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Termitomyces

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Termitomyces
Termitomyces reticulatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Lyophyllaceae
Genus: Termitomyces
R.Heim, 1942[1]
Type species
Termitomyces striatus
(Beeli) R.Heim
Synonyms[2]

1945 Podabrella Singer
1945 Rajapa Singer
1981 Sinotermitomyces M.Zang

Termitomyces is a genus of the termite mushrooms, the basidiomycete fungi belonging to the family Lyophyllaceae.[3] Termitomyces fungi and fungus-farming termites (Macrotermitinae) co-depend to survive[4][5], as the termites house and culture the fungi, and the fungi in turn provide foods for the termites. Termitomyces mushrooms are edible, and are highly regarded for their flavor.[6]

Morphology

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Termitomyces includes the largest edible mushroom in the world, Termitomyces titanicus of West Africa and Zambia, whose cap reaches 1 metre (3.28 ft) in diameter.[7] It also includes Termitomyces microcarpus that grows caps of a few centimeters in diameter.

Life as a Termitomyces fungus

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These fungi grow on 'combs' which are formed from the termites' excreta, dominated by tough woody fragments.

Some chamber(s) of the nest each contains a structure, called comb or fungus garden, where the fungus dwells.[8] The termites collect and chew up dead wood, leaf litter and other vegetable debris, depositing their primary faeces as new portions of the fungus garden.[9] The fungus grow through the comb. The termites eat spherules[note 1] and old combs.[10]

The fungus forms mushrooms for spreading spores. For most species, the fungus grows long pseudorhizas to the surface of the ground, where mushrooms are formed.[11] For T. microcarpus, the mushrooms grow from fragments of fungus garden that are carried outside the nest by worker termites.[12]

When a new termite colony is established, in most cases, the fungus is introduced through the activities of the termites collecting spores from the environment.[5]

Pseudoxylaria the fungal weed

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Fungi of Pseudoxylaria, a subgenus of Xylaria, are found in fungus-growing termite combs.[13] Being weedy and suppressed by fungus-growing termites,[14] they flourish when the termite nest is deteriorating or deserted.[13]

Research history

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Termitomyces was described by Roger Heim in 1942.[15]

From 1955 to 1969 Arthur French [16] worked in Uganda (as a hobby) on the subject of fungi and termites. Some scientific literature about these fungal species existed previously, but these texts failed to adequately discuss the relationship between termites and their fungal symbiotes, while the various edible varieties were merely termed "termite mushrooms." French conducted some investigations with the help of the elderly Baganda women who gathered termite mushrooms, and published his findings.

Culinary use

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They are foraged in Malaysia known as cendawan busut ("mound mushroom"). Tamil rubber tappers in Selangor long time ago would find a lot of T. schimperi growing in estate environments not long after raining.[17]: 81  They are widely eaten across India.[18][19][20]

Lookalikes

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Many cases of mushroom poisoning in Malaysia happen because Chlorophyllum molybdites look similar to Termitomyces fungi.[21]

Species

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As of July 2023, Species Fungorum accepted 52 species of Termitomyces.[22]

  1. Termitomyces acriumbonatus Usman & Khalid (2020)
  2. Termitomyces albidus (Singer) L.D. Gómez (1995)
  3. Termitomyces aurantiacus (R. Heim) R. Heim (1977)
  4. Termitomyces biyi Otieno (1966)
  5. Termitomyces bulborhizus T.Z. Wei, Y.J. Yao, Bo Wang & Pegler (2004)
  6. Termitomyces citriophyllus R. Heim (1942)
  7. Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim (1951)
  8. Termitomyces congolensis (Beeli) Singer (1948)
  9. Termitomyces dominicalensis L.D. Gómez (1995)
  10. Termitomyces entolomoides R. Heim (1951)
  11. Termitomyces epipolius (Singer) L.D. Gómez (1995)
  12. Termitomyces eurrhizus (Berk.) R. Heim (1942)
  13. Termitomyces floccosus S.M. Tang, Raspé & S.H. Li (2020)
  14. Termitomyces fragilis L. Ye, Karun, J.C. Xu, K.D. Hyde & Mortimer (2019)
  15. Termitomyces fuliginosus R. Heim (1942)
  16. Termitomyces gilvus C.S. Yee & J.S. Seelan (2020)
  17. Termitomyces globulus R. Heim & Gooss.-Font. (1951)
  18. Termitomyces griseiumbo Mossebo (2003)
  19. Termitomyces heimii Natarajan (1979)
  20. Termitomyces indicus Natarajan (1976)
  21. Termitomyces infundibuliformis Mossebo (2012)
  22. Termitomyces intermedius Har. Takah. & Taneyama (2016)
  23. Termitomyces lanatus R. Heim (1977)
  24. Termitomyces le-testui (Pat.) R. Heim (1942)
  25. Termitomyces magoyensis Otieno (1966)
  26. Termitomyces mammiformis R. Heim (1942)
  27. Termitomyces mboudaeinus Mossebo (2003)
  28. Termitomyces mbuzi Härkönen & Niemelä (2021)
  29. Termitomyces medius R. Heim & Grassé (1951)
  30. Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. & Broome) R. Heim (1942)
  31. Termitomyces narobiensis Otieno (1966)
  32. Termitomyces perforans R. Heim (1977)
  33. Termitomyces poliomphax (Singer) L.D. Gómez (1995)
  34. Termitomyces rabuorii Otieno (1966)
  35. Termitomyces radicatus Natarajan (1977)
  36. Termitomyces reticulatus Van der Westh. & Eicker (1990)
  37. Termitomyces robustus (Beeli) R. Heim (1951)
  38. Termitomyces sagittiformis (Kalchbr. & Cooke) D.A. Reid (1975)
  39. Termitomyces schimperi (Pat.) R. Heim (1942)
  40. Termitomyces sheikhupurensis Izhar, Khalid & H. Bashir (2020)
  41. Termitomyces singidensis Saarim. & Härk. (1994)
  42. Termitomyces songolarum (Courtec.) Furneaux (2020)
  43. Termitomyces spiniformis R. Heim (1977)
  44. Termitomyces srilankensis Ediriweera, Voto, Karun. & Kularathne (2023)
  45. Termitomyces striatus (Beeli) R. Heim (1942)
  46. Termitomyces subclypeatus Mossebo (2003)
  47. Termitomyces subumkowaan Mossebo (2003)
  48. Termitomyces titanicus Pegler & Piearce (1980)
  49. Termitomyces tylerianus Otieno (1966)
  50. Termitomyces umkowaan (Cooke & Massee) D.A. Reid (1975)
  51. Termitomyces upsilocystidiatus S.M. Tang, Raspé & K.D. Hyde (2020)

Taxonomic identity unknown

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  2. Termitomyces meipengianus (M. Zang & D.Z. Zhang) P.M. Kirk (2014)
    • Not a Termitomyces fungus; the actual taxonomic identity of this mushroom is unclear.[23]

Misnomer

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  1. Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) R.Heim (1941)
    • This name is commonly misused to refer to mushrooms of Termitomyces;[24][25] the original specimen of T. albuminosus was deemed to be of Macrolepiota and its species name became M. albuminosa.[26]

Notes

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  1. ^ Also known as mycotêtes.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 682. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  2. ^ "Termitomyces R. Heim 1942". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  3. ^ Bellanger JM, Moreau PA, Corriol G, et al. (2015). "Plunging hands into the mushroom jar: a phylogenetic framework for Lyophyllaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)". Genetica. 143 (2): 169–94. doi:10.1007/s10709-015-9823-8. PMID 25652231. S2CID 254505216.
  4. ^ The Biggest Mushroom? — MykoWeb
  5. ^ a b Nobre T, Aanen DK (2010). "Dispersion and colonisation by fungus-growing termites". Communicative & Integrative Biology. 3 (3): 248–250. doi:10.4161/cib.3.3.11415. PMC 2918769. PMID 20714406.
  6. ^ Turnbull E, Watling R (1999). "Some Records of Termitomyces from Old World Rainforests". Kew Bulletin. 54 (3): 731–738. Bibcode:1999KewBu..54..731T. doi:10.2307/4110869. JSTOR 4110869.
  7. ^ Pegler DN, Piearce GD (1980). "The edible mushrooms of Zambia". Kew Bulletin. 35 (3): 475–491. doi:10.2307/4110017.
  8. ^ Luisa, Bozzano G. (2012). Insect-Fungus Interactions. Academic Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-08-098453-7.
  9. ^ Rouland-Lefèvre C, Bignell DE (2006). "Cultivation of symbiotic fungi by termites of the subfamily Macrotermitinae". Symbiosis. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol. 4. p. 737. doi:10.1007/0-306-48173-1_46. ISBN 1-4020-0189-4.
  10. ^ Batra, S.W.T. (1975). "Termites (Isoptera) Eat and Manipulate Symbiotic Fungi". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 48 (1): 89–92. JSTOR 25082718.
  11. ^ Boddy L (2016). "Interactions with Humans and Other Animals". The Fungi. p. 332. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-382034-1.00009-8. ISBN 9780123820341.
  12. ^ Dharumadurai D (2022). Microbial symbionts: Functions and Molecular Interactions on Host. Elsevier. p. 663.
  13. ^ a b Fricke J, Schalk F, Kreuzenbeck NB, et al. (2023). "Adaptations of Pseudoxylaria towards a comb-associated lifestyle in fungus-farming termite colonies". The ISME Journal. 17 (5): 733–747. Bibcode:2023ISMEJ..17..733F. doi:10.1038/s41396-023-01374-4. PMC 10119272. PMID 36841903.
  14. ^ Katariya L, Ramesh PB, Gopalappa T, et al. (2017). "Fungus-Farming Termites Selectively Bury Weedy Fungi that Smell Different from Crop Fungi". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 43 (10): 986–995. Bibcode:2017JCEco..43..986K. doi:10.1007/s10886-017-0902-4. PMID 29124530. S2CID 254656744.
  15. ^ Heim R. (1942). "Nouvelles études descriptives sur les agarics termitophiles d'Afrique tropicale". Archives du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). 18 (6): 107–66.
  16. ^ French A. (1993). "The Mushroom-Growing Termites of Uganda". Petits Propos Culinaires (44): 35–41.
  17. ^ Hilton, Roger N.; Dhitaphichit, Pannee (1993). "Procedures in Thai Etnomycology". Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society. 41 (2): 75–92.
  18. ^ Karun N.C.; Sridhar K.R. (2013). "Occurrence and distribution of Termitomyces (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) in the Western Ghats and on the west coast of India" (PDF). Czech Mycol. 65 (2): 233–254. doi:10.33585/cmy.65207.
  19. ^ Sharma, Roshi; Sharma, Yash Pal; Hashmi, Sayed Azhar Jawad; Kumar, Sanjeev; Manhas, Rajesh Kumar (2022). "Ethnomycological study of wild edible and medicinal mushrooms in district Jammu, J&K (UT), India". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 18 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s13002-022-00521-z. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 8953059. PMID 35331275.
  20. ^ Karun, Namera C.; Sridhar, Kandikere R. (2017). "Edible wild mushrooms of the Western Ghats: Data on the ethnic knowledge". Data in Brief. 14: 320–328. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2017.07.067. PMC 5547233. PMID 28795109.
  21. ^ Phan Chia Wei (17 December 2018). "Preventing fatal harvest of mushrooms". Asia Research News. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  22. ^ "Species Fungorum - Termitomyces". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  23. ^ Wei TZ, Tang BH, Yao YJ (2009). "Revision of Termitomyces in China". Mycotaxon. 108 (1): 281. doi:10.5248/108.257. ISSN 0093-4666.
  24. ^ Tang BH (唐保宏) (2006). 蚁巢伞属系统学及其与共生白蚁的协同进化研究 (PhD thesis). p. 90.
  25. ^ Yang GY, Guo HX, Yu BT, et al. (2019). "白蚁共生真菌——蚁巢伞属研究概况". 菌物学报. 38 (11): 1753. doi:10.13346/j.mycosystema.190288.
  26. ^ Pegler DN (1972). "A revision of the genus Lepiota from Ceylon". Kew Bulletin. 27 (1): 189. Bibcode:1972KewBu..27..155P. doi:10.2307/4117880. ISSN 0075-5974. JSTOR 4117880.
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