Thermopsis
| Thermopsis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Thermopsis californica | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Sophoreae |
| Genus: | Thermopsis R.Br. |
| Species | |
|
27; see text | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Thermopsis is a genus of legumes, native to temperate North America and east Asia.[2] They are herbaceous perennials and are known as goldenbanners[2] or false-lupines.
Species
[edit]Thermopsis comprises the following species:[1][3][4][5]
- Thermopsis alpina (Pall.) Ledeb.
- Thermopsis alterniflora Regel & Schmalh.
- Thermopsis barbata Benth.
- Thermopsis bargusinensis Czefr.
- Thermopsis californica S. Watson — western North America
- var. argentata (Greene) C.J.Chen & B.L.Turner
- var. californica S. Watson
- var. semota (Jeps.) C.J.Chen & B.L.Turner
- Thermopsis chinensis S. Moore
- Thermopsis dahurica Czefr.
- Thermopsis dolichocarpa V.A. Nikitin
- Thermopsis gracilis Howell — western North America
- Thermopsis gyirongensis S.Q. Wei
- Thermopsis hirsutissima Czefr.
- Thermopsis inflata Cambess.
- Thermopsis jacutica Czefr.
- Thermopsis lanceolata R.Br.
- Thermopsis longicarpa N.Ulziykh.
- Thermopsis macrophylla Hook. & Arn. — western North America
- Thermopsis mollis (Michx.) M.A.Curtis ex A.Gray — eastern North America
- Thermopsis mongolica Czefr.
- Thermopsis montana Nutt. — Rocky Mountains of North America
- var. hitchcockii (Isely) M.G.Mendenh.
- var. montana
- Thermopsis przewalskii Czefr.
- Thermopsis rhombifolia (Pursh) Richardson — Rocky Mountains of North America
- Thermopsis robusta Howell—western North America
- Thermopsis schischkinii Czefr.[6]
- Thermopsis smithiana E.Peter
- Thermopsis turkestanica Gand.
- Thermopsis villosa (Walter) Fernald & B.G.Schub.—eastern North America
- Thermopsis yushuensis S.Q.Wei
Toxicity
[edit]The toxicity of T. rhombifolia and T. montana has been the subject of research. The toxicity is known to come from a series of alpha-pyridone quinolizidine alkaloids, including (in decreasing order of relative abundance in plant tissues) anagyrine, thermposine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, cytisine, N-methylcystisine, lupanine, and 17-oxysparteine.[7] Their concentration is highest in young plants, flowers, and legumes, though otherwise generally alkaloid concentrations are equal throughout the plant. Alkaloid dosage from plant ingestion is in the range of 1.1–11.3 mg/kg.[8][9]
A 1997 review found 23 cases. 18 patients developed symptoms within a few hours and symptoms lasted up to 12 hours, including vomiting, dizziness, abdominal pain, drowsiness, nausea, headache, oral irritation, tachycardia, tremors, and other general signs. Only 2 required admission to a health care facility, one of which involved elevated CK levels.[10] Purified alkaloids cause the same signs of intoxication as the whole plant.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Thermopsis R.Br. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ a b Weakley AS (April 2008). "Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas".
- ^ Chen CJ, Mendenhall MG, Turner BL (1994). "Taxonomy of Thermopsis (Fabaceae) in North America" (PDF). Ann Missouri Bot Gard. 81 (4): 714–742. Bibcode:1994AnMBG..81..714C. doi:10.2307/2399917. hdl:2152/31128. JSTOR 2399917. S2CID 87357860.
- ^ "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Thermopsis". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- ^ USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program. "GRIN species records of Thermopsis". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- ^ Some sources treat Thermopsis schischkinii as a synonym of Thermopsis mongolica.
- ^ a b Keeler, Richard F.; Baker, Dale C. (August 1990). "Myopathy in cattle induced by alkaloid extracts from Thermopsis montanta, Laburnum anagyroides and a Lupinus sp". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 103 (2): 169–182. doi:10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80173-9. ISSN 0021-9975. PMID 2246392.
- ^ Keeler, Richard F.; Johnson, A. E.; Chase, R. L. (April 1986). "Toxicity of Thermopsis montana in cattle". The Cornell Veterinarian. 76 (2): 115–127. ISSN 0010-8901. PMID 3698596.
- ^ Keeler, Richard F.; Baker, Dale C. (May 1989). "Thermopsis montana-induced myopathy in calves". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 194 (9): 1269–1272. doi:10.2460/javma.1989.194.09.1269. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 2722659.
- ^ McGrath-Hill, Cheryl A.; Vicas, Ingrid M. (1997). "Case series of Thermopsis exposures". Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 35 (6): 659–665. doi:10.3109/15563659709001251. ISSN 0731-3810. PMID 9365438.
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