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Tomitaro Makino

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Tomitaro Makino

Tomitaro Makino (牧野 富太郎, Makino Tomitarō; April 24, 1862 – January 18, 1957) was a pioneer Japanese botanist noted for his taxonomic work. He has been called "Father of Japanese Botany",[1][2][3][4] having been one of the first Japanese botanists to work extensively on classifying Japanese plants using the system developed by Linnaeus. His research resulted in collecting more than 500,000 specimens[a], many of which are represented in his Makino's Illustrated Flora of Japan. Despite having dropped out of grammar school, he eventually attained a Doctor of Science degree, and his birthday is remembered as Botany Day in Japan.

Legacy

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In total, Makino named over 2,500 plants, including 1,000 new species and 1,500 new varieties.[5][6][b] In addition, he discovered about 600 new species.[9]

After his death in 1957, his collection of approximately 400,000 specimens was donated to Tokyo Metropolitan University which has housed the collection at its Makino Herbarium .[8] Around the same time, Makino Botanical Garden opened in his native Kōchi on Mount Godai.[8] His home in Higashiōizumi, Nerima-ku, Tokyo was converted into the Makino Memorial Garden and Museum.[8]

He was also named an Honorary Citizen of Tokyo.[10]

Early life

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Tomitaro Makino was born 22 May 1862[11][c] in Sakawa, Kōchi to a prestigious sake brewer and household goods purveyor called Kishiya (岸屋). The privileged merchant family was entitled to a surname and sword-bearing [ja].[12][13] His parents died during his early childhood (father Sahei (佐平) at age 3, mother Kusu (久壽) at age 5) and he lost his grandfather Kozaemon (小左衛門) at age 6, leaving his step-grandmother Namiko (浪子) to raise him. His name was also changed from Seitarō (誠太郎/成太郎) given at birth to Tomitaro around the time he lost his close kins.[12][17]

In 1872 at age 10 (or 1871, age 9[18]), he began attending a terakoya (so-called "temple school") run by Doi Kengo (土居謙護) in his home neighborhood,[d][19][20] later transferring to Itō-juku, run by Confucian scholar Itō Ranrin [ja] where he was taught alongside Four Books and Five Classics Chinese learning, arithmetic and calligraphy as well.[21]

In 1873 at age 11 (or 1872, age 10[18]), he cross-enrolled at Meikōkan (名教館) but since Itō was also part of the faculty here, he soon quit Itō-juku.[20][22][23] Since Meikōkan was a gōgaku [ja] (lit. "village"[24]), it had the pretense of education for samurai extended to commoners,[24] and was mostly attended by samurai family pupils. A classmate here was Hiroi Isami [ja] (later dubbed "father of harbor engineering").[25] This school did not stick to Chinese scholarship, but taught geography, astronomy, and physics, western-style, using Fukuzawa Yukichi's Sekai kunizukushi [ja] and Kawamoto Kōmin's Kikai kanran kōgi (気海観瀾広義, Observations of the Billowing Waves of Air and Sea , Enlarged) as textbooks.[26][22] Around this time, Makino became acquainted with a certain westernization enthusiast named Manabe, who not only recommended the adoption of zangiri hairstyle (without topknot), but coaxed Makino into joining the same English study society of which he was already a member. This study group had hired two English linguists from Kōchi city, and borrowed English books from the prefectural government office. Thus Makino got his start in gaining literacy in English.[27]

Meikōkan became Sakawa Elementary School [ja] due to gakusei [ja] school reform,[28][14] and Makino attended only 2 years before dropping out (though this is misleading, since he had attained the top level for "lower elementary school" thus nearly graduating[30]), and began to study botany in self-taughte manner.[28] He states that he expected to succeed in his family brewery at the time, and was "not contemplating at all" about entering a life of academia.[31][29][32] He spent a brief period of this time in his youth supporting the Freedom and People's Rights Movementin his hometown Tosa Province.[6][e]

He foisted the duty of operating the brewery onto his grandmother and senior manager (bantō [ja]) while he lived a dilettante's life as he pleased.[32] At age 15, he took up the teaching post at Sakawa Elementary, resigning after 2 years[31][34][35] in 1880 (at age 17/18), when he moved to Kōchi city to attend Goshō Gakusha (五松学舎).[36] But since this institution concentrated heavily on Chinese learning, it did not please him to attend any of its lectures,[37] and delved into studying geography and botany which were the subjects that interested him.[37] Around this time, he was also diligently making handwritten copies of herbal medicinal scholar Ono Ranzan's critique Honzō kōmoku keimō (本草綱目啓蒙) (i.e. "Elucidation of Bencao Gangmu), which developed his knowledge of herbal pharmacology a.[38] But his trip to Kōchi did have its windfall, which was getting the acquaintance of Koichirō Naganuma (永沼小一郎).[37] Naganuma taughta at Kōchi Shihan Gakkō [ja] (precursor to the Kōchi University Education Department), who was so proficient in English as to privately translate such books as Robert Bentley's Botany and show the manuscripts to Makino.[37] Thus Makino widened his knowledge of western botanical scholarship, learning who the authorities in the field were. Makino has state in his autobiography: "My knowledge of botany owes greatly to Naganuma-sensei".[39]

Makino self-published his first academic paper in a journal he created in 1879 (around the end of his elementary schoolteacher career, before leaving for Kōchi). The journal was called Hakubutsu sōdan (博物叢談; "Collected discourse on Natural History"). The journal was created around Makino, who handprinted each copy to distribute to the readership.[40] Later, some time during his 20s (1880s) while still in his home province, he began circulating a handmade periodical called Kakuchi zasshi (格致雑誌).This was also hand-copied by Makino with inkbrush on washi paper.[39][41]

At age 19, Makino mounted on a trip to Tokyo to see the 2nd National Industrial Exhibitions (1 March–30 June 1881). Accompanied by the senior manager (bantō)'s son and accountant clerks, Makino purchased books and a microscope.[42][32] Makino also visited the Natural History Bureau at the Ministry of Education where he was warmly received by naturalist Yoshio Tanaka and botanist Motoyoshi Ono [ja] (Ranzan's great-grandson) from whom he heard talk on the latest news in botany, and was shown around the facility's botanical garden.[43][44]

In 1881, Tomitarō married his fiancée and cousin Yamamoto Nao (山本猶) 2 years his junior in his hometown, and she became the new young madam of the Kishiya brewerie establishment.[45][46] Since he had a grand wedding in his hometown, Sakawa's local history makes clear record of it, but Makino himself did not mention this marriage in any of his writings, including his autobiography (Jijoden).[47]

Career

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In July 1884 at age 22, he moved to Tokyo to pursue his botanical studies in earnest. At the University of Tokyo's Faculty of Science in the Botanical Institute (Shokubutsugaku kyōshitsu) he met Cornell-educated professor Ryōkichi Yatabe,[36][48] who granted the privilege to come freely to the Institute and make use of its library, equipment and other resources, allowing Makino to delve into his botanical research.[49] Makino started to send specimens to Karl Maximovich of Russia considered the foremost authority on East Asian flora at the time, and since these tended to be rare and curious samples, it delighted the Russian[50] to the extent that whenever Maximovich sent a copy of his work to the institute, he would send a separate copy privately for Makino.[50]

In 1887 at age 25, he co-founded the journal Shokubutsugaku zasshi (植物学雑誌; "Botanical Magazine") in collaboration with the institute's colleagues Ōkubo Saburo [ja], Nobujirō Tanaka [ja], Tokugorō Someya (染谷徳五郎) and others.[51], with contributions from Komajirō Sawada (澤田駒次郎), Mitsutarō Shirai, Manabu Miyoshi,[51] and Yatabe as well.[52] This same year Makino lost his step-grandmother (aged 77) who raised him.[36]

November 1888 at age 26, he began publishing the series Nippon shokubutsu shi zuhen (日本植物志図篇; "Illustrated Japanese Plants") which he had long been conceptualizing, at his own-expense.[53][54][55] Towards that end, he apprenticed himself at a printing press[f] in order to learn the techniques of lithography,[56] and he eventually drew the plant illustrations himself, considered "photo-like in accuracy",[52] and highly praised by Maximowicz.[57] It was arguably the first illustrated compendium (zukan) of flora published in Japan.[59][61] To Makino it was a "crystallization of his hardships" which he considered "presentable with pride to the world",[62] and a monument to Japanese biological history according to his biographer.[63]

Around this time, while Tomitarō was building his position as botanical researcher, the funding was backed by his home business, and after the grandmother's death, his cousin/wife Nao sent funds as requested to the point that Kishiya's business operation was in peril.[32] And despite already having a wife, Nao, in his home town, he fell in love at first sight with 14-year old Sue Ozawa (小澤壽衛) who was the popular seller-girl daughter of a confection store in Tokyo, and the couple began cohabiting in Negishi [根岸 (台東区)], Taitō-ku (formerly in Shitaya-ku), at a detached wing of a princely priest's villa, belonging to a prince assigned to Rinnō-ji in Nikkō. The following year their first daughter Sonoko (1888–1893).[64]

In 1889 he discovered a new species of plant, the yamatoguasa (ヤマトグサ) Theligonum japonica [sv], published in a paper co-signed by Saburō Okubo that appeared in their Shokubutsugaku zasshi ("Botanical Magazine"). It was the first time in Japan that a scientific name was given to a plant species. [65][67][g] In 1890, he was collecting plants in the former Koiwamachi [ja], Minamikatsushika District [ja], Tokyo, when in an waterway he found an unfamiliar insect-eating aquatic plant. He had discovered the occurrence in Japan of Aldrovanda vesiculosa (Japanese: mujinamo) which was then only known to grow sporadically in various faraway parts of the world. The report he made about this gained him world-wide notice in botanical circles.[69][non-primary source needed]。

In 1890, at age 28, he married Sue[ko] Ozawa (小澤壽衛子).[70] The same year he was banned from the Botanical Institute by Prof. Yatabe,[70][71] seemingly blocking his path to continue research. One of the reasons given for the expulsion was that the Institute had its own ideas about issuing anillustrated botanical compendium, and Makino's series posed a direct competition,[72] and Makino himself concluded that had been the case.[73] It has also been stated, in defense of Yatabe, that Makino made a regular habit of checking out books without permission, ultimately such a sanction became necessary.[72] Makino in despair even contemplated defecting to Russia and taking his collection of specimens to Maximowicz, hopefully to continue research abroad, but in 1891 his mentor died unexpectedly of influenza and the bold plan did not materialize.[74][75][h]

In 1891, his family business Kishiya was at a point of failing, and could no longer send funds to Makino. He returned to his home town to liquidate and divide family assets.[78] Tomitarō as the nominal tōshu (i.e, proprietor of the business, also meaning the head of the extended family) ruled to have Nao marry the senior manager (bantō) Kazunosuke Inoue (井上和之助)[i] Nao and her husband however soon folded the Kishiya business.[80][81][j]

During a period of stay in his province, one thing he did was to meddle in the local education of western music.[k] Then a telegram arrived telling him his young daughter had died, so he hastened back to Tokyo,[85]having accepted 600,000 yen from his family fortune.[citation needed]

In 1893, Prof. Yatabe was ousted from Tokyo University replaced by Jinzō Matsumura, who invited Makimura back to fill the post of assistant[86] on On 11 September.[87] On the assistant's flimsy salary of 15 yen per month, it grew difficult for him to support his growing family,[86][l] and not enough to sustain his spending habits on research, purchasing books, etc., yet he was determined to purchase all costly books he deemed necessary, going into deep debt.[88] He couldn't pay his rent, and one time his property got seized and auctioned off.[89]

In 1896, he was ordered to go on an expedition to Taiwan (which had been ceded to Japan after the war by the Treaty of Shimonoseki) to collect plants.[90][91] He reported a creeping fig used for making aiyu jelly as a new species (though it later was found to be a variety)[92] He continued to collect plants from various regions and conduct his research, preparing specimens and publishing literature. But his lack of formal education, as well as his old habit of borrowing university-owned books without clearance and not returning them in timely fashion, constantly caused resentment and tension from some colleagues.[32]

In 1900, Makino's financial straits were noticed by Tokyo University president Arata Hamao who appointed Makino to head the editing of the Dai-Nippon shokubutsu shi ("Greater Japan Botanical Journal") due out from the university,[m] so that a separate compensation package could be rewarded to Makino for the assignment.[86][93][94] However Matsumura did not approve (of) this special compensation[clarify][95] With such interference by Prof. Matsumura as far as Makino was concerned, Makino felt he had no choice but to give up on the continued publication of Dai-Nippon shokubutsu shi after the 4th volume.[96][94] The Institute as a whole regarded this publication cooling, and it seemed to Makino as if they were wishing the journal to fail, and such compounded reasons led to the discontinuation.[97][95] A salary discrimination issue has been brought up by a later biographer: while Makino received a starting salary of 15 yen as assistant in 1893, Matsumura had received 50 yen per month [99] as associate professor at age 28, ten years before.[100] On the other hand, Matsumoto's biographer opined that Matsumoto's criticism of Makino was "Fleeting", and if Makino took it as bullying, that was a character flaw on his part.[101]

Makino eventually fell from Prof. Matsumura's favor, just as he fell from Prof. Yatabe's grace earlier.[102] Pressures from Matsumura and others had ben countervailed by Kakichi Mitsukuri (Dean of the College of Science, Tokyo Imperial University 1901–1907)[n] who took Makimura under his aegis, but when a new dean [[Jōji Sakurai ]] [ja] who was not well-versed in the affairs of the Botany Section, followed by the death of Mitsukuri succumbing to illness in 1909, the allegedly elated Prof. Matsumura took the opportunity to suggest Makimura's removal to the new dean. However, Makimura's firing did not come to pass.[103]

Instead, Dean Sakurai negotiated directly with Makimura and as of 30 January 1912 (Makimura at age 49), promoted him to lecturer with an increased salary to 30 yen.[104] Makino would remain as lecturer of the College (which in 1919 became (later to the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo[105] and "Imperial" removed in the postwar)) until tendering his resignation on 31 May 1939 at age 77.[106][107] So counting from him his assistantship in 1893, he was in the employ of Tokyo University for some 46 years.

In 1916, Makino's collection of 300,000 specimens were nominally sold to young philanthropist Takeshi Ikenaga]] [ja], and transferred to what would become the Ikenaga Botanical Research Institute in Egeyama [ja], Kobe.[108][111] Word had gotten out that Makino was planning to sell off his collection, whereby agronomist Chūgo Watanabe (渡辺忠吾) wrote a column warning that it would be the shame of the nation if the collection were allowed to leave the country. Two Kobe philanthropists stepped up to help, namely Fusanosuke Kuhara and Takeshi Ikenaga who was a 25 year-old student at the time but had his father's inheritance at his disposal. Ikenaga purchased the lot for 30,000 yen with intent to donate it back to Makino, but Makino who was overcome by emotion insisted it be kept, so the 300,000 specimens came to be housed in Ikenaga's research facility. Ikenaga continued to support financial for some years afterwards.[112][113]

1916 was also the year Makino founded the Shokubutus kenkyū zasshi aka Journal of Japanese Botany which he bore the expenses himself until the 3rd issue.[114][115] The publication was intermittent, The journal thus remained on a rocky course.[116][o] The journal floundered when the supporter Haruji Nakamura [ja] died,[118] but the magazine was revived in 1926 with the financial aid of Jūsha Tsumura [ja],[119] and later published by his company, Tsumura & Co. [ja] pharmaceutical.[117] Makino would also lose the patronage he had gained from Ikenaga as well,[120][121] ca. 1930.[122][p]

Tomitaro Makino's grave

In April 1927, he received a doctorate of science by the endorsement of botanists Kenjirō Fujii [ja] and Seiichirō Ikeno [ja].[124][125] The dissertation was written in English.[126]

Also in 1927 he gave name to a new variety of dwarf bamboo Sasaella ramosa [wikidata] var. suwekoana after his wife Sue[ko].[127][128][129] She died of an unspecified illness the following year,[130] though it is thought to have been uterine cancer.[131] She was 55-years old.[128][132]

When Makino learned that the German naturalist Siebold had named a variety of hydrangea (H. macrophylla Sieb. var. otaksa) after his local wife Kusumoto Taki,[q] Makino quite severely criticized the naming,[134] characterizing Taki who was a courtesan, with abusive insults,[135] and claiming it was a disservice to the "lovely and guileless" flower whose "sanctity.. had been defiled".[127][r]

He published the 7-volume Shokubutsugaku zenshū (植物学全集; "Complete botanical collection", 1934–1936) which also garnered him the Asahi Prize in 1937, and the newspaper dubbed him "the father of Japanese plants".[136][137][138]

In 1939 he quit his post as lecturer at the University of Tokyo.[106][107]。

In 1940 he published what may be called his magnum opus, Makino's Illustrated Flora of Japan (Makino Nihon Shokubutsu Zukan),[139][140][142] which is still used as an encyclopedic text today.

In 1945, he evacuated away from WWII air raids to Hosakamura [ja] village, Kitakoma District, Yamanashi (present-day Nirasaki).[143][144]

On 7 October 1948, he was invited to give lecture to Emperor Hirohito, which was conducted in a Q&A basis while walking in the Imperial Palace, Tokyo#Fukiage Garden.[145] In 1949, he suffered a bout of catarrh and became critically ill but recovered.[146][144] In 1950, he was elected fellow of The Japan Academy.[147][148] And on 14 November, all the new fellows were invited by the Emperor for lunch, with opportunity to present summaries of their research.[149]

In 1951, a team was organized to try to organized the approximately 500,000 specimens accumulated in unsorted piles at Makino's home. The team was spearheaded by lichenologist/pharmacologist Yasuhiko Asahina who headed Kaken, and called itself the Doctor Makino specimen preservation committee (牧野博士標本保存委員会).[150][151] The Ministry of Education awarded a 300,000 yen subsidy the task of organizing the specimens into order began the following year.[152]

Makino was among the 1st recipients of the honor of Person of Cultural Merit in 1951.[150][153] And in October 1953, at age 91, he was chosen to be the first Honorary Citizen of Tokyo [ja].[10]

His health failed him from 1954 onwards, and he tended to be bedridden.[154]

In 1956, he published Shokubutsugaku 90 nen (植物学九十年) (September) and Makino Tomitarō jijoden (牧野富太郎自叙伝) (December).[155][s] 17 December that year, he was made honorary citizen of his hometown, Sakawa.[155]

Decisions had been made in 1956 to build the Makino Herbarium in Tokyo and the Makino Botanical Garden in Kōchi Prefecture,[156] before Makino's death in 1957 at age 94. He was posthumously given court rank of Junior Third Rank [ja], and decorated with The Order of the Rising Sun with the Double Rays[t] and the Order of Culture.[157] He is buried at Tennō-ji temple, but a portion of his remains are interred in Sakawa also.[158]

Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, main wing

Makino Botanical Garden in Godaisan, Kōchi [ja] opened in April 1958.[159][160] And on 18 June, 1958, The Makino Herbarium opened at the Tokyo Metropolitan University whose collection was built upon the 400,000 specimens bequeathed by the family.[161][65]

In 2008 Makino also became honorary citizen of Nerima-ku[162]

Selected works

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In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Makino, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 270+ works in 430+ publications in 4 languages and 1,060+ library holdings.[163]

  • Makino shokubutsugaku zenshū (Makino's Book of Botany) Sōsakuin, 1936
  • Makino shin Nihon shokubutsu zukan (Makino's New Illustrated Flora of Japan), Hokuryūkan, 1989, ISBN 4-8326-0010-9
The standard author abbreviation Makino is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[164]

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ 400,000 specimens donated at his death bequeathed to the Tokyo Metropolitan University.
  2. ^ Some sources credit him with naming 1500+ plant species,[7] or identifying nearly 1600 species.[8].
  3. ^ His birthday is also given as the 24 th of the 4th month of Bukyū 2. The 4th month in the lunar calendar is typically May in the Western calendar.
  4. ^ In the area of Sakawa called Nishitani (西谷), where he was born.
  5. ^ Makino later became consultant to the Zaidan hōjin Itagaki-kai [ja] (est. 1945 by merger).[33] Itagaki Taisuke from Tosa was the preeminent leader of the movement.
  6. ^ 1887, at the lithographer shop of Yoshiji Ōta (太田義二).
  7. ^ Makino et al. was hopeful at the time it might be a new family,[68] but it has since been classified as non-new Rubiaceae or madder family.
  8. ^ Yatabe around 1886–1887 also had quarrel with another junior botanist, the aforementioned Tokutarō Itō, over the discovery and naming of togakushisō, banning him from the Institute.[76] Itō had reported in a botanical journal first, but as Podophyllum japonicum. Afterwards Yatabe sent to his own sample of the plant (which he said were collected in 1884), and received opinion from Maximowicz that this was a new genus wnaming the plant Yatabe japonicum in private communication. But Itō asserted the discoverer's first naming rights, and republished the plant as Ranzania japonica T. Ito, incurring Yatabe's wrath.[77][76]
  9. ^ The son of the bantō who accompanied Tomitaro to Tokyo in 1881 was Kumakichi, son of Takezō Saeda (佐枝竹蔵). The bantō had since been replaced and was not succeeded by Kumakichi Saeda. But in the TV drama Ranman, the fictionalized Takeo Inoue was a composite, being both the one to tag along with Makino to Tokyo, and the one to marry his "sister" and take over the business.[79]
  10. ^ A vicious rumor spread causing the couple to flee Sakawa, but their headstones were discovered in the burial ground on the mountains in recent years.[82]
  11. ^ He declared the western music instruction misguided and the music teacher unfit. To prove his point, he organized a recital and even acted as conductor to enlighten the locals as to what true western music sounded like. [83] Even in his past as elementary school instructor, he was concern about music education and had donated an organ out of his own pocket.[84]
  12. ^ The Makinos had 13 children of whom 7 survived.
  13. ^ With Maruzen named as publishing house.[93]
  14. ^ Also grandson of Mitsukuri Genpo.
  15. ^ "[Makino] edited the Journal through vol. 8 in 1933. Subsequently, the Journal has been edited by The Editorial Board of The Journal of Japanese Botany from vol. 9 no. 1 in May 1933 to the present issue. The Editorial Board has been represented by Yasuhiko Asahina (1933–1975), Hiroshi Hara (1975–1987), Shoji Shibata [ja] (1987-2006), and Hiroyoshi Ohashi (2006–present) as the Editor-in-Chief".[117]
  16. ^ While biographer Shibuya comments that the Ikenaga Botanical Research Institute was far less magnanimous in relation to Makino's far too great expectations,[123] a more recent biographer (Ueyama) writes that Tominaga had misappropriated a portion of the largesse and squandered it in the brothels of Fukuhara, Kobe [ja], as Ikenaga was based in Kobe, and this was the reason he got cut off financially, alongside other misbehaviors.[47]
  17. ^ Taki and Siebold had a daughter between them, Kusumoto Ine), who became a physician.
  18. ^ Though this "defilement" by a "prostitute" point might be in jest, as the remark concludes Oh my poor hydrangea (アア可哀そうな我があじさゐよ),[127] and perhaps only incidental as it follows a serious botanical point to be made, which was that Makino suspects the flower which Siebold named H. azisai was not what the Japanese people called ajisai but rather the gakuajisai.[127]
  19. ^ In between the publications,"on 13 October, acute nephritis aggravated his condition 一〇月一三日急性腎臓炎のため病状が悪化".[155]
  20. ^ Kyokujitsu jūkōshō (旭日重光章; "Order of the Rising Sun]] with the Double Rays") is of the 2nd class or Dai-2 kuntō [ja].

References

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  1. ^ a b Ishikawa, Sumio (October 1970). "Reishi techō: Siebold to Nihon fujin" 歴史手帖 シーボルトと日本婦人. Nihon Rekishi 日本歴史 (269): 58. ndljp:7910330.
  2. ^ "Kōchi-ken Kōchi-shi" 高知県○高知市. Asahi Shinbun compact edition. 25 October 2008.
  3. ^ "Kishō na shida 89-nen buri hakken 'Nihon shokubutsu gaku no chichi' saishū irai Ibuki sanroku, ama kenkyūsha 'unmeiteki'" 希少なシダ89年ぶり発見 「日本植物学の父」採集以来 伊吹山麓、アマ研究者「運命的」. 京都新聞 (in Japanese). 2021-03-26. Archived from the original on 2021-03-26. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  4. ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Makino Tomitarō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 604, p. 604, at Google Books.
  5. ^ Chichi ga ko ni okuru 1-oku nin no Shōwa-shi 父が子におくる1億人の昭和史. Vol. 6. Mainichi Shinbun. March 1978. p. 134?. ndljp:12395984.
  6. ^ a b Konishi, Shirō [in Japanese] (1979). Shōwa-shi no genzō 昭和史の原像. Shueisha. p. 200.
  7. ^ "Makino Tomitarō, 93-sai demo shokubutsu no jōnetsu moezu.. 'hakkyū' demo nihonjū wo kakemegutta shōgai" 牧野富太郎、93歳でも植物への情熱衰えず...「薄給」でも日本中を駆け巡った生涯. Yomiuri Shimbun Online. 9 April 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d Havens, Thomas R. H. (2020). "4. Foundations of Plant Biology in Modern Japan". Land of Plants in Motion: Japanese Botany and the World. University of Hawaii Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780824883447.
  9. ^ Ōganizumu no kansō: Seimei to seitai オーガニズムの観相: 生命と生態. Kosakusha. 1980. p. 160?. ndljp:12603135.
  10. ^ a b Nerima-ku shi: Nerima-ku dokuritsu 30-shūnen kinen 練馬区史: 練馬区独立 30周年記念. Vol. 3. Nerima-ku. 1980. pp. 29, 36.
  11. ^ 60-nen Anpo Miike tōsō, 1957-1960 60年安保・三池闘争, 1957-1960. 20世紀の記憶. Mainichi Shimbunsha. 2000. p. 37. ISBN 9784620791654.
  12. ^ a b Mitsukawa (2023), p. 16.
  13. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 15.
  14. ^ a b Makino (1997), p. 10.
  15. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 16.
  16. ^ "Tomitarō no shōgai ni tsuite" 富太郎の生涯について. Makino Memorial Garden. 2022. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
  17. ^ Makino himself styles the name 誠太郎[14][15] but another source claims the discovery of his preserved umbilical cord labeled 成太郎[16]
  18. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), p. 233.
  19. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 19.
  20. ^ a b Mitsukawa (2023), p. 17.
  21. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 21.
  22. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), p. 23.
  23. ^ "蔵元紀行". 地酒蔵元会. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  24. ^ a b Kobayashi, Tetsuya (2014). Society, Schools, and Progress in Japan. Elsevier. p. 18. ISBN 9781483136226.
  25. ^ Makino (1997), p. 81.
  26. ^ Makino (1997), p. 12.
  27. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 29.
  28. ^ a b Mitsukawa (2023), p. 18.
  29. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), p. 25.
  30. ^ The "lower elementary school" which is considered compulsory education, is designed to take normally 4 years for graduation; but actually, levels 1 to 8 of achievement are set, and one could "skip" to higher levels by taking advancement exams. Tomitaro had attained level 1, the top level, when he quit.[29]
  31. ^ a b Makino (1997), p. 13.
  32. ^ a b c d e Amano, Ikuo [in Japanese] (1992). Gakureki no shakaishi.. Kyōiku to Nihon no kindai 学歴の社会史...教育と日本の近代 (5 ed.). Shinchosha. pp. 65–68. ISBN 978-4-10-600430-8.
  33. ^ Hashizume, Enju (1 June 1954). Itagaki Taisuke 板垣退助. Zaidan hōjin Itagaki-kai.
  34. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 30, 41.
  35. ^ Mitsukawa (2023), p. 19.
  36. ^ a b c Shibuya (1987), p. 234.
  37. ^ a b c d Shibuya (1987), p. 42.
  38. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 35–36.
  39. ^ a b Makino (1997), p. 16.
  40. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 32.
  41. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 56–58.
  42. ^ Makino (1997), pp. 48–49.
  43. ^ Makino (1997), p. 222.
  44. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 49–50.
  45. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 74–75.
  46. ^ Matsuoka, Mamoru [in Japanese] (2017). Makino Tomitarō tsūshin: Shirarezaru jitsuzō 牧野富太郎通信 : 知られざる実像. Tombow Publishing. pp. 98–99.
  47. ^ a b "Meido ni te wo tsuke, jorōya de sanzai mo... Asadora ni wa egakarenai Makino Tomitarō no jinsei ga yaba sugita" メイドに手を付け、女郎屋で散財も...朝ドラには描かれない牧野富太郎の人生が激ヤバすぎた. PRESIDENT Online. President, Inc. 2023-10-15. Archived from the original on 2023-10-26. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  48. ^ Lee, Jung (2025). Renaming Plants and Nations in Japanese Colonial Korea. Taylor & Francis. p. 32. ISBN 9781040325124.
  49. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 69.
  50. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), p. 102.
  51. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), p. 83.
  52. ^ a b Havens (2020), p. 88.
  53. ^ Makino (1997), p. 51.
  54. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 88.
  55. ^ Takei (1992), p. 63.
  56. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 87, 234.
  57. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 89.
  58. ^ "Makino Tomitarō" 牧野富太郎. Kagaku no ayumi 科学の歩み. 科学図鑑 24. Sekai Bunkasha. 1966. p. 110. ndljp:1655546.
  59. ^ Okada (1966): "そのころ日本にはまだ植物図鑑がなかったのですが,博士は,ひとつじぶんでそれをつくってみようと思いつき,.. こうして1888年11月「日本植物志図篇」第1巻第1集が完成したのです"[58]。
  60. ^ Takeuchi, Hajime (19 June 2023) [16 April 2013]. "Makino Nihon Zukan to wa nan nanoka (fukkoku) 'Meisei kakuritsu shita zukan' -- rensai 'sabishī hima mo nai--seitan 150-nen Makino Tomitarō wo aruku'" 牧野日本植物図鑑とは何なのか【復刻】「名声確立した図鑑」—連載「淋しいひまもない—生誕150年牧野富太郎を歩く」. Kochi Shimbun PLUS+.
  61. ^ A newspaper piece recognizes the later 1940 Makino's Illustrated as the work that "made the start leading to the present-day zukan", but "to say that zukan was 'Makino's invention' does not seem the correct way to phrase it, as other botanical zukan had been published prior to Makino's" ("ここに現代につながる「図鑑」がスタートした、と言える。しかし、図鑑を「牧野の発明」というのは、正確な表現ではないようだ。牧野図鑑刊行の以前、別の植物図鑑も出版されていた。この辺りの出版競争の事情も面白いので、後述する")[60]。
  62. ^ Makino (1970), p. 33: "この出版は、私にとってはまったく苦心の結晶であった。私は、これは世に誇り得るものと自負している。"
  63. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 88: "おそらくこの本の出版は、日本の生物学史上にいつまでも名を残すであろう".
  64. ^ Ueyama (2023), pp. 115–116.
  65. ^ a b "Makino Tomitarō hakase" 牧野富太郎博士. Tokyo Metropolitan University. Makino Herbarium [Makino Herbarium (MAK), Tokyo Metropolitan University]. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
  66. ^ Takeuchi, Hajime (14 July 2023). "'Yamatogusa' meimei, Tanabe kyōju no gekido wa shijitsu Dorama no hyōhon wa Makino shokubutsuen ga sakusei Asadora 'Ranman'" 「ヤマトグサ」命名、田邊教授の激怒は史実 ドラマの標本は牧野植物園が作成 朝ドラ「らんまん」. Kochi Shimbun PLUS+.
  67. ^ Although a new species Ranzania japonica identified earlier in 1886 by a Japanese national, Tokutarō Itō [ja] (grandson of Keisuke Ito) published the find in a British journal, therefore Makita's discovery marked the first "purely Japan-made" discovery.[66]。
  68. ^ Makino (1997), p. 48.
  69. ^ Makino, Tomitaro (1990). "Mujina hakken monogatari" ムジナモ発見物語り. In Sugiura, Minpei [in Japanese] (ed.). Kusa 草. Sakuhinsha. pp. 186–189. ISBN 9784878939945. (https://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/001266/card47239.html plain e-text] @ Aozora bunko)
  70. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), p. 235.
  71. ^ Lee (2025), p. 40, n46.
  72. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), pp. 98–99.
  73. ^ Makino (1990), p. 188.
  74. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 102–104.
  75. ^ Yamamoto (1953), Chapter "土佐っ坊の本音 the true feelings of a Tosa Lad", p. 175
  76. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), p. 68.
  77. ^ Shidō, Sadaaki; Yabe, Ichirō (1990). Kindai Nihon sono kagaku to gijutsu: Genten e no shōtai 近代日本その科学と技術: 原典への招待. Kogaku Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 9784874920541.
  78. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 110.
  79. ^ Takahashi, Shinobu [in Japanese] (1 June 2023). "Hajimete no jōkyō go, Jiyū minken undō ni nomerikonda Makino Tomitarō, naze dattai shitanoka Shokubutsu gakusha akino Tomitarō no shōgai (2) akino Tomitarō" 初めての上京後、自由民権運動にのめり込んだ牧野富太郎、なぜ脱退したのか. 植物学者・牧野富太郎の生涯（2）. JBPress オートグラフ. Japan Business Press Co.,Ltd.
  80. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 111.
  81. ^ Ueyama (2023), pp. 116–117.
  82. ^ Ueyama (2023), pp. 118–119.
  83. ^ Makino (1997), p. 36.
  84. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 77.
  85. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 113.
  86. ^ a b c Makino (1997), p. 38.
  87. ^ Shirai, Mitsutarō (March 1990). Kimura, Yōjirō (ed.). Shirai Mitsutarō chosakushū Dai-6 kan. Honzō hyakkaden, sakuin 白井光太郎著作集 第6巻 本草百家伝・索引. Kagaku Shoin. p. 294. ISBN 4-7603-0050-3. ndljp:12635715.
  88. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 117: "The greatest cause of his poverty was books. Books were his instructors for the self-taught man, and more precious than life. Later on, he became used to spending 100,000 or 200,000 yen on books without even flinching 貧乏の最大の原因となったものは本であった。本は独学する彼にとっての先生であり、命より大切なものだったからである。後には全く金がなくなっても十万円分や二十万円分の本を平気で買うようになった。十万円分や二十万円分の本を平気で買うようになった"。
  89. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 119.
  90. ^ Makino (1997), pp. 207, 224.
  91. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 125–126.
  92. ^ Ishibuchi, Yuzuru/Jō (9 January 2024). "Tapioca mezase, purupuru shokkan no Taiwan sweets" タピオカ目指せ、ぷるぷる食感の台湾スイーツ「愛玉子」...原料は牧野富太郎博士が新種として発表. Yomiuri Shimbun Online.
  93. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), p. 132.
  94. ^ a b Havens (2020), p. 89.
  95. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), p. 134.
  96. ^ Makino (1956a), p. 87.
  97. ^ Makino (1997), pp. 39–40, 99.
  98. ^ a b Nagakubo, Hen'un (1997). Sekaiteki shokubutsu gakusha Matsumura Jinzō no shōgai 世界的植物学者松村任三の生涯. Akatsukiin shokan. ISBN 9784870151239. ndljp:14080471.
  99. ^ Annual payroll of 600 yen.[98]
  100. ^ Takahashi, Shinobu [in Japanese] (16 December 2024) [4 August 2023]. "Gesshū 15-man de gokuhin seikatsu.. Makino Tomitarō wo oitsumeta 'Shunin kyōju Matsumura to no funaka'" 白月収15万で極貧生活...牧野富太郎を追い詰めた「主任教授・松村との不仲」. Rekishi kaidō 白歴史街道. PHP Kenkyusho.
  101. ^ Hen'un Nagakubo 長久保片雲 (1997)[98] apud Havens (2020), p. 89.
  102. ^ Havens (2020), pp. 88–89.
  103. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 136.
  104. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 137, 236.
  105. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 151.
  106. ^ a b Makino (1997), p. 92: "昭和十四年の春、私は思い出深い東京帝国大学理学部植物学教室を去ることになった.. 辞める時の私の月給は七十五円"
  107. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), p. 178: 五月二十五日、牧野富太郎は寺沢寛一理学部長に辞表を提出した Shibuya (1987), p. 237: "一九三九(昭和一四年)五月二五日東京帝国大学理学部講師を辞任"
  108. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 140, 236.
  109. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 190.
  110. ^ a b Tanaka, Junko (19 January 2023). "Ikenaga kenkyūsho no meian (ge) Shin Makino den (45) Dai-4-bu" 「池長植物研究所の明暗（下）」 シン・マキノ伝【45】=第4部=. Kochi Shimbun PLUS+.
  111. ^ Later, the Ikenaga organization's thrust changed and concentrated on the collection of art objects; the 300,000 specimens were returned in 1941.[109][110]
  112. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 139–140, 236.
  113. ^ 20-seiki zen kiroku Chronic 20世紀全記録 クロニック, Kodansha, 21 September 1987, p. 237
  114. ^ Makino (1997), p. 65.
  115. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 146.
  116. ^ Ōba, Hideaki [in Japanese] (December 2016). "Shokubutsu kenkyū zasshi no sōkan to hatten wo sasaeta hitobito" 『植物研究雑誌』の創刊と発展を支えた人々. 植物研究雑誌 [Journal of Japanese Botany]. 91 (suppl): 24–41. doi:10.51033/jjapbot.91_suppl_10716.
  117. ^ a b Ōhashi, Hiroyoshi. "Shokubutsu kenkyū zasshi ni tsuite" 植物研究雑誌について. J-STAGE. Archived from the original on 2023-04-30. Retrieved 2023-05-18. (website版)
  118. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 160.
  119. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 161.
  120. ^ Makino (1997), p. 61: "Now the support from Mr. Ikenaga is off and on 今は池長氏からの援助は途切れ途切れになっている"
  121. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 147: "Financial support from Hajime Ikenaga was to be cut off. Thus Tomitaro Makino's Shokubutus kenkyū zasshi again faced financial crisis 池長孟の経済的援助は打ち切られることとなった。そして牧野富太郎の『植物研究雑誌』はまたしても経済的危機を迎えたのである"
  122. ^ "Though not clear this was ca. Showa 5 (according to Ms. [Noriko] Katsumori はっきりしないが（勝盛[勝盛典子]氏によれば昭和5年ごろ）"[110]
  123. ^ Shibuya (1987).
  124. ^ Makino (1997), pp. 70–71.
  125. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 167–168.
  126. ^ Makino, Tomitaro (16 April 1927). Observations on the flora of Japan 日本植物考察(英文) (Ph.D.). Tokyo Imperial University.
  127. ^ a b c d Sawada, Taketaro (1927). "Otakusa Otaksa to wa hatashite Siebold raichō jidai ni oite ajisai ni taisuru wamei narishi ka" オタクサ Otaksa とは果してシーボルド来朝時代に於てアジサイに対する和名なりしか. 植物研究雑誌 [Journal of Japanese Botany]. 4 (2): 44. doi:10.51033/jjapbot.4_2_446.
  128. ^ a b Makino (1997), p. 227.
  129. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 236–237.
  130. ^ Makino (1997), p. 79: She "finally passed away from illness at Aoyama Surgery Department of the University とうとう病気で大学の青山外科で歿くなってしまったからです"
  131. ^ Izumi, Nobumichi (2023-04-07). "(Book Review) 'Sekai-teki na shokubutsu gakusha' wo hagukunda koinyōbō: Makino Kazuoki kanshū/Shijō Takako cho 'Makino Tomitarō to Sue: Sono kotoba to jinsei'" 【書評】「世界的な植物学者」を育んだ恋女房：牧野一浡監修/四條たか子著『牧野富太郎と寿衛 その言葉と人生』. nippon.com.
  132. ^ Ueyama (2023), pp. 178–179.
  133. ^ Yamada, Munemutsu [in Japanese] (July 1977). Hana no bunka-shi 花の文化史. Yomiuri shimbunsha. p. 272?. ndljp:12501941.
  134. ^ "まことに辛辣"に批判している".[133]
  135. ^ abura gitta minikui inbaifu (脂ギッタ醜イ淫賣婦; "oily ugly prostitute"), though also read differently or altered as abura gitta shūgyōfu (あぶらぎった醜業婦; "oily woman-of-loathful-profession").[1]
  136. ^ Havens (2020), p. 102.
  137. ^ Makino (1997), pp. 90–91.
  138. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 237.
  139. ^ Makino (1997), pp. 229, 233.
  140. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 185–193.
  141. ^ Kida, Jun'ichirō [in Japanese] (1988). Meicho no denki 名著の伝記. Tokyodo Shuppan. p. 218. ISBN 9784490201390.
  142. ^ Kida (1988), p. 218:"Although his writings are numerous, one can barely narrow down [the candidates] to the zuhen ("Illustrated Japanese Plants", 1888–9) and the zukan ("Makino's Illustrated Flora of Japan", 1940), and since the former is incomplete, and difficult to access outside of a dedicated research facility at a university, thus the choice fell on the latter as nominally the compendium of Makino's studies 著述の数は多いが、ぎりぎりのところ、『日本植物志図篇』(一八八八–八九)および『牧野日本植物図鑑』(一九四〇)にしぼられるであろう。しかし、前者は未完であり、今日大学の専門研究室以外で見ることはむずかしい。牧野学の一応の集大成という意味で、後者をとった。"[141]
  143. ^ Makino (1997), pp. 103, 230.
  144. ^ a b Shibuya (1987), p. 238.
  145. ^ Makino (1956a), p. 237.
  146. ^ Makino (1997), p. 230.
  147. ^ Makino (1997), p. 107.
  148. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 194, 238.
  149. ^ Imperial Household Agency (2017-03-30). Shōwa Tennō jitsuroku dai-11 昭和天皇実録第十一. Tokyo Shoseki. p. 154. ISBN 978-4-487-74411-4.
  150. ^ a b Makino (1997), p. 231.
  151. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 294, 208, 238.
  152. ^ 「"牧野標本+三十万" 牧野標本に補助金」『朝日新聞』昭和26年1月20日
  153. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 114, 238.
  154. ^ Makino (1997), p. 231: "(一九五四)二十九年九十二歳十二月、寒胃より肺炎となり臥床静養"
  155. ^ a b c Shibuya (1987), p. 239.
  156. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 217: "牧野標本館の設立についても、牧野植物園の設立の時と同じ頃から考えられるようになった。... 一九五六年九月に東京都は牧野標本館の設置を決定することになった"
  157. ^ Shibuya (1987), pp. 213–214.
  158. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 226.
  159. ^ Shibuya (1987), p. 217.
  160. ^ 牧野植物園概要
  161. ^ Tōkyō Toritsu Daigaku sōritsu jusshūnen kinen rigaku-bu kenkyū yōrran 東京都立大学創立十周年記念理学部研究要覽. Tokyo Metropolitan University. 1960. p. 77.
  162. ^ "Nerima-ku meiyo kumin no kenshō" 練馬区名誉区民の顕彰. Nerima-ku. 5 November 2008. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  163. ^ WorldCat Identities: 牧野富太郎
  164. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Makino.
  165. ^ "Ranman". IMDb. Retrieved July 26, 2023.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Mitsukawa, Yasuo (2023), Makino Tomitarō Kusaki wo aishita hakase no dorama 牧野富太郎 草木を愛した博士のドラマ, Nihon Noritsu Kyokai Management Center, ISBN 978-4-8005-9084-8
  • Yamamoto, Kazuo [in Japanese] (1953). Makino Tomitarō: Shokubutsukai no shihō 牧野富太郎 : 植物界の至宝. 偉人伝文庫. Poplar Publishing. ndljp:1627932.
[edit]
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