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Pesticide refuge area

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A refuge area is a countermeasure against pesticide resistance in agriculture.[1][2][3][4][5] In this technique two adjacent pieces of land are demarcated, and one is applied with a pesticide and one is not – the refuge.[1][2][3][4][5] Given that resistance develops concurrent with application,[1][2][3][4][5] a more complex way of dealing with the problem is needed rather than simply using or not using a particular pesticide. A refuge encourages the overall population to maintain a lower prevalence of resistance by segmenting them into two populations: the population receiving the pesticide and the pesticide-free population.[1][2][3][4][5] Over time the population that suffers pesticide application will evolve resistance – and more widespread resistance.[1][2][3][4][5] Meanwhile, the other will continue to be pesticide-naive.[1][2][3][4][5] However, a larger proportion of the main population will die off – allowing the pesticide-naive genetics to more successfully reproduce within the overall area, and thus to dominate the overall population.[1][2][3][4][5]

Refugia are commonly used today[1][2][3][4][5] especially to maintain effectiveness in Bt-modified transgenic crops.[4][3][2]

If pests evolve resistance, Bt-modified transgenic crops will essentially loose their efficacy. The refuge strategy is based on three assumptions: the frequency of the initial alleles are low, the resistance is inherited recessively, and a large amount of mating happening between adults that are resistant from the transgenic crops and adults susceptible from the refuge crops.[6]

Importance of pesticide refuge areas

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Pesticide resistance can negatively affect land and food, which includes the increasing use of pesticides, food web disruption, increased human health risks, and profit loss for corporations and farmers. [7]

There is a theory that predicts that refuge areas will slow resistance evolution by reducing the advantage that resistant pests have which includes fitness. When susceptible individuals copulate with resistant individuals it reduces the heritability of resistance.[7]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Desneux, Nicolas; Fauvergue, Xavier; Dechaume-Moncharmont, FranÇois-Xavier; Kerhoas, Lucien; Ballanger, Yannick; Kaiser, Laure (2005-02-01). "Diaeretiella rapae Limits Myzus persicae Populations After Applications of Deltamethrin in Oilseed Rape". Journal of Economic Entomology. 98 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 9–17. doi:10.1093/jee/98.1.9. ISSN 1938-291X. PMID 15765661.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Qaim, Matin; de Janvry, Alain (2005). "Bt cotton and pesticide use in Argentina: economic and environmental effects". Environment and Development Economics. 10 (2). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 179–200. doi:10.1017/s1355770x04001883. ISSN 1355-770X. S2CID 18992457.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hurley, Terrance M.; Babcock, Bruce A.; Hellmich, Richard L. (July 2001). "BT CORN AND INSECT RESISTANCE: AN ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF REFUGES". Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 26 (1). Western Agricultural Economics Association: 176–194. doi:10.22004/ag.econ.31156. eISSN 2327-8285. ISSN 1068-5502.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Alstad, D. N.; Andow, D. A. (1995-06-30). "Managing the Evolution of Insect Resistance to Transgenic Plants". Science. 268 (5219). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1894–1896. Bibcode:1995Sci...268.1894A. doi:10.1126/science.268.5219.1894. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17797533. S2CID 32257568.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "Refuges of genetic variation: controlling crop pest evolution". University of California, Berkeley Evolution. 3 September 2021.
  6. ^ Carriére, Yves; Dutilleul, Pierre (2004-12-01). "SOURCES, SINKS, AND THE ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF REFUGES FOR MANAGING INSECT RESISTANCE TO Bt CROPS". Ecological Applications. 14 (6). Ecological Society of America: 1615–1623. doi:10.1890/03-5268.
  7. ^ a b Carriére, Yves; Ellers-Kirk, Christa (2012-01-03). "Large-scale, spatially-explicit test of the refuge strategy for delaying insecticide resistance". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (3). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencese: 775–780. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117851109. PMC 3271916.


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