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PKS 1614+051

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PKS 1614+051
The quasar PKS 1614+051.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationHercules
Right ascension16h 16m 37.556s[1]
Declination+04° 59′ 32.736″[1]
Redshift3.215000[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity963,833 km/s[1]
Distance11.323 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)19.17
Characteristics
TypeGPS FRSQ[1]
Other designations
PMN J1616+0459, OS +023, IRCF J161637.5+045932, RX J1616.6+0459, FIRST J61637.5+045932, NVSS J161637+045933, TXS 1614+051[1]

PKS 1614+051 is a distant quasar located in the constellation of Hercules. The redshift for this object is (z) 3.21[2][1] and it was first identified by astronomers in 1983.[3] It is classified as a radio-loud quasar[4][5] and contains a radio spectrum that appears as flat.[6] It is also referred as a high frequency peaker and a gigahertz peaked-spectrum source, making it one of the most powerful sources known.[7][8]

Description

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PKS 1614+051 is variable on the electromagnetic spectrum. When shown on a multi-wavelength light curve, the object displays flux density variations usually slow, with one flaring period which was detected at 5–22 GHz frequencies and started towards the end of 2009. At 37 GHz, PKS 1614+051 showed a flare in January 2014 and several faint localized flares detected in 2009, 2020 and 2022. Observations also showed it has a low variability level of 0.02 and a short variability time of 12 days.[6]

The structure of PKS 1614+051 is compact. When detected in radio imaging, the source is found to have double morphology, consisting of an inverted spectrum radio core and a secondary component which is located 0.8 arcseconds away from it at a position angle of -30°.[9] Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations conducted in 1992, found an elongated beam in the structure, orientated at -11°. This suggests the structure might be aligned together with its arc-scale structure.[10] When imaged by Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 8.4 GHz, the source shows a bright north component and a slightly resolved structure located south-west.[11] Polarization was also detected in several components inside the core region.[12]

Two Faraday components were detected in PKS 1614+051 with rotation measures (RM) of 2100 rad m−2 and 500 rad m−2. These suggested two reasons; either they are associated with two foreground layers (depolarization by RM gradients or through external beam depolarization) or by two inner layers which emit radiation and rotate at same time intervals, via two synchrotron components present in the quasar's radio spectrum.[13]

Companion galaxy

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A narrow emission line object was discovered close to PKS 1614+051 at redshift (z) 3.218 in 1985. Based on spectroscopy and photometry studies, the object was found not a separate quasar nor a gravitational lensed image, but a mildly active galaxy of either LINER or Type 2 seyfert, proposed by S. Djorgovski.[14] Named 1614+051A, the galaxy is described to be radio-quiet and shows detections of doubly ionized oxygen and Hydrogen beta emission.[15]

Ground-based observations suggested the galaxy might be interacting with PKS 1614+051.[16] A detection of a 50 kiloparsec Lyman-alpha gas bridge between it and the quasar by Multi-Object Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) would later confirm this theory. Evidence also points out that the gas is extending towards two other companion galaxies, suggesting the interaction is not affecting only the main companion galaxy.[17]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "NED Search results for PKS 1614+051". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-05-18.
  2. ^ Hu, Esther M.; Cowie, Lennox L. (June 1987). "The Distribution of Gas and Galaxies around the Distant Quasar PKS 1614+051". The Astrophysical Journal. 317: L7. Bibcode:1987ApJ...317L...7H. doi:10.1086/184902. ISSN 0004-637X.
  3. ^ Wilkes, B. J.; Wright, A. E.; Jauncey, D. L.; Peterson, B. A. (1983). "An atlas of QSO spectra". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 5 (1): 2–83. Bibcode:1983PASA....5....2W. doi:10.1017/S1323358000021664. ISSN 0066-9997.
  4. ^ Cappi, M.; Matsuoka, M.; Comastri, A.; Brinkmann, W.; Elvis, M.; Palumbo, G. G. C.; Vignali, C. (April 1997). "ASCA and ROSAT X-Ray Spectra of High-Redshift Radio-loud Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal. 478 (2): 492–510. arXiv:astro-ph/9610204. Bibcode:1997ApJ...478..492C. doi:10.1086/303817. ISSN 0004-637X.
  5. ^ Siebert, J.; Matsuoka, M.; Brinkmann, W.; Cappi, M.; Mihara, T.; Takahashi, T. (March 1996). "ASCA observations of high redshift quasars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 307: 8. arXiv:astro-ph/9506126. Bibcode:1996A&A...307....8S. ISSN 0004-6361.
  6. ^ a b Sotnikova, Yu V.; Mikhailov, A. G.; Volvach, A. E.; Kudryavtsev, D. O.; Mufakharov, T. V.; Vlasyuk, V. V.; Khabibullina, M. L.; Kudryashova, A. A.; Mingaliev, M. G.; Erkenov, A. K.; Kovalev, Yu A.; Kovalev, Y. Y.; Kharinov, M. A.; Semenova, T. A.; Udovitskiy, R. Yu (December 2024). "Radio and Optical Properties of the Blazar PKS 1614+051 at z=3.21". Astrophysical Bulletin. 79 (4): 548–572. arXiv:2501.12694. doi:10.1134/S199034132460087X.
  7. ^ Sotnikova, Yu; Mikhailov, A.; Mufakharov, T.; An, T.; Kudryavtsev, D.; Mingaliev, M.; Udovitskiy, R.; Kudryashova, A.; Stolyarov, V. (2024-06-03), "High-Redshift Quasars at z ≥ 3: Radio Variability and MPS/GPS Candidates", Galaxies, 12 (3): 25, arXiv:2406.01458, Bibcode:2024Galax..12...25S, doi:10.3390/galaxies12030025, retrieved 2025-05-18
  8. ^ O'Dea, C. P.; Baum, S. A.; Stanghellini, C. (October 1991). "What Are the Gigahertz Peaked-Spectrum Radio Sources?". The Astrophysical Journal. 380: 66. Bibcode:1991ApJ...380...66O. doi:10.1086/170562. ISSN 0004-637X.
  9. ^ Djorgovski, S.; Strauss, Michael A.; Perley, R. A.; Spinrad, Hyron; McCarthy, Patrick (June 1987). "A Galaxy at a Redshift of 3.215: Further Studies of the PKS 1614+051 System". The Astronomical Journal. 93: 1318. Bibcode:1987AJ.....93.1318D. doi:10.1086/114414. ISSN 0004-6256.
  10. ^ Gurvits, L. I.; Kardashev, N. S.; Popov, M. V.; Schilizzi, R. T.; Barthel, P. D.; Pauliny-Toth, I. I. K.; Kellermann, K. I. (July 1992). "The compact radio structure of the high redshift quasars 0642+449, 1402+044, 1614+051". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 260: 82–88. Bibcode:1992A&A...260...82G. ISSN 0004-6361.
  11. ^ Orienti, M.; Dallacasa, D.; Tinti, S.; Stanghellini, C. (May 2006). "VLBA images of high frequency peakers". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 450 (3): 959–970. arXiv:astro-ph/0602158. Bibcode:2006A&A...450..959O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054656. ISSN 0004-6361.
  12. ^ O’Sullivan, S. P.; Gabuzda, D. C.; Gurvits, L. I. (2011-06-13). "Multifrequency polarization properties of 10 quasars on decaparsec scales at z > 3". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 415 (4): 3049–3064. arXiv:1202.2193. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.415.3049O. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18915.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  13. ^ Pasetto, Alice; Carrasco-González, Carlos; O’Sullivan, Shane; Basu, Aritra; Bruni, Gabriele; Kraus, Alex; Curiel, Salvador; Mack, Karl-Heinz (2018-05-01). "Broadband radio spectro-polarimetric observations of high-Faraday-rotation-measure AGN". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 613: A74. arXiv:1801.09731. Bibcode:2018A&A...613A..74P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731804. ISSN 0004-6361.
  14. ^ Djorgovski, S.; Spinrad, H.; McCarthy, P.; Strauss, M. A. (December 1985). "Discovery of a probable galaxy with a redshift of 3.218". The Astrophysical Journal. 299: L1 – L5. Bibcode:1985ApJ...299L...1D. doi:10.1086/184569. ISSN 0004-637X.
  15. ^ Bremer, M. N.; Johnstone, R. M. (November 1995). "Rest-frame optical line emission from the high-redshift galaxy 1614+051A". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 277 (2): L51 – L54. doi:10.1093/mnras/277.1.L51. ISSN 0035-8711.
  16. ^ Djorgovski, S. (December 1990). "Morphology of PKS 1614+051, a Quasar-Galaxy Pair at Z=3.21". HST Proposal: 2695. Bibcode:1990hst..prop.2695D.
  17. ^ Husband, K.; Bremer, M. N.; Stanway, E. R.; Lehnert, M. D. (2015-07-24). "Dissecting the complex environment of a distant quasar with MUSE". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 452 (3): 2388–2395. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1424. ISSN 0035-8711.
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