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Pak Yŏn

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In this Korean name, the family name is Pak.
Pak Yŏn
Portrait of Pak Yŏn and his wife
Born1378
Godang-ri, Simcheon, Yeongdong, Yanggwang Province, Goryeo
Died1458 (aged 80)
Gak-jeo, Gosan, Pyeonggang, Gangwon Province, Joseon
Nationality Joseon
OccupationMusician
SpouseLady Song of the Yeosan Song clan
Children
  1. Pak Maeng-u
  2. Pak Jung-u
  3. Pak Gye-u
  4. Lady Pak
  5. Lady Pak
  6. Lady Pak
  7. Lady Pak
Parents
  • Pak Cheon-seok (father)
  • Lady Gim of the Gyeongju Gim clan (mother)
FamilyMiryang Park clan
Korean name
Hangul
박연
Hanja
朴然
RRBak Yeon
MRPak Yŏn
Art name
Hangul
난계, 송설당
Hanja
蘭溪, 松雪堂
RRNangye, Songseoldang
MRNan'gye, Songsŏltang
Courtesy name
Hangul
탄보
Hanja
坦父
RRTanbo
MRT'anbo
Posthumous name
Hangul
문헌
Hanja
文獻
RRMunheon
MRMunhŏn

Pak Yŏn or Park Yeon (Korean: 박연; 20 August 1378 – 23 March 1458[1]) was a government official, scholar, writer, astronomer and musician in the Early Joseon Dynasty period, who was a teacher of King Sejong and created Armillary sphere Honcheonui, Water clock Borugak Jagyeongnu and sundial Yangbu Ilgu along with Chang Yŏngsil and five basic sounds(Gung, Sang, Gak, Chi, Wu), which corresponds to five consonant groups (Aeum, Seoreum, Suneum, Chieum, Hueum) in Hunminjeongeum.[2][3] He has also adapted court music to the new Confucian philosophy, particularly in the concept of yeak, a Confucian ideology that combines ritual and music.

He made appeals to the king Sejong 450 times for the necessity of organizing the imperfect musical instrument coordination and compiling the sheet music, and correctly measured the notes according to his own 12 notes.[4][5][6][7] And this has reformed the court music in general. Along with Wangsan of Goguryeo and Ureuk of Silla, Pak Yŏn is considered one of the three most popular music saints in Korea.[8]

Biography

[edit]

Pak Yŏn was born into a family of government officials in 1378 in Yeongdong. When he was 15, his father passed away, so he spent three years at the burial site in mourning for his father. When he was 18, his mother passed away, so he spent another three years at his parents' tomb. Pak Yŏn receives a memorial stone of the filial piety from king Taejong in 1402.[9] Soon after his father and mother died, Pak Yŏn started playing the piri. And one night he saw an orchid growing between rocks and decided to adopt the penname 'Nangye'. He passed Saengwonsi and first in Mungwa gwageo exams at the age of 28 and 34. He then has successively filled various government posts including Jiphyeonjeon, Saganwon, Saheonbu and Sejasigangwon Munhak, where he met Chungnyeong daegun.

As soon as Sejong ascends the throne in 1418, he appoints Pak Yŏn to an agency affiliated with Yejo, which oversees music-related affairs. Pak Yŏn organized music into three groups: aak, dangak and hyangak. Domestic production of musical instruments for aak was done under his direction.[10]

Pak Yŏn helped Sejong to improve the music. He has contributed greatly to the completion of music from the early Joseon Dynasty by producing musical notes and Pyeongyeong. The Jongmyo jerye, which includes Jeongdaeeop and Botaepyeong was composed by Pak Yŏn and is also listed in 'Nangyeyugo(蘭溪遺藁)' in 39 petitions, including the production of musical notes, the correction of the original notes, the claim to revise the axis system and the publication of music.[11] However, in the Sejo Sillok, Jeongdaeeop and Botaepyeong is recorded as king Sejong's work.[12][13]

On 22 August 1443, when Pak Yŏn was 60 years old, his position was suddenly changed from Yejo chamui(禮曹參議) to Jungchuwon busa(中樞院副使), which oversees the palace in shifts. Soon after, the king Sejong announces the creation of Hunminjeongeum on 30 December 1443. Some scholars argue Pak Yŏn, who is well versed in rhymes such as Yullyeo Sinseo(律呂新書), Hongmu Jeong-un(洪武正韻), fully understands Sasung Chil-eum(四聲七音) and appealed to king Sejong in his first petition of Nangyeyugo(蘭溪遺藁) to correct the custom and sound by teaching people the Samganghaengsil(三綱行實) and Oeumjeongseong(五音正聲), might have taught king Sejong the Korean alphabet Hangul during this period and proclaimed it in the name of king Sejong.[14]

As soon as Pak Yŏn ascends to Yemun Daejehak in 1453, Gyeyujeongnan Revolts broke out. Pak Gye-woo, the third son of Pak Yŏn, a Hall of Worthies scholar, was killed by a group of king Sejo along with other numerous loyalists for leaking Grand Prince Suyang's plan. And Pak Yŏn was put into an exile at the age of 80 and died the following year. His descendants were prohibited from taking gwageo exams for 331 years until king Yeongjo awarded him an honorable title of Mun Heon in 1767.

Family

[edit]
  • Great-Grandfather
    • Pak Sunjung (박순중; 朴純中)
  • Grandfather
    • Pak Siyong (박시용; 朴時庸)
  • Father
    • Pak Ch'ŏnsŏk (박천석; 朴天錫)
  • Mother
    • Lady Kim of the Gyeongju Gim clan (경주 김씨)
      • Grandfather: Kim O (김오; 金珸)
  • Siblings
    • Sister - Lady Pak of the Miryang Park clan (밀양 박씨)
      • Brother-in-law - Kŭm Yu (琴柔)
    • Sister - Lady Pak of the Miryang Park clan (밀양 박씨)
      • Brother-in-law - Chŏng Kan (鄭諫)
    • Sister - Lady Pak of the Miryang Park clan (밀양 박씨)
      • Brother-in-law - Pak Yŏsaeng (朴汝生)
    • Sister - Lady Pak of the Miryang Park clan (밀양 박씨)
      • Brother-in-law - Kim Porin (金寶麟))
  • Wife: Lady Song of the Yeosan Song clan (정경부인 여산 송씨) – Daughter of Panseo Song Yun (송윤) and the 2nd cousin of King Sejong.
    • Son: Pak Maengu (박맹우; 朴孟愚)
    • Son: Pak Chungu (박중우; 朴仲愚)
    • Son: Pak Kyeu (박계우; 朴季愚)
    • Daughter: Lady Pak of the Miryang Park clan (밀양 박씨)
    • Daughter: Lady Pak of the Miryang Park clan (밀양 박씨)
    • Daughter: Lady Pak of the Miryang Park clan (밀양 박씨)
    • Daughter: Lady Pak of the Miryang Park clan (밀양 박씨)
[edit]

Legacy

[edit]
  • The Nangye Temple in Yeongdong is named after Pak Yŏn and hosts a traditional music celebration every October
  • Nangye yugo, a posthumous collection of Pak Yŏn.
  • In the Nangye Museum of Traditional Music, Pak Yŏn's life and achievements are displayed in the Video Room and the Nangye Room. The Korean Music room displays wind instruments, strings, and percussion.[18]
  • Miryang Park clan

References

[edit]
  1. ^ The date is in Lunar calendar.
  2. ^ "오음" [Pentatonic]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  3. ^ "음악은 과학이다" [Music is science.]. Hwaseong Journal. 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  4. ^ "1284. 박연, 세종에게 상소를 450번이나 올리다" [Pak Yŏn made appeals to the king Sejong 450 times]. Uri Munhwa Sinmun. 26 March 2008. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  5. ^ "Pak Yŏn's appeal to king Sejong". National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  6. ^ "Pak Yŏn's appeal to king Sejong 2". National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  7. ^ "Pak Yŏn's appeal to king Sejong 3". National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  8. ^ Doopedia 'Pak Yŏn'
  9. ^ "[Exclusive] The monument to the Filial Piety of Pak Yŏn in Taejong era of Joseon found". Korean Education Newspaper. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  10. ^ Koehler, Robert (2015). Traditional Music. Seoul Selection. ISBN 978-1624120428.
  11. ^ Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 'Nangye yugo'
  12. ^ The story of Akhakgwaebeom, Botaepyeong
  13. ^ "Sejo Sillok". National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  14. ^ Park, Heemin (9 October 2012). 박연과 훈민정음 [Pak Yŏn and Hunminjeongeum] (in Korean). Korea: Human&Books. ISBN 9788960781535.
  15. ^ "웹드라마 퐁당퐁당 LOVE : 네이버TV". tv.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  16. ^ "KBS 드라마 장영실". Korean Broadcasting System (in Korean). Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  17. ^ 박, 병기 (26 February 2018). "[충북소식] 박연 추모 뮤지컬 '여낙' 공연". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  18. ^ "난계국악박물관". korean.visitkorea.or.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 13 May 2018.
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