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Pannaria

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Pannaria
Pannaria conoplea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Peltigerales
Family: Pannariaceae
Genus: Pannaria
Delise ex Bory (1828)
Type species
Pannaria rubiginosa
(Thunb.) Delise (1828)
Synonyms[1]
  • Amphinomium Nyl. (1888)
  • Lepidoleptogium A.L.Sm. (1922)
  • Lepidogium Clem. & Shear (1931)
  • Pannaria subgen. Lepidoleptogium (A.L.Sm.) P.M.Jørg. (2004)

Pannaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae.[2] These lichens form leaf-like, scaly, or crusty patches that typically arrange themselves in loose rosettes on tree bark in humid forests. Most species partner with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, though some contain green algae instead. The genus was established in 1828 and now includes about 80 recognized species found worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.

Description

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Pannaria forms a thallus that can be leaf-like (foliose), a mosaic of tiny scales (squamulose), or a thin crust (crustose). Many species arrange their lobes in loose rosettes and, unlike several related genera, they rarely develop the blue-black felt (hypothallus) seen beneath other cyanobacterial lichens. The upper surface ranges from grey-blue to deep brown-black and may carry a light dusting of frost-like crystals (pruina). Most species partner with the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc, but members of the Pannaria sphinctrina group instead contain green algal cells.[3]

The lichen's sexual fruiting bodies are sessile apothecia whose red-brown to black discs are framed by a persistent rim of thallus tissue. That rim has two zones: an outer layer of tightly packed, brick-like cells and an inner layer that is looser and packed with photobiont cells. A thin, pale exciple of pseudoparenchymatous cells surrounds the hymenium. The asci hold eight ascospores, show no blue reaction to potassium–iodide stain (K/I–) and lack the amyloid plug found in many related taxa. Their spores are colourless, single-celled, ellipsoidal and often end in one or two small points; the outer wall is finely warted or ridged.[3]

Asexual reproduction is limited to scattered pycnidia that release straight, rod-shaped conidia. Thin-layer chromatography usually detects no secondary metabolites, though some species contain pannarin, which produces an orange-red colour with the para-phenylenediamine (Pd) spot test.[3]

Photobiont

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Like most members of the Pannariaceae, species of Pannaria partner with filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria belonging to the genus Nostoc. A multilocus survey of 37 thalli representing 21 species showed that these cyanobionts are drawn from two broad Nostoc lineages previously known as the "Nephroma guild" and the "Peltigera guild"; the Pannaria sequences are scattered across both, with a gradual transition between them.[4]

Host choice is flexible. Bipartite (cyanobacteria-only) and tripartite (cyanobacteria plus green-algal) species do not segregate cleanly by photobiont: some tripartite southern-hemisphere taxa share identical Nostoc strains with corticolous (bark-dwelling) bipartite species from both hemispheres, whereas other Pannaria species show marked selectivity, keeping to a narrow subset of strains. This breadth of associations contrasts with the tighter photobiont fidelity reported for genera such as Nephroma and Peltigera.[4]

Ecology

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Species of Pannaria grow mainly as epiphytes on the bark of trees in sheltered, humid forests. They are encountered far less often on shaded rocks or on thin, moss-covered soil, where the micro-climate is similarly cool and moist.[3]

Species

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Pannaria (not identified to species) on a Nothofagus trunk in Quetrupillán, Chile

As of July 2025, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 78 species of Pannaria:[5]

References

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  1. ^ "Pannaria Delise ex Bory 1828". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  2. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Dolatabadi, Somayeh; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
  3. ^ a b c d Cannon, P.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2021). Peltigerales: Pannariaceae, including the genera Fuscopannaria, Leptogidium, Nevesia, Pannaria, Parmeliella, Pectenia, Protopannaria and Psoroma (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 9. p. 7.Open access icon
  4. ^ a b Elvebakk, Arve; Papaefthimiou, Dimitra; Robertsen, Eli Helene; Liaimer, Anton (2008). "Phylogenetic patterns among Nostoc cyanobionts within bi‐ and tripartite lichens of the genus Pannaria". Journal of Phycology. 44 (4): 1049–1059. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00556.x.
  5. ^ "Pannaria". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
  6. ^ Müller, J. (1896). "Analecta Australiensia". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier. 4: 87–96.
  7. ^ a b Jørgensen, P.M.; Sipman, H.J.M. (2004). "A revision of the Pannaria rubiginosa complex in South America". Nova Hedwigia. 78 (3–4): 311–327. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2004/0078-0311.
  8. ^ a b Elvebakk, A.; Elix, J.A. (2016). "A trio of endemic New Zealand lichens: Pannaria aotearoana and P. gallowayi, new species with a new chemo-syndrome, and their relationship with P. xanthomelana". Nova Hedwigia. 105 (1–2): 167–184. doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2016/0385.
  9. ^ Eckfeldt, J.W. (1894). "Lichens new to North America". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 21 (9): 393–396.
  10. ^ a b Jørgensen, P.M.; Kashiwadani, H. (2001). "New and misunderstood species of Japanese Pannaria (lichenes)". Journal of Japanese Botany. 76 (1): 1–10.
  11. ^ Passo, Alfredo; Calvelo, Susana (2011). "Pannaria byssoidea (Pannariaceae), a new squamulose species from southern South America". The Bryologist. 114 (4): 756–763. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.4.756.
  12. ^ a b Jørgensen, Per M. (2000). "Studies in the lichen family. Pannariaceae IX. A revision of Pannaria subg. Chryopannaria". Nova Hedwigia. 71 (3–4): 405–411. doi:10.1127/nova/71/2000/405.
  13. ^ a b Passo, Alfredo; Calvelo, Susana (2006). "New reports and combinations in the family Pannariaceae (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota)". The Lichenologist. 38 (6): 549–555. doi:10.1017/S0024282906005688.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Jørgensen, Per M. (2001). "New species and records of the lichen family Pannariaceae from Australia". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 78: 109–140.
  15. ^ a b c d Jørgensen, Per M. (2001). "Four new Asian species in the lichen genus Pannaria". The Lichenologist. 33 (4): 297–302. doi:10.1006/lich.2001.0333.
  16. ^ Galloway, J.D.; James, P.W.; Jørgensen, P.M. (1983). "Pannaria crenulata, a new lichen from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 21: 101–104. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1983.10428544.
  17. ^ Stirton, J. (1873). "Additions to the lichen flora of New Zealand". Transactions of the Glasgow Society of Field Naturalists. 1: 15–23.
  18. ^ Jørgensen, P.M. (1999). "Studies in the lichen family Pannariaceae VIII. Seven new parmelielloid lichens from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 37 (2): 257–268. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512632.
  19. ^ Jørgensen, Per M. (2003). "Studies in the lichen family Pannariaceae XI. The isidiate species of the genus Pannaria Del". Nova Hedwigia. 76 (1–2): 245–255. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2003/0076-0245.
  20. ^ Elvebakk, Arve; Fritt-Rasmussen, Janne; Elix, John A. (2007). "The New Zealand lichen Pannaria leproloma (Nyl.) P. M. Jørg. and its panaustral relative P. farinosa nom. nov". The Lichenologist. 39 (4): 349–359. doi:10.1017/s0024282907006913.
  21. ^ Jørgensen, P.M.; Gjerde, I. (2012). "Notes on some pannariaceous lichens from New Caledonia". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 33 (1): 3–9. doi:10.7872/crym.v33.iss1.2012.003.
  22. ^ a b Elvebakk, Arve (2012). "Pannaria howeana and Pannaria streimannii, two related new lichen species endemic to Lord Howe Island, Australia". The Lichenologist. 44 (4): 457–463. doi:10.1017/s0024282912000047.
  23. ^ Nylander, W. (1865). "Lichenes Novae Zelandiae, quos ibi legit anno 1861 Dr. Lauder Lindsay". Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany (in Latin). 9 (36): 244–259. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1866.tb01283.x.
  24. ^ Elvebakk, Arve; Elix, John A. (2006). "Pannaria isidiosa, a new Australian lichen with a new chemosyndrome". The Lichenologist. 38 (6): 557–563. doi:10.1017/s0024282906006141.
  25. ^ Elvebakk, A. (2007). "The panaustral lichen Pannaria sphinctrina (Mont.) Tuck. and the related new species P. lobulifera from New Caledonia". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 28 (3): 225–235.
  26. ^ a b Elvebakk, Arve (2013). "Pannaria minutiphylla and P. pulverulacea, two new and common, austral species, previously interpreted as Pannaria microphyllizans (Nyl.) P. M. Jørg". The Lichenologist. 45 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1017/s0024282912000679.
  27. ^ McCune, Bruce; Schultz, Matthias; Fennell, Terry; Passo, Alfredo; Rodriguez, Juan Manuel (2022). "A new endemic, Pannaria oregonensis, replaces two misapplied names in the Pacific Northwest of North America". The Bryologist. 125 (1). doi:10.1639/0007-2745-125.1.170.
  28. ^ a b Jørgensen, Per M. (2003). "Notes on African Pannariaceae (lichenized ascomycetes)". The Lichenologist. 35 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1006/lich.2002.0424.
  29. ^ Jørgensen, P.M. (2004). "Further contributions to the Pannariaceae (lichenized Ascomycetes) of the Southern Hemisphere". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 229–253.
  30. ^ Vainio, E.A. (1921). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum, III". Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae (in Latin). 15 (6): 16.
  31. ^ Elvebakk, Arve (2012). "Pannaria rolfii, a new name for a recently described lichen species". Nova Hedwigia. 94 (3–4): 505–506. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2012/0011.
  32. ^ Jørgensen, Per M. (2000). "Survey of the lichen family Pannariaceae on the American continent, north of Mexico". The Bryologist. 103 (4): 670–704. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0670:sotlfp]2.0.co;2.
  33. ^ Jørgensen, P.M. (1978). "The lichen family Pannariaceae in Europe". Opera Botanica. 45: 1–124.
  34. ^ Zahlbruckner, A. (1928). "Neue und ungenügend beschriebene javanische Flechten" [New and insufficiently described Javanese lichens]. Annales de Cryptogamie Exotique (in German). 1: 109–212 [165].
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