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The Tishtar Yasht[1] also known as Tir Yasht[2] is the eighth Yasht of the 21 Yasht collection. It is named after and dedicated to the praise of Tishtrya, a Zoroastrian divinity associated with rainfall and the star Sirius.[3]

Within the Yasht collection

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See also: Yasht

Within the collection of 21 Yashts, the Tishtar Yasht is the eight hymn. According to the Zoroastrian tradition, its text is divided into 16 sections called Kardas. To better reference specific verses, modern scholarship divides the Yashts into stanzas, and within this scheme, the Tishtar consists of 61 stanzas.[4] Together with Yasht 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14, it is classified as a Hymnic Yasht.[5] This means that its content focusses on the properties and actions of the divinity, which are perceived as ongoing.[6] Like the other Yashts, the Tishtar Yasht has a special day dedicated in the Zoroastrian calendar, namely the thirteenth day.[7]

Name

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See also: Tishtrya

Tishtar is the Middle Persian name of Sirius.[8] Its Avestan name is Tishtrya, the Zoroastrian divinity personifying Sirius. The word is assumed to be cognate with Vedic Tishya.[9] It would, therefore, go back to the common Indo-Iranian period.[10] Its original meaning is not certain, but it may have meant belonging to the Three-Star, i.e., Orion's Belt.[11]

Tishtrya is sometimes equated with Tir,[2] the Middle Persian name of the planet Mercury.[12] As a result, the Tistar Yasht is sometimes called Tir Yasht.[13] Likewise, the forth month in the Zoroastrian calendar is named both Tir and Tishtar.[14] The identification of Tishtar with Tir happend probably early on, however, it may not be original.[15]

Structure and content

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During summer, Sirius (center bottom) rises while seemingly following the three stars of Orion's Belt (center right).

Like all Yashts, the Tishtar Yasht begins with an introductory verse (Stanza 0) in Pazend, which announces the Yazata to be worshiped and, when performed, the time of the day.[16] It also closes with the common formula found in other Yashts, containing the Yenghe hatam and Ashem Vohu manthras.[17]

Excluding the introductory and closing formulas, the text of the Yasht itself can be divided into three parts.[18] The first part is formed by Kardas 1-5 (stanzas 1-9). It serves to introduce the myth related in the hymn.[19] Here, Tishtrya is connected to the arrow shot by the legendary Iranian archer Erekhsha from mount Airyokhshaotha to Mount Khvanvant.[20]

The second part is formed by Karda 6 (stanzas 10-34). It describes the myth of how Tishtrya fights with Apaosha, the demon of drought.[21] The fight initially goes in favor of Apaosha until Tishtrya is finally provided with proper worship, thus, receiving the strength to overcome his adversary. This victory causes the rain to fall again, a feat which shows similarities with the Vedic story of Indra's fight against Vritra.[22] The connection of Tishtrya with Sirius, the end of July and the onset of rainfall has been linked to the Dog days in an attempt to infer the original location, where the myth was composed. There is, however, no consensus on the topic.[23]

The third part is formed by Kardas 7-16 (stanzas 35-61) and can be further subdivided into two parts.[24] Kardas 7-15 are devoted to the praise of Tishtrya,[25] whereas Karda 16 describes how the sacrifice to Tishtrya is to be performed.[26] The hymn closes with Ahura Mazda reminding the Iranians of the calamities that might befall them if the worship was to be performed improperly.[27]

Editions and translations

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The written history of the Tishtar Yasht probably began during the Sasanian period, when a comprehesive edition of the Avestan corpus was compiled.[28] Within this edition, it was part of the Bagan yasht where it may have formed its fifth chapter.[29] This work is now lost and the oldest manuscript containing the text of the Tishtar Yasht is the F1 manuscript (ms. 6550) written in 1591 by Asdin Kaka Dhanpal Laxmidar of the Homajiar Ramyar family in Navsari.[30] The orthographic variants present in F1 make it very likely that the text for the Tishtar Yasht was drawn from a now lost manuscript authored by Rostam Mihraban in the 13th century.[31]

The first modern edition of the Tishtar Yasht was published in 1852 as part of Westergaard's edition of the whole Avesta.[32] It was superseded by Geldner's edition of the Avesta in 1889.[33] In 1883, Darmesteter published a translation of the Yasht into English[34] and in 1892 a translation into French.[35] In 1927, Lommel published a translation into German.[36] More recently, Malandra published a new translation into English in 1983.[37] Finally in 1990, Panaino published an edition of the Tishtar Yasht, including a critical apparatus of the different manuscripts and a translation of the text into English.[38]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Lommel 1927, p. 46.
  2. ^ a b Darmesteter 1883, p. 92.
  3. ^ Panaino 2005, "TIŠTRYA (Pahl. Tištar, NPers. Teštar), an important Old Iranian astral divine being (yazata-), to whom the eighth hymn (Tištar Yašt) of the Later Avestan corpus was dedicated".
  4. ^ Panaino 2005, p. 17: "The eigth Yasht is divided into sixteen karde-s (chapters) comprising a total of 61 paragraphs or stanzas".
  5. ^ Hintze 2014, "The second, ‛hymnic’ group comprises the six hymns Yt. 8 [..], 10 [..], 11 [..], 12 [..], 13 [..] and 14".
  6. ^ Hintze 2014, "[T]he 'hymnic' Yašts predominantly describe features and functions of the deity praised in each hymn".
  7. ^ Lommel 1927, p. 5.
  8. ^ MacKenzie 1971, p. 83: "Tištar [...] astr. Sirius".
  9. ^ Panaino 2005, "It is also very probable that Vedic Tiṣya (RV V.54.13; X.64.8) corresponds to Av. Tištrya".
  10. ^ Forssman 1968, p. 53: "Somit ist mit gewisser Wahrscheinlichkeit ein indo-iranischer Gestirnname *tištriia ermittelt".
  11. ^ Forssman 1968, p. 53: "Am nächsten liegt [...] zum Dreigestirn Gehörige".
  12. ^ Nyberg 1974, p. 192: "Tir [tyl] the name of the planet Mercury".
  13. ^ Forssman 1968, p. 37: "Daneben Tir-Yast, infolge der mittelpers. Identifikation Tistar = Tir".
  14. ^ Forssman 1968, p. 53: "[D]afür spricht zum Beispiel die Tatsache, daß derselbe Monat den Namen des einen wie des anderen tragen konnte".
  15. ^ Panaino 1995, Chapter V: Tištrya and Tir.
  16. ^ Hintze 2014, "All Yašts share the similar introductory (stanza 0) [..] in Pāzand[.] The appropriate formula from the Gāhs depends on the time of the day at which the hymn is recited".
  17. ^ Lommel 1927, pp. 8-12.
  18. ^ Panaino 2005, p. 20: "This brief outline shows the three main parts the structure falls into".
  19. ^ Panaino 2005, p. 20: "[T]he first part (karde-s 1-5, sts 1-9) serves as an introduction to the myth".
  20. ^ Tafażżolī & Hanaway 1986, "The Avesta (Yašt 8.6) refers to what was apparently a familiar episode in the epic tradition: Ǝrəxša “of the swift arrow, having the swiftest arrow among the Aryans” shot an arrow from Mount Airyō.xšaoθa to Mount Xᵛanvant".
  21. ^ Panaino 2005, p. 20: "[T]he second part (karde 6, sts 10-34) relates to the myth itself".
  22. ^ Panaino 2005, "Tištrya is the Iranian protagonist of the myth of the liberation of the waters, which, at least to a certain extent, could be structurally and functionally compared with that of Vedic Indra".
  23. ^ Lommel 1927, p. 47.
  24. ^ Panaino 2005, p. 20: "[T]he third part (karde-s 7-16, sts 35-61) [...] and falls into two subdivisions".
  25. ^ Panaino 2005, p. 20: "karde-s 7-15: strictly evocative and eulogistic".
  26. ^ Panaino 2005, p. 20: "karde 16: liturgical, containing the regulation for sacrifice degreed by Ahura Mazda".
  27. ^ Panaino 2005, p. 20.
  28. ^ Porro 2024, p. 8.
  29. ^ König 2017, p. 21.
  30. ^ Porro 191, p. 205: "The manuscript F1, ms. 6550 [...] was completed [...] by Āsdīn Kākā Dhanpāl Laxmīdar Homajiār Rāmyār in Navsari, [on] January 1591 AD".
  31. ^ Porro 2024, p. 205: "Analyzing the whole data, it appears that, at least the Yašts 8, [etc.] collect a huge number of orthographic variants, that can be traced back to Rōstām Mihrābān, i.e. an Iranian source of the 13 th century".
  32. ^ Westergaard 1852.
  33. ^ Geldner 1889, pp. 105-118.
  34. ^ Darmesteter 1883, pp. 92-109.
  35. ^ Darmesteter 1892, pp. 411-430.
  36. ^ Lommel 1927, pp. 46-57.
  37. ^ Malandra 1983, pp. 140-149.
  38. ^ Panaino 1990.

Bibliography

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