Splendid astrapia
| Splendid astrapia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Vintage illustration of a male splendid astrapia. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Paradisaeidae |
| Genus: | Astrapia |
| Species: | A. splendidissima
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| Binomial name | |
| Astrapia splendidissima Rothschild, 1895
| |
The Splendid astrapia (Astrapia splendidissima) is a species of Astrapia of the birds-of-paradise family, Paradisaeidae.
It lives mainly in the mountain forests of Papua New Guinea. Male birds are known for their bright feathers and unique courtship displays, such as hopping between branches, flicking their tails, and making frog-like calls to attract females. They may also have lek mating behavior, where males gather and display together.
This species mainly eats fruit, but also feeds on insects, lizards and frogs. While males live alone, females raise the young and sometimes form small groups when searching for food. Though detailed nesting behavior has not been fully documented, they likely follow patterns seen in close relatives.
The population is stable for now, but it could be affected by forest loss. There are three proposed subspecies, but some researchers believe that two of them are actually the same. What’s more, some researchers believe Splendid astrapias may hybridize with other astrapias.
Etymology
[edit]The Splendid astrapia's generic name is Astrapia, which is of the word "Astraipios", meaning lightning flash or glare, referring to the brilliant iridescent plumage of the Astrapias. Its specific name, "splendidissima", means "most splendid", again referring to this particular astrapia's splendid colours. In the past, the splendid astrapia has been placed in its own genus (though very briefly), Calastrapia, which means "beautiful astrapia". Its subspecies helios' specific name simply means "sun", likely referring to its iridescence.
Description
[edit]
The Splendid astrapia is a medium-sized bird-of-paradise species, and it is the smallest member of the Astrapia genus, with males averaging approximately 39 cm (around 15 in), the slightly smaller females coming in at 37 cm (14.6 in).
The males probably have the most iridescent plumage of the Paradisaeidae family. The male's head to mantle is a shiny iridescent light bluish-green to yellow-green, while the chin throat is more of a metallic turquoise to shiny green, depending on lighting. Beneath the throat is a coppery-red gorget that tappers as it moves up the side of the breast, all the way to the eyes. The rest of the underparts are a silky dark-green, except for the lower tail-coverts, which is more of a light brownish colour. The upperparts, like the wings and back, are brown to darkish brown. The relatively long tail is made up of two long, white plumes with black spatulate tips with a violet iridescence, and the feathers beneath those are plain black.
The drabber female has a dark brown to blackish head, lighter, dark brownish wings and back, dusky light brown underparts with heavy barring, and a similar tail to the male, but without a spatulate tip and a much more reduced amount of white on the upper tail. Subspecies helios is larger than splendidissima, male has a more blue than yellow-green crown, and larger spatulate tips on the longer two central feathers, and female has darker upperparts. They have dark-coloured eyes, lead-grey legs and bill, and dark grey claws.[2]
Vocalisation
[edit]Much like most of its family members, splendid astrapias make their own unique, though eccentric, vocalizations. A very distinguishable, insect-like "tik to-keet" note[2] is produced by the birds with varying speed, and the "keet" portion sounding akin to a brief whistle; however they also make frog-like croaks, yelps composed of "wroo-wree woo" notes, and simple "teeks" and "toks".[3]
Range and distribution
[edit]The Splendid astrapia, like most other Paradisaeids, is native to mid and upper montane and subalpine tropical forests, forest edges and secondary growth; 1750–3450 m, mainly 2100-2700m.[4] Its distribution is largely confined to the central and western highlands of New Guinea, with the nominate race splendidissima being found from the Weyland Mountains to the Paniai Lakes, and race helios native found east of the Paniai Lakes to the Hindenburg Range, and possibly to the Victor Emanuel Range.
Courtship
[edit]One of the Splendid astrapia’s courtship displays is the perch-hop. In 2017, Scholes E. and his team observed this courtship behavior of the Splendid astrapia. This behavior took place on the open branches of a tall tree. Since the researchers didn’t see any females during the display, they considered it a practice rather than an active courtship attempt.[5]
At the beginning of the display, the male bird perched in a slightly hunched posture, with the feathers along his back raised into a dome-like shape. Feathers around its face and neck expanded, creating a noticeable “beard”[5] beneath its lower mandible. It then suddenly hopped through the canopy to another branch, briefly landed before jumping to other branches in a varied pattern, and stayed mostly horizontal with minimal vertical movement. Occasionally, it spread its wings to help with the jumps while keeping its tail stiff and acting like a rudder. Sometimes, it returned to the perch where it began, but other times, it completed the pattern without doing so. At the end of the display, the male made a harsh, frog-like sound.[5]
The research team also observed another courting behavior in the same year, during March in the Hindenburg Range. A male Splendid astrapia made a “tch tch tch” call. The male performed a tail movement when calling: it lowered its tail to a 90-degree angle and flicked it from side to side several times, so as to make the white bases of its tail feathers flash clearly. This unique behavior lasted for about a minute, and the male repeated the tail flicking each time it called.[5]
In addition, this species might have a mating behavior called lek mating, in which males gather in a group and perform courtship displays to attract females.[6]
Field observations recorded by Frith and Beehler[6] reported that at an elevation of approximately 2300 meters in Papua New Guinea, four adult males were observed perched about 40 meters apart along the forested edge of a natural meadow. They stood on exposed branches near the tops of trees and called at regular intervals of about 30 seconds to five minutes, continuing this behavior for 30 to 40 minutes. During this time, the males often rotated on their perches, sometimes turning 180 degrees to show their bright plumage better. Although two immature birds were also seen nearby, the adult males paid them little attention beyond occasional vocalizations. These observations suggest that the species may participate in a form of lek mating, but further research is needed to confirm this behavior.[6]
Researchers also have proposed that the Splendid astrapia may exhibit courtship behaviors such as inverted displays and ritualized nape-pecking, although these behaviors have not yet been formally documented.[5]
Splendid astrapia is considered the sister species to Astrapia nigra, which has been recorded performing inverted displays to show its colorful abdominal plumage. Given that Splendid astrapia also possesses highly iridescent green abdominal feathers, it is possible that it may perform a similar inverted display.[5]
In addition, ritualized nape-pecking during courtship, commonly observed in other birds-of-paradise such as Astrapia rothschildi and Ribbon-tailed astrapia (also called Astrapia mayeri), may also occur in Splendid astrapia.[5]
The sounds in the courtship of the Splendid astrapia are simple. Researchers have recorded two types of sounds: one vocal and one non-vocal.[5]
A male recorded near Lake Habbema in Papua, Indonesia, made a three-note call, consisting of nasal, frog-like sounds. The first two notes sounded very similar, while the third was higher with a distinct ringing quality, sounding like “ger ger ti” or “jeer jeer ti”.[5]
A different recording from the west of Lake Habbema showed a similar pattern, but with longer intervals between the notes, and all three notes sounded identical, buzzy “jereet” sounds. The Splendid astrapia also produces a non-vocal rattling sound with its wings in flight.[5]
Nestling and Breeding
[edit]The Splendid astrapia is likely to have a mating system where one male mates with multiple females,[7] and the adult males live apart from the females and young birds.[8]
The Splendid astrapia often builds its nest in March, and can often be found in areas such as the forest canopy and lower shrubs, but it tends to be quiet and is not very noticeable. The female bird usually lays eggs three times a year, producing one egg each time.[9] The number of offspring each year depends on the growth rate of previous young birds. Researchers have observed a young bird in August, an egg in October, and another young bird in November.[7]
The juvenile bird looks like adult female but has a dark brown crown and hind neck.[8]
The male juvenile goes through three different appearances before becoming an adult: In the first stage, the male juvenile looks like adult female but has darker underparts because it has narrower light bars.[8]
In the second stage, the male juvenile still looks like the adult female but has a shiny green throat and crown starting from the line between the eyes, with green and ruby-colored feathers scattered across its hind neck and upper back.[8]
In the third stage, the juvenile resembles the adult male, but its lower breast and the feathers near the base of the tail still look like those of the adult female, with some patches of sea-green feathers.[8]
Splendid astrapia usually changes its feathers every month except June.[7] And its tail feathers will grow shorter with age.[6]
Although the nesting behavior and nest structure of the Splendid astrapia have not been formally documented, studies on its close relatives can serve as a reference. The nestling period of the Astrapia rothschildi (also called Huon astrapia) was recorded as 25 to 27 days, while that of the Ribbon-tailed astrapia was approximately 26 days. These figures suggest that the Splendid astrapia may follow a similar nestling period.[10]
The nests of Ribbon-tailed astrapia are shallow bowl-shaped structures. The bottom of the nest is made from dry leaves and pandanus leaves, shaped like a small cup. This is then covered with green twigs from orchids. The longer green orchid stems are usually packed tightly around the edge and top of the nest. Inside the cup, the nest is lined with very thin, straw-like orchid stems that are soft and have no leaves. The nests are tightly fixed to the branches and often tied at several spots to make them more stable. They are usually placed at the ends of side branches on tall, lone trees, about 12 to 22 meters above the ground. The nests are well hidden among thick groups of leaves and plants that grow on the trees.[11]
Diet And Foraging
[edit]Fruit is the main food source of the Splendid astrapia, accounting for almost 75% of its diet.[12] Splendid astrapia also supplements its diet by consuming insects, small invertebrates, lizards, and frogs.[6]
The Splendid astrapia forages by searching through moss and plants on tree trunks and branches for insects. They also eat small to medium-sized fruits from plants.[7]
The females of the species sometimes gather in small groups of two or three when looking for food. However, the male birds usually stay solitary and move carefully through the habitat, which includes dense, moss-covered mountain forests.[7]
The researchers have observed male birds walking along mossy branches and tree trunks. They were often seen flying from perch to perch while looking at surfaces. The researchers considered this behavior to be a form of insect searching.[8]
In one observation, a male was seen in the shadows of a forest. It flew to a branch about 15 feet above the ground, near the trunk of a steeply sloping tree. The bird climbed up the moss-covered trunk slowly, moving along the top side.[8]
The researchers then analysed the stomach content of this bird, and found numerous coral-colored seeds, each averaging 11 mm in length. These seeds were identified as belonging to a species of palm tree commonly found above 6,000 feet in elevation, which typically grows to heights of around 40 feet.[8]
Population and Conservation
[edit]The global population size of the Splendid astrapia has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be common and widespread in Papua New Guinea.[6] It is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES.
The Splendid astrapia is believed not to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion, which is under 10000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be over 10% in ten years or three generations.[13]
This species has a medium reliance on forest habitats, and the tree cover within its distribution range has declined by 2.3% over the past three generations. Therefore, the researcher suggests that the loss of habitat may have caused a population decline of approximately 1% to 19% during the same perio.[13]
Although the population shows a decreasing trend, the rate of decline is not fast enough to meet the threshold for Vulnerable status under the population trend criterion, which requires a reduction of more than 30% within ten years or three generations.[13]
The Splendid astrapia is in little demand in the local market in Papua. The skins of males of this species were seen in the local market only twice during seven years. Record shows that the skins of the male bird were seen in the local market only twice, selling for K20 (£4.85) in 1993.[7] It is probably deemed less attractive for personal decoration because it doesn’t have the long tail feathers that other astrapias have.[7] Therefore, the Splendid astrapia is likely safe from major threats and is commonly seen in some areas of its habitat, as at Okbap, in the Star Mts, and the Hindenburg Range, while it seemed uncommon and localised at Lake Habbema (Snow Mts) in 2015.[7][14]
Subspecies and Identification
[edit]The Splendid astrapia has two accepted subspecies: A. s. splendidissima and A. s. helios. A third taxon, A. s. elliottsmithorum, is proposed, though it is not characteristically different from race helios to warrant subspecific separation, and is generally considered synonymous with helios[2]. Within the Astrapia genus, the splendid is more closely related to the Arfak astrapia (Astrapia nigra) than its congeners.[15]
Subspecies
[edit]Astrapia Splendidissima
[edit]This variation was first described by Walter Rothschild, a British zoologist, in 1895. This variation has a pinkish purple-back, and its tail is short with relatively small spatula-shaped tips.[7]
Astrapia Helios
[edit]This variation was described by Ernst Mayr, a German-American ornithologist in 1936. Helios is similar to Splendidissima but larger and with a crown and a longer tail. Both male and female Helios have large, clearly visible white patches at the base of their outer wing feathers on the underside, except for the two outermost feathers. Female birds have darker feathers on their upper parts. The neck and collar on the back of adult males are more bluish and less golden-green, and the two central tail feathers have wider, spatula-shaped tips.[7]
Astrapia Splendidissima Elliotsmithi
[edit]Astrapia Splendidissima Elliotsmithi was described in 1961 by Ernest Thomas Gilliard, an American bird collector. Elliotsmithi looks like Splendidissima but darker in its back, and has more purple feathers and a longer tail with larger spatula-shaped tips. Cracraft[16] and Frith&Beehler[6] believed that Elliotsmithi was the same as Helios because the slight size difference in Elliotsmithi is just a natural gradual variation across populations. This variation also has the same white feather bases as Helios, which further supports that they are not two separate subspecies.
Similar Species in The Bird-of-Paradise Family
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The Splendid astrapia may meet up with the Ribbon-tailed astrapia at the eastern margin of its range.[7]
The differences between the males are very obvious. Although both species have long tail feathers, the male Ribbon-tailed astrapia’s tail is significantly longer and is bright white, while the male Splendid astrapia has a shorter and broader tail with thicker feathers.[7]
The females of both species are brown or dark in color, but the female Splendid astrapia has a white base on the tail feathers, while female Ribbon-tailed astrapia has no white feathers at all, while the female Ribbon-tailed astrapia doesn’t have any white feathers at all.[7]
Some may also confuse it with the Brown sicklebills and Black sicklebills, but the latter can be distinguished by the long and curved bill and longer pointed tail shape. And the colour of the eyes is dark in the Splendid astrapia and pale blue or red in the Brown and Black Sicklebills.[7]
Sister Species
[edit]
Beyond subspecific variation, the Splendid astrapia exhibits key physical traits closely aligned with its sister species, the Arfak astrapia (Astrapia nigra).[7]
Studies suggest that Splendid astrapia and Arfak astrapia are sister-species, together forming a group that is sister to another group, including Astrapia rothschildi, Ribbbon-tailed astrapia, and Astrapia stephaniae, with Astrapia rothschildi (Huon astrapia) representing the earliest branch within the group. This relationship indicates that the green abdominal plumage is likely an ancestral trait, while the darker belly seen in Ribbbon-tailed astrapia and Astrapia stephaniae is a more recently evolved trait.[7]
Notably, both Splendid astrapia and Arfak astrapia have bright abdominal plumage, a feature believed to reflect their common ancestry. In contrast, the darker underparts of Ribbon-tailed astrapia and Astrapia stephaniae further support the idea of evolutionary divergence within the genus. The evolutionary history of these traits also raises the possibility that inverted display behavior, observed in some related species, either evolved independently in Astrapia nigra and Astrapia rothschildi or was inherited from a common ancestor.[7]
Hybrid Species
[edit]The Mysterious Bird of Bobairo, which was found and named in 1953, is probably a hybrid of Black Sicklebill and Splendid astrapia, but researchers also think that it could be a hybrid of Sicklebill and a Superb Lophorina, or just a hybrid throwback, showing characteristics from earlier generations of crossbreeding. The exact origin of this mysterious bird continues to puzzle researchers.[7]
The researchers also think that, due to the overlap in the distribution ranges, Ribbon-tailed astrapia and Splendid astrapia may have potential hybrid behaviour. However, since there is no observed evidence, the researchers have not yet come to a conclusion, and this will be a key focus of future studies.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Astrapia splendidissima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22706215A94056657. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706215A94056657.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ a b c Frith, Clifford; Frith, Dawn (2020-03-04), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.), "Splendid Astrapia (Astrapia splendidissima)", Birds of the World, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, doi:10.2173/bow.splast1.01, S2CID 216484406, retrieved 2020-08-20
- ^ "xeno-canto :: Sharing bird sounds from around the world". www.xeno-canto.org. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
- ^ "Splendid Astrapia". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Scholes, Edwin; Gillis, Julia M.; Laman, Timothy G. (2017-11-08). "Visual and acoustic components of courtship in the bird-of-paradise genusAstrapia(Aves: Paradisaeidae)". PeerJ. 5: 18, 20: 1–24. doi:10.7717/peerj.3987. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 29134145.
- ^ a b c d e f g h B, Frith, Clifford; M, Beehler, Bruce; T, Cooper, William; Michael, Mcguire (1998-07-09). "The Birds of Paradise: Paradisaeidae". OUP Academic: 76, 250, 255, 256, 257: 1–572. doi:10.1093/o (inactive 26 May 2025).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2025 (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Gregory, Phil (2020-01-09). Birds of Paradise and Bowerbirds. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 30, 178, 180, 181, 251: 1–416. ISBN 978-1-4729-7584-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h E. Thomas Gilliard (1969-01-01). Birds of Paradise and Bower Birds. Internet Archive. AMNH: Natural History Press. pp. 148–149, 150, 151: 1–483.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ Alonso, Leeanne E.; Aplin, Ken P.; Arihafa, Arison; Armstrong, Kyle N.; Hammer, Michael; Hulcr, Jiri; Par Kagl, John; Ken, Bensolo; Lamaris, John S. (2015). A rapid biodiversity assessment of Papua New Guinea's Hindenburg Wall Region (Report). Papua New Guinea: Wildlife Conservation Society. p. 9: 1-181
- ^ Donaghey, Richard H.; Belder, Donna J.; Baylis, Tony (2021-03-20). "Incubation behaviour and uniparental nestling care in the Huon Astrapia 'Astrapia rothschildi' (Paradisaeidae)". Australian Field Ornithology. 37: 73: 67–75.
- ^ Frith, Clifford B.; and Frith, Dawn W. (1993-03-01). "The Nesting Biology of the Ribbon-tailed Astrapia Astrapia mayeri (Paradisaeidae)". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 93 (1): 13–14: 12–22. Bibcode:1993EmuAO..93...12F. doi:10.1071/MU9930012. ISSN 0158-4197.
- ^ Beehler, Bruce; Pruett-Jones, Stephen G. (1983-09-01). "Display dispersion and diet of birds of paradise: a comparison of nine species". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 13 (3): 235: 229–238. Bibcode:1983BEcoS..13..229B. doi:10.1007/BF00299927. ISSN 1432-0762.
- ^ a b c "Splendid Astrapia Astrapia Splendidissima Species". BirdLife DataZone. Retrieved 2025-05-07.
- ^ Ripley, S. (1964-01-01). "A systematic and ecological study of birds of New Guinea". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (19): 49: 1–87.
- ^ Ligon, Russell A.; Diaz, Christopher D.; Morano, Janelle L.; Troscianko, Jolyon; Stevens, Martin; Moskeland, Annalyse; Laman, Timothy G.; Scholes, Edwin (2018-11-20). Price, Trevor (ed.). "Evolution of correlated complexity in the radically different courtship signals of birds-of-paradise". PLOS Biology. 16 (11): e2006962. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006962. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 6245505. PMID 30457985.
- ^ Cracraft, Joel (1992). "The Species of the Birds-of-Paradise (paradisaeidae): Applying the Phylogenetic Species Concept to a Complex Pattern of Diversification". Cladistics. 8 (1): 21–22: 1–43. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1992.tb00049.x. ISSN 1096-0031. PMID 34929952.
