Udagbedo
| Udagbedo | |
|---|---|
| 7th Oba, Monarch of the Kingdom of Benin | |
| Oba of Benin | |
| Reign | c. 1299 – c. 1334 |
| Coronation | c. 1299 |
| Predecessor | Edoni |
| Successor | Ohen |
| Died | c. 1334 |
| Issue | Omorefe (daughter) |
| Dynasty | Eweka dynasty |
| Father | Oba Oguola |
Udagbedo (reigned c. 1299 – c. 1334) was the seventh Oba ('king') of the Kingdom of Benin. He succeeded his brother, Oba Edoni. During his reign, he implemented agricultural reforms, expanded the kingdom’s territory, and established trade contacts via Saharan trade and later with European states. His rule coincided with the first recorded migration of the Ga from Benin to present-day Ghana, an event seen as evidence of Benin’s regional influence. Oral traditions refer to him as "Olagbeno" and place him at the center of the transition from the Ogiso dynasty to the Obaship. Primary accounts of Udagbedo's life and reign derive from Jacob Egharevba’s A Short History of Benin, which relies heavily on oral sources. Scholars such as Philip Dark, A.F.C. Ryder, and John Fage have noted its cultural significance while advising caution regarding its chronology and integration of oral tradition with written records.
Sources and historiography
[edit]The principal source for Udagbedo's reign is Jacob Egharevba's A Short History of Benin, first published in 1934 and widely regarded as a foundational text for Benin historiography.[1] Egharevba's work is based primarily on oral traditions, collected from informants with ties to the precolonial Benin court, as well as selective references to written sources available in the early 20th century.[2][3] However, the reliability and scope of Egharevba's work have been the subject of academic scrutiny. Historian A.F.C. Ryder praised the book as "one of the few outstanding records of oral history" and noted that it had become the "authoritative version" of Benin history, while also pointing out that the author's sources were not disclosed and that oral accounts may have been shaped by external influences.[4] Ryder also observed that Egharevba incorporated printed colonial-era materials, such as missionary accounts, to corroborate or adjust traditional narratives.[4]
Philip Dark similarly highlighted the importance of the book but cautioned that its chronology for earlier periods, including Udagbedo's reign, may push events too far back in time due to the inherent limitations of oral historical frameworks.[1] Robert Elwyn Bradbury nevertheless acknowledged Egharevba's remarkable accuracy for more recent centuries.[5]
Other academic contributions have helped contextualise Egharevba's claims. For example, Peter M. Roese discusses oral legends that identify Udagbedo with "Olagbeno", a semi-mythical figure whose story involves magical elements and dynastic transition.[6] Roese and others argue that such narratives reflect postcolonial myth-making or attempts to reinforce legitimacy through symbolic storytelling.[7] Finally, the fable "Olagbeno and Irikure", recorded in 1937 by E.O. Gbinigie and H.L.M. Butcher, offers a mythologised narrative of Udagbedo's supposed courtship of a princess using a brass sphere and magical transformation.[8] The association of Udagbedo with figures such as Olagbeno, as well as the description of him as a "white man", appears in early colonial-period oral narratives and is interpreted by scholars as apocryphal—that is, stories of doubtful authenticity or origin, that are often shaped by later cultural or political agendas.[7]
Early life and ascension
[edit]Udagbedo was born as the second son of Oba Oguola, during a period when the early Benin monarchy was consolidating its dynastic structures. He succeeded his elder brother, Edoni, and ascended to the throne around 1299.[9] According to Jacob Egharevba, Udagbedo was characterised by qualities of bravery, diligence, and empathy—traits which, in Benin oral tradition, were markers of an ideal ruler.[9][10]
Some oral narratives collected in the 20th century offer a mythologised portrayal of Udagbedo under the name "Olagbeno". One such story recounts how Olagbeno, described as the son of a foreign monarch, entered the palace of an Ogiso princess named Irikure by concealing himself within a brass sphere, later displacing the Ogiso to inaugurate the Obaship.[6][8][a] Scholars regard this story as symbolic rather than factual, interpreting it as a metaphor for dynastic transformation and the legitimisation of royal authority in the cultural imagination of Benin.[7] Peter M. Roese also notes that Udagbedo is described in some oral accounts as a Weißer ('white man') but considers this portrayal to be entirely legendary, comparable to similar claims made about other early Obas like Esigie. He argues that such depictions were likely introduced or emphasised to appeal to colonial-era European audiences.[7]
Reign
[edit]Throughout his rule, Udagbedo actively promoted agriculture during a period marked by expansion in farming.[10][11] Concurrently, Benin maintained trade networks with states in the Sahara, exchanging ivory, pepper, and cotton textiles for horses and copper.[11] Although his reign occurred prior to direct contact with Europeans, his economic policies are viewed as laying a structural foundation for the trans-Saharan and trans-Atlantic exchanges that followed in the 15th century.[11]
Udagbedo’s tenure also marked a turning point in Benin’s territorial expansion. Circa 1300, a migration of the Ga people from Benin to Accra, present-day Ghana, is recorded.[12][13] The event is supported not only by Benin oral tradition but also by secondary literature in African historiography, which highlights this movement as one of several migrations that occurred during his reign.[6] By 1334, his rule had extended Benin's influence into the Ga region. Some scholars contend that the incorporation of outlying, independent regions into Benin’s domain during this period may represent the early formation of an imperial framework.[14] Urhobo communities also emigrated during this period and settled in the Kwale district.[15][7] Peter M. Roese cautiously associates these migrations with sociopolitical shifts in the south, noting the absence of precise records but identifying likely connections to the reign of Udagbedo.[7]
According to Jacob Egharevba, an internal conflict emerged over funerary customs during Udagbedo’s reign. He recounts that Benin tradition permitted only the reigning Oba to be buried within the Ogbe ('palace sector'), but a nobleman named Agbodo defied this custom by requesting burial at his own residence inside Ogbe.[12] After Agbodo's death, his sons allegedly performed a ritual that involved placing a magical stone on his chest, causing his body to sink into the ground.[12] Udagbedo, upon learning of this, ordered the ground to be excavated, but Agbodo’s remains were never found. A pond later formed at the site and became known as Agbodo pond.[12]
In the 15th century, the sons of Oba Ozolua—namely Ogidogbo, Esigie, and Aruanran—used this pond as a test of strength by attempting to leap across it.[12] Between 1935 and 1937, Oba Akenzua II oversaw the filling of the pond, which had long stood as a historical landmark. A decade later, in 1949, the site became home to the Benin Divisional Council Public Works Department.[12]
Under Udagbedo's rule, Benin's artisans developed their ivory carving techniques. Some of their carvings—including depictions of Portuguese coats of arms and Christian symbols—were later collected by European royalty, like the Medici family and Augustus of Saxony.[11]
Family and personal life
[edit]Udagbedo is recorded to have had at least one child, Princess Omorefe, who was given in marriage through a customary royal ceremony with the Iyase ('prime minister') of Benin.[13]
Death and succession
[edit]Oba Udagbedo's reign continued until approximately 1334, when he died.[11] He was succeeded by his brother, Ohen, who was the third son of Oguola.[12]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Ogiso was the title of the king of Igodomigodo, the kingdom which preceded the Benin Empire
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Dark 1962, pp. 300–301.
- ^ Ryder 1961, pp. 286–287.
- ^ Fage 1961, p. 351.
- ^ a b Ryder 1961, p. 286.
- ^ Bradbury 1959, p. 272.
- ^ a b c Roese 1984, p. 204.
- ^ a b c d e f Roese 1984, p. 211.
- ^ a b Gbinigie & Butcher 1937, pp. 349–352.
- ^ a b Egharevba 1968, p. 11.
- ^ a b Eweka 1992, p. 19.
- ^ a b c d e Walker 2006, p. 336.
- ^ a b c d e f g Egharevba 1968, p. 12.
- ^ a b Egharevba 1947, p. 11.
- ^ Association of African Historians 1998, p. 41.
- ^ Owonaro 1949, p. 95.
Works cited
[edit]- Egharevba, Jacob Uwadiae (1968). A Short History of Benin. C.M.S. Press. ISBN 9789781212390.
- Egharevba, Jacob Uwadiae (1947). Concise Lives of the Famous Iyases of Benin. Temi-Asunwon. OCLC 25943755.
- Association of African Historians (1998). Afrika Zamani. Association des historiens africains. ISSN 0257-5760. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
- Walker, Robin (2006). When We Ruled: The Ancient and Mediæval History of Black Civilisations. Every Generation Media. ISBN 978-0-9551068-0-4.
- Eweka, Enawekponmwen Basimi (1992). The Benin Monarchy: Origin and Development. Suben Printers. OCLC 37277111.
- Owonaro, S.K. (1949). The History of Ijo (Ijaw) and Her Neighbouring Tribes in Nigeria. Niger Printing Works. OCLC 15044195.
- Bradbury, Robert Elwyn (1959). "Chronological Problems in the Study of Benin History". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 1 (4). Historical Society of Nigeria: 263–287. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970638. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
- Fage, John Donnelly (1961). "A Short History of Benin. By Jacob Egharevba. Ibadan University Press, 3rd ed. (revised), 1960. Pp. xii, 101, illus. 8 s . 6 d ". The Journal of African History. 2 (2): 351. doi:10.1017/S0021853700002620. ISSN 0021-8537. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
- Ryder, Alan Frederick Charles (1961). "Book Reviews: A short history of benin - Jacob Egharevba. 3rd edition. Ibadan University Press , 1960. pp.xii + 101. 8s. 6d". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (2). Historical Society of Nigeria: 286–287. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970983. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
- Dark, Philip (1962). "A Short History of Benin. By Jacob Egharevba. Ibadan University Press, 3rd ed. Pp. xiii, 10I, ill. 8s. 6d". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 32 (3). Cambridge University Press, International African Institute: 300–301. doi:10.2307/1157560. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1157560. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
- Gbinigie, E.O.; Butcher, H.L.M. (1937). "Four Edo Fables". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 10 (3). Cambridge University Press, International African Institute: 342–352. doi:10.2307/1155300. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1155300. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
- Roese, Peter M. (1984). "Das Königreich Benin - von den Anfängen bis 1485". Anthropos. 79 (1/3). Anthropos Institut: 191–222. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40460800. Retrieved 18 June 2025.