly beneath the rose is a three-part curved banner bearing the motto, Dieu et Mon Droit (God and my right), displayed in three segments on a curved banner. Queen Victoria Diamond (1897) Jubilee Medallion Suspended from a crimson ribbon running behind the Thistle, Rose, and Shamrock badge (which itself is affixed to the base of the Collar of Esses), there is an oval medallion bearing the left-facing, crowned and veiled profile of Queen Victoria. Although the surrounding inscription is illegible, it closely resembles that of the 1897 Diamond Jubilee medal, which typically reads "Victoria Regina et Imperatrix". The inclusion of this medallion may reflect personal preference or a commemorative gesture rather than a formal heraldic award, as Jubilee medals—though sometimes granted with a semi-official status—were not universally regarded as decorations in the strict chivalric sense. Lyon Badge: At the very bottom hangs the official Lyon Badge (the crowned shield with the Lion Rampant of Scotland). Notes: This depiction is a full-color version from Fox-Davies' 1904 The Art of Heraldry, featuring gold, red, black, blue, and silver tinctures in full heraldic splendor. It is more elaborate than the engraved (hatched) version, with enriched details in the mantling and decorative elements.
	Collars of SS (1882) The Thistle, Rose, and Shamrock: Floral emblems of Scotland, England, and Ireland (Ireland hadn't been partitioned, yet; it happened in 1921). A medallion Or, ensigned with a Royal Crown of the same, composed of a circlet jeweled and enameled, supporting alternating crosses pattee and fleurs-de-lis, from which rise four arches adorned with pearls, meeting beneath an orb and cross finial. Below, a Tudor Rose Or, flanked dexter by a Thistle Or and sinister by a Shamrock Or, all without visible stems. From the base extends a tripartite scroll Or, inscribed in letters with the Royal motto Dieu Et Mon Droit (God and my right). The whole suspended from a ribbon Celeste, forming part of the Collar of Esses. Elements: Crown (Sovereign, St Edward's): A golden crown composed of a jeweled circlet, adorned with alternating crosses pattée Or (in the actual crown, four rising from the circlet, but in the heraldic image, 1 fully visible) and fleur-de-lis (4 actual, 2 fully visible), from which rise four arches set with pearls, meeting at an orb and cross finial (see St Edward's Crown). Circlet (Base of the Crown): Gold (Or) band with rectangular gem-like inlays, possibly representing heraldic jewels or plates. This jeweled circlet is characteristic of royal crowns used in British and heraldic tradition. Crosses Pattee and Fleurs-de-Lis (Alternating Elements on Circlet) Crosses Pattee (broad-armed crosses) symbolize Christianity and divine right. Fleurs-de-Lis (stylized lilies) have historical ties to the French monarchy, but in British heraldry, they emphasize the historical claim of English kings to the French throne (until 1801). Ornate Arches with Pearls The arches curve upward from the circlet, adorned with a row of pearls, a distinctive feature of British royal crowns. These arches signify imperial authority and unity of the realm. Orb and Cross Finial At the crown’s apex, the arches converge beneath an orb (a golden sphere topped with a cross pattee). This element reinforces the divine right of kings, symbolizing God’s authority over the monarchy. Floral order: From the left, historical order of incorporation (Scotland in 1707, Ireland formally in 1801). A Tudor rose Or (gold), surmounted by a royal crown, emphasizing monarchical authority and England’s heraldic heritage. Motto: A gold scroll-like banner unfurling in three segments, bearing the motto Dieu et Mon Droit (God and my right).

Cleanup

Heraldic Armory and Elements
① Personal Heraldry
	James Balfour Paul Coat of Arms Escutcheon: Field tincture: Or (gold). Charges: A chevron indented (zigzag-edged) Sable (black) between two lions rampant in chief, langued and armed Gules, and an escutcheon in base Gules.
② Governance Heraldry: Escutcheon of Lord Lyon King of Arms
	Arms of Lord Lyon King of Arms Blazon: Argent, a lion in base, sejant affronté Gules, forepaws extended outward below the shoulders, langued and armed Vert, holding in his dexter (lion's left side of the shield → or right from the viewer's perspective) paw a thistle (national Flower of Scotland) slipped Vert, flowered Proper, and in his sinister paw a shield Gules (the smaller shield) of the second (second tincture mentioned earlier in this part of the blazon, Gules), a St. Andrew's Cross (aka the Saltire Azure) in chief (official coat of Lord Lyon King of Arms). Escutcheon: Shape: Heater. Division of the field: Parted per fess Field tincture (in base): Argent (silver or white). Charges: Saltire (St. Andrew's Cross) Azure in chief. Lion sejant affronté Gules holding a thistle Proper and shield Gules in base.
③ Governance Heraldry: Escutcheon and Achievements of the Lord Lyon King of Arms
	Achievement of Arms for the Lord Lyon King of Arms (simplified)      See Heraldic authority § United Kingdom (the crown, here, is – as of 2003 – different; see note, below) Blazon: Argent a lion sejant guardant Gules armed and langued Azure holding in his dexter paw a thistle Proper and in his sinister a shield of the second; on a chief Azure a St. Andrew's cross of the first. Escutcheon: (same as Lord Lyon King of Arms in Section ②, above) Heraldic elements (not devices, purely structural) and insignia Royal Crown of Scotland: A Scottish crown befitting of the authority of the Lord Lyon King of Arms under the Scottish monarchy. Ermine base: The foundation of the coronet, featuring a white ermine lining with black ermine spots, symbolizing nobility and rank. Circlet (base of the coronet): A golden (Or) circlet, adorned with an ermine-lined cap and featuring alternating fleur-de-lis and crosses pattée Or, separated by small orbs Or. Red Cap (Gules): A velvet cap enclosed within the coronet, visible between the golden ornamental elements. Ornamental upper rim: A golden (Or) arched structure with intricate curling embellishments, providing an elegant flourish to the coronet's design. Central pointer: A distinct gold ornamental projection on the central vertical band, possibly serving as a decorative feature or symbolic element. Crest: Atop the crown, sits a lion sejant affronté guardant Or (seated, facing forward, and looking outward), wearing a crown Or, and holding: In its dexter paw (heraldic right, viewer's left), a sword Or (symbolizing justice and royal authority). In its sinister paw (heraldic left, viewer's right), a scepter Or (a traditional emblem of sovereignty). The lion itself is guardant (facing forward), a characteristic commonly associated with Scottish regal imagery. It wears an open arched crown adorned with fleur-de-lis and crosses pattée, resting atop the red cap of maintenance. Insignia of office (honors and symbols of Lyon's authority, distinct from structural elements). Batons of office: Two ceremonial batons, positioned in saltire (crossed diagonally) behind the escutcheon, with their ends emerging from behind the chief (top) and base (bottom) of the shield. Each baton is Azure, Semé (scattered) with heraldic symbols, all Or, and tipped Or (gold on the ends). Dexter baton (extending from dexter chief to sinister base): Semé of, from top to bottom: a thistle, a fleur-de-lis, and a Tudor rose (the heraldic emblem of England, symbolizing the union of the Houses of York and Lancaster). Sinister baton (extending from sinister chief to dexter base): Semé of, from top to bottom: a thistle, a Saltire, and a thistle. Collar of the Order of the Thistle: An ornate golden chain interwoven with thistles and featuring the badge of the Order of the Thistle at the bottom. Badge of the Order of the Thistle: Featuring St. Andrew holding his saltire, suspended from the collar. Saint Andrew: The patron saint of Scotland, depicted with his traditional diagonal cross. The Saltire (St. Andrew’s Cross): A defining symbol of Scotland, which also appears on the national flag. The Crown of Scotland: Signifying the Lord Lyon’s official authority. Gold Oval Frame: Represents a heraldic badge, commonly associated with high-ranking officials. Note: In this artistic representation of the Achievement of Arms for the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the inscription Miserere mei Deus is absent from the circlet of the crown. In 2003, a new crown, designed by Nicola Williams, was created for the Lord Lyon King of Arms. It is based on the historic Crown of Scotland, last seen in the 17th century. The crown features removable arches—similar to those on one of the late Queen Mother's crowns—which are taken off during coronations to avoid any perceived hint of lèse-majesté.
	Achievement Arms of the Lord Lyon King of Arms Two additions to the "Achievement of Arms for the Lord Lyon King of Arms (simplified)" (above): Compartment: A grassy mount Vert, serving as the base for the supporters. Supporters: Two lions rampant guardant Proper Gules, armed and langued Azure, each wearing the proper crown of the Lord Lyon King of Arms, their bodies semée of thistles crowned Or.
④ Heraldic Symbols and Insignia of Office
	Scottish Guardian Thistle See Legend of the guardian thistle.
Crown of a British King of Arms New (as of 2003) Crown of Lord Lyon King of Arms	Crown of Lord Lyon King of Arms Description: Coronet (or Crown) of the Lord Lyon King of Arms is made of silver-gilt and features a circlet inscribed with the Latin phrase "Miserere mei Deus" (meaning "Have mercy on me, O God") from Psalm 51:1. The rim is adorned with sixteen golden oak leaves, with every second leaf rising higher than the one beside it—nine of which are visible in profile view. The cap is made of crimson velvet, topped with a gold finial, and is lined with ermine fur at the base. The oak-leaf design reflects Scottish heraldic tradition, while the inscription emphasizes divine mercy. Historically, this crown was modeled after the Crown of Scotland, but without jewels. The same crown is used for Kings of Arms throughout the United Kingdom: Highest Ranking Garter: Principal King of Arms of England and the highest-ranking herald (professional officer of arms) in the United Kingdom – Chief Herald of the College of Arms. Lord Lyon: Sovereign-appointed Chief Herald of Scotland, unique in that he, she, or they hold judicial authority over heraldic matters – Chief Herald of Scotland but completely independent from the College of Arms. Mid Level Clarenceux: Second in rank after Garter. Responsible for heraldic jurisdiction south of the River Trent, College of Arms Member. Norroy and Ulster: Third in rank. Responsible for heraldic jurisdiction north of the River Trent and Northern Ireland – before 1921, simply Ireland, College of Arms Member. Lower Ranking (Orders of Chivalry): These three heralds only serve their respective orders of chivalry and do not have broader heraldic jurisdiction, and, therefore, are not members of the College of Arms. These Kings of Arms hold ceremonial roles within their respective orders. Bath Order of St Michael and St George Order of the British Empire Finial: At the very top of the Crown of the King of Arms sits a golden thistle finial. Since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when James VI of Scotland became James I of England, the thistle has been recognized as an important British (not just Scottish) symbol. This finial consists of a stylized thistle head with radiating leaves, resembling a traditional heraldic thistle. It is mounted on a rounded gold orb, which serves as the transition point between the crown’s cap and its highest ornament.
	Insignia of Knights and Ladies of The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle Collar: Gold and enamel chain with alternating links of thistles and rue. Badge: Suspended from the collar, an enamelled representation of St. Andrew carrying the cross of his martyrdom. Motto (not used in the later Full Achievement of Arms): Star of the Order of the Thistle, bearing the motto on a circlet, Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin), the National motto of Scotland, which translates to "No one harms me unpunished". Note: The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is also known as The Order of Saint Andrew. It is an order of Knighthood and Ladyhood (female equivalent of a Knight) that is restricted to the King or Queen and sixteen others. It was established by James VII of Scotland in 1687.
	Star of the Order of the Thistle Note: Part of the Collar, above, but not an element used in Official Arms of the Lord Lyon King of Arms.
	Alternate version adopted by Canada. Cap badge, "Black Friday", of the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada.
⑤ Personal Arms (dexter) Impaled with Office Arms (sinister)
	Achievement (escutcheon only) of James Balfour Paul as Lord Lyon King of Arms Impaled escutcheon: Parted per pale, on the dexter: Argent, a lion in base, sejant affronté Gules, forepaws extended outward below the shoulders, langued and armed Vert, holding in his dexter (lion's left side of the shield → or right from the viewer's perspective) paw a thistle (national Flower of Scotland) slipped Vert, flowered Proper (naturally colored, purple with green stem), and in his sinister paw a shield Gules (the smaller shield) of the second (second tincture mentioned earlier in this part of the blazon, Gules), a St. Andrew's Cross (aka the Saltire Azure) in chief (official coat of Lord Lyon King of Arms); on the sinister: Or, a chevron indented Sable between two lions in chief, rampant, langued and armed, and an escutcheon in base Gules (red). Shield shape: Heater. Division of the field, parted per pale: Dexter half (arms of the office): Field tincture (in base): Argent (silver or white). Charge (in base): A lion sejant affronté Gules, forepaws extended outward below the shoulders, langued and armed Vert, holding in the dexter paw a thistle (national Flower of Scotland) slipped Vert, and in the sinister paw a shield Gules (in Fox-Davies 1904 depiction, the lion’s forepaws are raised above the shoulders, with a more elaborate tail). Charge (in chief): St. Andrew's Cross (aka the Saltire) Argent on a field Azure. Sinister half (personal arms): Field tincture: Or (gold). Charges: A chevron indented Sable (black) between two lions rampant in chief, langued and armed Gules, and an escutcheon in base Gules.
⑥ Personal Arms Impaled with Office in Full Achievement
	Achievement of Arms of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms (hatched, with full external office and personal elements) Armorial bearings — He bears for Arms: Parted per pale on the Dexter side the official coat of Lyon King of Arms, namely, argent, a lion sejant full-faced gules, holding in the Dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister a shield of the second, on a chief azure, a Saint Andrew's Cross of the field, on the sinister his paternal coat, namely or, a chevron indented sable between two lions rampant in chief, and an escutcheon in base gules. Above the shield is placed the coronet of Lyon King of Arms, thereon a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling sable, doubled or; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for Crest, a lion sejant guardant gules, his dexter paw resting upon an escutcheon as in the arms; and in an escroll over the same this Motto, Pro Rege et Republica [For King and Republic]. Behind the shield are placed in saltire two batons representing that belonging to his office, and round the shield is placed a gold collar of SS (Collar of Esses), and a triple chain also of gold, and depending from it the proper badge of Lyon King of Arms. Impaled escutcheon: The shield follows the same blazon as described above (see #Arms of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms (in color)). This version is rendered in hatching, using heraldic engraving conventions to indicate tinctures. External Elements of the Achievement Above the Escutcheon (descending, from the top) Motto: Pro rege et republica ("For King and Commonwealth"). Crest: A lion sejant guardant Gules, its dexter paw resting upon an escutcheon as in the arms. Torse: Helm: Angled toward dexter, closed unbarred visor with gorget. Crown (King of Arms Crown): See Crown of the Lord Lyon, above. Encircling the Escutcheon Collar: A gold collar of SS (Collar of Esses), with a triple chain and the badge of the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Triple chain: A triple-linked chain extends from the base of the shield, suspending the "Badge of Office." Badge of Office (a.k.a. Lyon Badge): The crowned shield with the Lion Rampant of Scotland, hanging from the triple-linked chain. Emerging from behind the Escutcheon Batons: Two ceremonial batons in saltire, each Azure semé of symbols Or, signifying the office of Lord Lyon King of Arms. Notes: This depiction follows the heraldic hatching system introduced by Silvester Petra Sancta (1590–1647).
	Collars of Esses (1882) Albert Hartshorne (1839–1910), artist/author.
	Achievement of Arms of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms (in color, with full external office and personal elements) Blazon: Parted per pale, on the dexter side the official coat of the Lyon King of Arms, namely: Argent, a lion sejant full-faced gules, holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped and leaved Vert, and in his sinister a shield of the second; on a chief Azure, a saltire Argent. On the sinister, his paternal arms: Or, a Chevron indented Sable between two lions rampant in chief and an Escutcheon in base Gules. Mantling Sable, doubled Or; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, a lion sejant guardant Gules, his dexter paw resting upon an Escutcheon as in the arms; and in an escroll above, the Motto: Pro Rege et Republica. Impaled escutcheon: Same blazon as described in the previous entries. Crest: A lion sejant guardant Gules, its dexter paw resting upon an Escutcheon as in the arms. Helm: A barred, open-faced steel helm affronté. Crown (King of Arms Crown) Mantling: Gules lined Argent. Compartment: Two batons in saltire behind the shield (office of Lord Lyon). Collar: A gold collar of SS with a triple chain supporting the badge of the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Motto: Pro rege et republica ("For King and Commonwealth"). Additional inscription: Miserere Mei Deus (Psalm 51:1) sometimes appears on the circlet. Medallions (badges): Rose medallion: At the bottom center of the Collar of Esses, forming the main linking element—a crowned heraldic rose Or with a three-part curved banner beneath, bearing Dieu et Mon Droit. Queen Victoria Diamond (1897) Jubilee Medallion Suspended from a crimson ribbon running behind the Thistle, Rose, and Shamrock badge (which itself is affixed to the base of the Collar of Esses), there is an oval medallion bearing the left-facing, crowned and veiled profile of Queen Victoria. Although the surrounding inscription is illegible, it closely resembles that of the 1897 Diamond Jubilee medal, which typically reads "Victoria Regina et Imperatrix". The inclusion of this medallion may reflect personal preference or a commemorative gesture rather than a formal heraldic award, as Jubilee medals—though sometimes granted with a semi-official status—were not universally regarded as decorations in the strict chivalric sense. Lyon Badge: At the lowest point, the crowned shield with the Lion Rampant of Scotland, representing the Lord Lyon’s official authority. Notes: This full-color version (see Fox-Davies, Art of Heraldry, 1904) shows gold, red, black, blue, and silver tinctures in detail.
	Collars of SS (1882) The Thistle, Rose, and Shamrock: Floral emblems of Scotland, England, and Ireland (before 1921). A medallion Or, ensigned with a Royal Crown, having a scroll below inscribed Dieu et mon droit. Elements: Crown (Sovereign, St Edward's): A jewelled circlet with alternating crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lis, from which rise arches of pearls, meeting beneath an orb and cross finial. Floral order: Thistle, Rose, and Shamrock represent parts of the realm. Motto: A gold scroll-like banner bearing Dieu et mon droit.

Tinctures cleanup

Heraldic tinctures and hatching for the coat-of-arms of James Balfour Paul

Class:	Metals		Colors
Tincture:	Argent	Or	Gules	Purpure	Sable	Azure	Vert
Hatching:
Non-heraldic  equivalent:	Silver/ White	Gold/ Yellow	Red	Purple	Black	Blue	Green

Tinctures

Heraldic tinctures and hatching for the coat-of-arms of James Balfour Paul

Class:	Metals		Colors
Tincture:	Argent	Or	Gules	Purpure	Sable	Azure	Vert
Hatching:
Non-heraldic  equivalent:	Silver/ White	Gold/ Yellow	Red	Purple	Black	Blue	Green

Eratta

Ballads of the Bench and the Bar; or Idle Lays of the Parliament House, by J. Balfour Paul and John J. Reid, advocates, numerous woodcut portraits, privately printed, h. mor, gt. top 4to. London, 1882.

The first Baronet of Denmiln, was Sir James Balfour (1600–1657), who filled the office of Lyon King-at-Arms during the reign of Charles I – King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 to 1649. His reign ended when he was executed on January 30, 1649, during the English Civil War.

Main article: Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom

More works

• "The Matrimonial Adventures of James V". Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society (Read at a meeting of the Society November 16, 1905). New Series. 5 (2). Glasgow: Published for the Society by James MacLehose & Sons, St. Vincent Street, Publishers to the University. Printed at the University Press by Robert Maclehose and Co. Ltd.: 90–104 1906. Retrieved April 8, 2025. ISSN 2398-5755; OCLC 9973508470.

1. Via Internet Archive (Michigan).
2. Via JSTOR 24681410 (Michigan).

Memorial

In memory of Helen Margaret – For fifty seven years the beloved wife of Sir James Balfour Paul KCVO LL.D. – And last survivor of the family of John Nairne Forman W.S. died 20th Dec 1929 – And also of Sir James Balfour Paul KCVO LL.D. Lord Lyon King of Arms 1890–1926 born Nov. 16 1846 died Sept. 15 1931.

Bibliography

Annotations

Note: Despite the similarity in names, the title "Lord Lyon King of Arms," referring to the chief heraldic officer of Scotland, has no historical or heraldic connection to the city of Lyon in France. The former title is derived directly from the heraldic lion symbolizing Scottish sovereignty, while the latter evolved linguistically from the Latin city name Lugdunum, only coincidentally becoming associated with a lion emblem.

Coats of arms are granted (i) in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: by the College of Arms and (ii) in Scotland: by the Lord Lyon King of Arms.

References

• Matthew, Henry Colin Gray (1941–1999); Harrison, Brian Howard (born 1937), eds. (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (60 Vols. plus Index). In Association With the British Academy – From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000. Oxford University Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) LCCN 2004-5444; ISBN 0-1986-1411-X (60 Vols + Index).

1. Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1844–1923). Entry: "Seton, George (1822–1908)". Vol. 49: "Satorius–Sharman". Revised by G[avin] Martin [Hedd] Murphy (born 1934). p. 810 – via Internet Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ISBN 0-1986-1399-7 (this volume); doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36023.

• Lee, Sidney (1859–1926) (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link)

1. Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1844–1923) (1912). Seton, George (1822–1908). Second Supplement: "Neil–Young". Vol. 3. pp. 292–193 – via Wikisource (Roberts).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

• Seton, George (1822–1908) (1863). The Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 60730990 (all editions), 1048540754, 838634877.

1. Via Internet Archive (Robarts).
2. Via Internet Archive (Harvard).

• Scotsman (The) (13 July 2003). "Lord Lyon Gets His Crown Back" – "The Crown Worn by the Lord Lyon at Coronation Ceremonies Has Been Recreated". Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 21 March 2025 – via Time Machine. ISSN 0307-5850.

• Eve, George William (1855–1914) (1907). Heraldry as Art: An Account of Its Development and Practice, Chiefly in England. London: Bradley Thomas Batsford, 94, High Holborn.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved April 3, 2025. OCLC 1369709857 (all editions).

1. Via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library).
2. Via Internet Archive (Boston).
3. Via Internet Archive (Cal Berkeley).
4. Via Google Books (Michigan).

• Eve, George William (1855–1914) (1897). Decorative Heraldry: A Practical Handbook of Its Artistic Treatment. London: George Bell & Sons.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 1434466295 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Harvard) (1st ed.). 1897.
2. Via Google Books (Michigan) (1st ed.). 1897.
3. Via Google Books (Cal Berkeley) (2nd ed.). 1908.

• "Knighthood Conferred on James Balfour Paul". The London Gazette. No. 27167. February 20, 1900. p. 1169 (from the Osborne House).{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

• "Lord Lyon Gets His Crown Back – The Crown Worn by the Lord Lyon at Coronation Ceremonies Has Been Recreated". The Scotsman. July 13, 2003. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2018 – via Wayback Machine. ISSN 0307-5850; OCLC 614655655 (all editions).

• Archaeological Journal. LCCN 09-4053; ISSN 0066-5983; OCLC 755934814 (all editions).

1. Paul, James Balfour (1891). "Notes on the Heraldic Exhibition, Edinburgh, 1891". Vol. 48, no. 1. p. 416–425 – via Google Books (Princeton). doi:10.1080/00665983.1891.10852488.

• Davenport, Cyril. British Heraldry by Cyril Davenport v.d., j.p., f.s.a. With 210 Illustrations by the Author Methuen & Co. Ltd. 36 Essex Street w.c. London.

• Letters Patent in Favour of J. Balfour Paul. Edinburgh: Issued by The Court of the Lord Lyon. 1891.

• Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount (c. 1486 – c. 1555), Lyon King of Arms. In 1542, he produced a Scottish roll of arms known today as the Lindsay of the Mount Roll. It contains 400 Scottish coats of arms, some of which were added later in the 16th century, and forms the basis of the official Scots heraldic registry in use today. A facsimile comprising accurate redrawing of his own drawings was published in Edinburgh in 1878.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

1. Mount Roll.

• The Archaeological Journal. London: The Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. ISSN 0066-5983.

1. Hartshorne, Albert (1839–1910) (December 1882). "Notes On Collars of SS". Vol. 39, no. 156. pp. 376–183.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) doi:10.1080/00665983.1882.10852044; OCLC 83330776, 6899319556.
1. Via Internet Archive (Getty).
2. Via Internet Archive (Boston).

• Cussen, John Edwin (1837–1899) (1893). Handbook of Heraldry, With Instructions for Tracing Pedigrees and Deciphering Ancient Mss., Rules for the Appointment of Liveries, &c (4th ed.). London: Chatto & Windus, Piccadilly. p. 247 – via Internet Archive (UC Berkeley).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

• Saturday Review of Books (September 7, 1907). "Real Thing in the Murder Mystery Line." – "The Mauleverer Murders. By A. C. Fox-Davies". The New York Times. "Reviews of Most Lately Published Books". Vol. 56, no. 18123. p. 540 (digital image 26 of 30). Retrieved January 8, 2015.

1. Pdf Via Times Machine (PDF).
2. Pdf Via WayBack Machine (PDF) (Archived March 14, 2022).
3. Via New York Times Permalink.

• Caw, Sir James Lewis (1864–1950), LLD, HRSA (1882) [founded 1882]. "Gray, John Miller". In Lee, Sidney Lazarus Lee (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography: Supplement. London: Smith, Elder, & Co.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

1. Vol. 2: "Chippendale–Hoste". 1901. pp. 347–348. LCCN 2001-522502.
1. Via Internet Archive (Robarts Library).
2. Via Wikisource (Robarts Library).
2. Vol. 22 (of 22). 1998. pp. 772–773. LCCN 00-694539.
1. Via Internet Archive (Sauk Valley C.C.).

• Gray, John Miller (1850–1894) (1895). Memoir and Remains (2 Vols.). Forward by James Balfour Paul (1846–1931) and William Rae Macdonald (1843–1923). Edinburgh: David Douglas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 657135124 (all editions), OCLC 315315718, 315315718.

1. Vol. 1 – via Internet Archive (UC Riverside).
3. Vol. 2 – via Internet Archive (UC Riverside).
4. Vol. 2 – via Google Books (Princeton).

Contributors

1. Mrs. M. M. Turnbull
2. James Balfour Paul (1846–1931)
3. Michael Field, pseudonym for Katherine Harris Bradley (1846–1914) and her niece, Edith Emma Cooper (1862–1913).
4. William Rae Macdonald (1843–1923)

• Paul, Sir James Balfour (1893–1903). An Ordinary of Arms Contained in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. Edinburgh: William Green and Sons.

1. "Chevron: J. Balfour Paul" (1st ed.). 1893 – via Internet Archive (Boston Public Library).
2. "Chevron: James Balfour Paul" (2nd ed.). 1903 – via Internet Archive (Duke University).

Note: "Ordinary" (as in "ordinary of arms") is a systematic catalog of coats of arms, organized by their primary design elements rather than by the name of the armiger (the person or entity bearing the arms) → See wikipedia article, "Ordinary of arms".

• "Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland" (English ed.) – via Wikipedia.

• The Scots Peerage. Via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library). Retrieved March 13, 2025.

1. Vol. 1 (1904). "Kings of Scotland": "Earl of Abercorn" – "Lord Balmerino".
3. Vol. 2 (1905). "Lord Banff" – "Lord Cranstoun".
5. Vol. 3 (1906). "Earl of Crawford" – "Viscount Falkland".
7. Vol. 4 (1907). "Earl of Fife" – "Earl of Hyndford".
9. Vol. 5 (1908). "Lord Innermeath" – "Earl of Mar".
11. Vol. 6 (1909). "Earl of Marchmont" – "Viscount of Oxfuird".
13. Vol. 7 (1910). "Earl of Panmure" – "Lord Sinclair".
15. Vol. 8 (1911). "Lord Somerville" – "Earl of Winton".
17. Vol. 9 (1914). "Index and Corrections".

• Velde, François R. (ed.). Documents on the Lord Lyon. This page gathers documents on the powers and practice of Lord Lyon and his Court.

• Roads, Elizabeth Ann, (née Bruce; born 1951), LVO, CStJ (April 2020). The Court & Office of the Lord Lyon King of Arms (PDF). Retrieved March 13, 2025.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

• Who Was Who ("Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles"). First published in 1848.

1. Online via Oxford University Press. Oxford University Press. December 1, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2010. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U196567; ISBN 978-0-1995-4089-1; OCLC 5557231783.
2. Vol. 2: "1916–1928" (5 Vols.) (4th ed.). Adam & Charles Black. 1967 – via Internet Archive (Camp C.C., Franklin, Virginia). ISBN 978-0-7136-0169-5, 0-7136-0169-8; OCLC 6352121 (all editions).

• Johnston, George Harvey (1860–??) (1912) [1904: 1st ed]. Scottish Heraldry Made Easy (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: W. & A.K. Johnston (William Johnston, 1802–1888; and brother, Alexander Keith Johnston, 1804–1871). New York: Scribner.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved March 8, 2025. OCLC 794027778 (all editions).

1. Via Wikimedia Commons (Polona). 1912.
2. Via Internet Archive (UCLA). 1912.

• Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris (1799–1848) (1842). History of the Orders of Knighthood of the British Empire; Of the Order of the Guelphs of Hanover; And of the Medals, Clasps, and Crosses, Conferred for Naval and Military Services. London: Published for John Hunter.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

1. Vol. 3. 1842. p. 65 (1 p. before p. 65 – via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library).

• The Bookseller: A Newspaper of British and Foreign Literature. Edinburgh. 1802. Retrieved March 7, 2025. ISSN 0006-7539; OCLC 8861630 (all editions).

1. "Trade and Literary Gossip" → "Messrs. T. C. & E. C. Jack". Thomas Chater Jack (1863–1939) and Edwin Chisholm Jack (1864–1939) (husband of Louey Chisholm; 1863–1948), sons of Thomas Chisholm Jack (1830–1886), the publishing firm's founder. Vol. 65 (Old Series), No. 972 → Vol. 15 (New Series), No. 351. February 11, 1916. p. 51 – via Internet Archive (Illinois).

• Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1907). Heraldic Badges. London: John Lane. New York: John Lane Company.

1. Via Internet Archive (Boston Public Library).

• Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1904). The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory. Edinburgh: T.C. & E.C. Jack. Retrieved March 7, 2025. LCCN 04-12432, LCCN 58-53048; OCLC 3588106 (all editions).

See The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory

1. "The Armorial of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lyon King of Arms". Plate 4 (between pages 16 & 17). Retrieved March 29, 2025.
1. Via HathiTrust (Getty).
2. Via Internet Archive (Boston).
3. Via Internet Archive (Getty).
4. Via Google Books (Princeton).

• Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry: Illustrated by Nine Plates in Colour and Nearly 800 Other Designs, Mainly From Drawings by Graham Johnston, Herald Painter to the Lyon Court. Edinburgh: T.C. & E.C. Jack. Retrieved March 10, 2025. LCCN 73-115793 (1969 re-print), LCCN 84-29280 (1985 re-print); OCLC 1048481784.

1. Via Internet Archive (University of California Libraries).
2. Via Google Books (Stanford).

Armorial Families

• "1075036". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 1075036.

• Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. Title: Armorial Families:. OCLC 3588083 (all editions).

↓ Edinburgh: T.C. & E.C. Jack, publisher. Thomas Chater Jack (1863–1939) and Edwin Chisholm Jack (1864–1939) (husband of Louey Chisholm; 1863–1948), sons of Thomas Chisholm Jack (1830–1886), the publishing firm's founder.
1. 1895. 1st ed. Sub-title: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-Armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show Which Arms in Use at the Moment Are Borne by Legal Authority.
1. HathiTrust (Cal Berkeley).
2. HathiTrust (Cornell).
3. Via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library).
2. 1899. 3rd ed. Sub-title: A Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-Armour, Showing which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority.
   1. Via HathiTrust (Cal Berkeley).
   2. Via Internet Archive (Cal Berkeley).
3. 1902. 4th ed. Sub-title: A Directory of Gentlemen of Coat-Armour, Showing Which Arms in Use at the Moment Are Borne by Legal Authority.
   1. Via Google Books (Yale).
4. 1905. 5th ed. Sub-title: A Directory of Gentlemen of Coat-Armour.
   1. Via HathiTrust (Cal Berkeley).
   2. Via HathiTrust (Cal Berkeley).
   3. Via Wikimedia Commons (HTML) (Cal Berkeley).
   4. See images at Wikimedia Commons (Boston Public Library).
5. 1910. 6th ed. Sub-title: A Directory of Gentlemen of Coat-Armour.
   1. Via HathiTrust (Getty Research Institute).
   2. Via Google Books (Iowa).
   ↓ London: Hurst & Blackett, Ltd., publisher.
6. 1929. 7th ed. Sub-title: A Directory of Gentlemen of Coat-Armour.
1. Vol. 1: Via Internet Archive (Boston Public Library).
2. Vol. 2: Via Internet Archive (Boston Public Library).
3. Vol. 1: Via HathiTrust (Michigan).
4. Vol. 2: Via HathiTrust (Michigan).

Heraldry artists

• Wright, William Henry Kearley (1844–1915), Fr of the Historical Society (August 1894). "Modern Book-Plate Designers." No. 4 – "John Forbes Nixon". Ex Libris Journal (Wright is Plymouth Antiquary and Librarian and Editor of the Ex Libris [Society] Journal). 4 (8): 123–126 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 124044417, 952415551, 851889918.

John Forbes Nixon (1845–1905)

Nixon (J. Forbes), artist

Lyon Office Library. See "Ex Libris Journal," V., 2 F. J. N (monogram) 1894 Armorial 1894

J. Balfour Paul. See "Ex Libris Journal," IV., 124

---

John Forbes Nixon: J Balfour Paul Lyon King

Graham Johnston: Sir James Balfour Paul CVO

Patents of arms

• Stevenson, John Horne (1855–1939); Seten, George (1822–1908) (1914). Heraldry in Scotland: Including a Recension of ‘The Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland’ by the Late George Seton. By Stevenson, J. H. (John Horne), 1855–1939; Seton, George, 1822-1908. Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

1. Vol. 1 (PIMS).
2. Vol. 2 (PIMS).
1. Appendix IV. "Patents of Lyon Kings-of-Arms" → (3) "Patent in favour of James Balfour Paul, Esquire (now Sir James Balfour Paul, C.V.O., LL.D.), dated 12th March 1890.". pp. 451–454.