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Southern Rocky Mountain wolf

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Northern Rocky Mountain wolf.

Southern Rocky Mountains wolf
Captive specimen in Black Range, New Mexico

Extinct (1935)  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: Caninae
Genus: Canis
Species:
C. lupus
Subspecies:
†C. l. youngi
Trinomial name
†Canis lupus youngi
Goldman, 1937[1]
Historical and present range of gray wolf subspecies in North America

The Southern Rocky Mountain wolf (Canis lupus youngi) is an extinct subspecies of gray wolf which was once distributed over southeastern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Nevada, Utah, western and central Colorado, northwestern Arizona (but north of the Grand Canyon), and northwestern New Mexico. It was a light-colored, medium-sized subspecies closely resembling the Great Plains wolf (C. l. nubilus), though larger, with more blackish-buff hairs on the back.[2] This wolf went extinct by 1935.[3] Wolves of the subspecies Canis lupus occidentalis have now been reestablished in Idaho and Wyoming.

Taxonomy

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It is named after Stanley P. Young, who described it with Edward Alphonso Goldman in 1937. This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005).[4]

Lineage

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Gray wolves (Canis lupus) migrated from Eurasia into North America 70,000–23,000 years ago and gave rise to at least two morphologically and genetically distinct groups.[5] One group is represented by the extinct Beringian wolf and the other by the modern populations.[6][7] One author proposes that the Southern Rocky Mountain wolf forms part of a clade whose ancestors pushed the Mexican wolf's range more southwards.[8]

A 2005 study compared the mitochondrial DNA sequences of modern wolves with those from 34 specimens dated between 1856 and 1915. The historic population was found to possess twice the genetic diversity of modern wolves,[9][10] which suggests that the mDNA diversity of the wolves eradicated from the western U.S. was more than twice that of the modern population. Some haplotypes possessed by the Mexican wolf, the Great Plains wolf, and the extinct Southern Rocky Mountain wolf were found to form a unique "southern clade". All North American wolves group together with those from Eurasia, except for the southern clade which forms a group that is exclusive to North America. The wide distribution area of the southern clade indicates that gene flow was extensive across the recognized limits of its subspecies.[10]

Ancestor

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In 2021, a mitochondrial DNA analysis of North American wolf-like canines indicates that the extinct Late Pleistocene Beringian wolf was the ancestor of the southern wolf clade, which includes the Mexican wolf and the Great Plains wolf. The Mexican wolf is the most basal of the gray wolves that live in North America today.[11]

References

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  1. ^ Goldman, E.A. (1937). "The wolves of North America". Journal of Mammalogy. 18 (1). Dover: 37–45. doi:10.2307/1374306. JSTOR 1374306.
  2. ^ Glover, A. (1942), Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere, with the marine species of all the oceans, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp. 227-229.
  3. ^ Bergman, C. (2003). "10 - Partial List of Extinctions". Wild Echoes: Encounters with the Most Endangered Animals in North America. University of Illinois Press. p. 256. ISBN 0-252-07125-5.
  4. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575–577. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576
  5. ^ Koblmüller, Stephan; Vilà, Carles; Lorente‐Galdos, Belen; Dabad, Marc; Ramirez, Oscar; Marques‐Bonet, Tomas; Wayne, Robert K.; Leonard, Jennifer A. (2016). "Whole mitochondrial genomes illuminate ancient intercontinental dispersals of grey wolves ( Canis lupus )". Journal of Biogeography. 43 (9): 1728–1738. doi:10.1111/jbi.12765. ISSN 0305-0270.
  6. ^ Tomiya, Susumu; Meachen, Julie A. (2018). "Postcranial diversity and recent ecomorphic impoverishment of North American gray wolves". Biology Letters. 14 (1): 20170613. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0613. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 5803591. PMID 29343558.
  7. ^ Leonard, Jennifer A.; Vilà, Carles; Fox-Dobbs, Kena; Koch, Paul L.; Wayne, Robert K.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (2007). "Megafaunal Extinctions and the Disappearance of a Specialized Wolf Ecomorph". Current Biology. 17 (13): 1146–1150. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.072. hdl:10261/61282.
  8. ^ Chambers SM, Fain SR, Fazio B, Amaral M (2012). "An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses". North American Fauna. 77: 1–67. doi:10.3996/nafa.77.0001. Note:"The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service."
  9. ^ Miklosi, Adam (2015). Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition. Oxford Biology (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0199545667.
  10. ^ a b Leonard, Jennifer A.; Vilà, Carles; Wayne, Robert K. (2004). "FAST TRACK: Legacy lost: Genetic variability and population size of extirpated US grey wolves (Canis lupus)". Molecular Ecology. 14 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02389.x. PMID 15643947. S2CID 11343074.
  11. ^ Wilson, Paul J.; Rutledge, Linda Y. (2021-07-05). "Considering Pleistocene North American wolves and coyotes in the eastern Canis origin story". Ecology and Evolution. 11 (13): 9137–9147. doi:10.1002/ece3.7757. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 8258226.
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