Pseudomonas reptilivora
| Pseudomonas reptilivora | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Kingdom: | Pseudomonadati |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Pseudomonadales |
| Family: | Pseudomonadaceae |
| Genus: | Pseudomonas |
| Species: | P. reptilivora
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pseudomonas reptilivora Caldwell and Ryerson 1940
| |
Pseudomonas reptilivora is a fluorescent, yellow-green, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, multiple polar flagellated, motile bacterium that is pathogenic to reptiles. It was originally isolated in Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum), horned lizards (Phrynosoma solare), and chuckawallas (Sauromalus ater).[1] The type strain is ATCC 14836.
Gluconic Acid Production by Pseudomonas reptilivora
P. reptilivora has demonstrated a remarkable ability to convert glucose into gluconic acid, a valuable organic acid widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and eco-friendly cleaning industries. This bioconversion occurs through an oxidative process catalyzed by membrane-bound dehydrogenases, particularly pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase [2].
Metabolic Pathway
Gluconic acid is synthesized via direct oxidation of glucose in the periplasmic space, bypassing central metabolic pathways which is further oxidized to 2-ketogluconic acid by gluconic acid dehydrogenase, however, another enzyme (2-ketogluconate dehydrogenase) transforms 2-ketogluconic acid into 5-ketogluconic acid at an optimal pH 5.5 and 6.0 [3].
The enzymatic reaction follows:
Glucose + O₂ → Gluconic acid + H₂O₂ [2]
Gluconic acid → 2-ketogluconic acid → 5-ketogluconic acid [2] [3]
Biotechnological Relevance
Gluconic acid produced by P. reptilivora offers several advantages:
- High specificity: The conversion produces minimal byproducts, simplifying downstream purification.
- Mild process conditions: No extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals are needed.
- Low-cost substrates: It can be produced from glucose, glycerol, or agro-industrial carbohydrate-rich wastes.
- Experimental Evidence: In controlled fermentations with glucose concentrations of 1–5% (w/v).
P. reptilivora B-6bs has shown: High conversion yields of glucose to gluconic acid within 48 hours. Co-production of 5-keto-D-gluconate, a secondary product formed by further oxidation. Sensitivity to oxygen transfer rates, with higher productivity observed at 3.3 vvm compared to 2.5 vvm. Production has been confirmed through UV-Vis spectrophotometry and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) techniques.[2]
Known strains of Pseudomonas reptilivora
- P. reptilivora [1]
- P. reptilivora M8 produces antibiotics [4].
- P. reptilivora B-6 produces 2-ketogluconic acid [5].
- P. reptilivora B-6bs produces 5-ketogluconic acid, proline, glutamic acid and gluconic acid [2]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Caldwell, ME & Ryerson, DL (Mar 1940). "A New Species of the Genus Pseudomonas Pathogenic for certain Reptiles". J Bacteriol. 39 (3): 323–36. PMC 374575. PMID 16560295.
- ^ a b c d e Ruiz-Hernandez, I. H., Madrigal-Perez, L. A., Flores-Martinez H. E., & Gonzalez-Hernandez, J.C. (2025). "Production of primary metabolites by Pseudomonas reptilivora B-6bs at the flask level using a full factorial experimental design". Arch. Microbiol. 207 (22). doi:10.1007/s00203-024-04202-1.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Ramachandran, S., Nair, S., Larroche, C., & Pandey, A. (2017). "Gluconic acid". Elsevier E-books. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63662-1.00026-9.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Martinez-Molina, E & Olivares, J. (1979). "Antibiotic production by Pseudomonas reptilivora as a phage conversion". Can. J. Microbiol. doi:10.1139/m79-170.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Yegin, S., Saha, B. C., Kennedy, G. J., Berhow, M. A., & Vermillion, K. (2020). "Efficient bioconversion of waste bread into 2-keto-d-gluconic acid by Pseudomonas reptilivora NRRL B-6". Biomass Conver. Bioref. doi:10.1007/s13399-020-00656-7.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)