O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case
| O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case | |
|---|---|
.svg) | |
| Decided | 29 May 1924 |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Henry McCardie |
O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case, also known as the O'Dwyer-Nair Trial was a libel case held in London in English law against the Indian politician and lawyer Sir C. Sankaran Nair, by former Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, Sir Michael O'Dwyer. The case arose from statements made in Nair's 1922 book Gandhi and Anarchy, in which he criticised O'Dwyer's administration and held him responsible for the events leading to the Punjab Disturbances, particularly the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919.
The preliminary hearing was held in October 1923 at the Lahore High Court. The case was later brought before Justice Henry McCardie in the King's Bench Division in April 1924, five years after the massacre. Though not formally on trial, Reginald Dyer's role in the massacre was central to the proceedings, with the case often viewed as a proxy examination of his actions in Amritsar. After a five-week trial, the jury delivered its verdict on 29 May 1924, with all jurors except Harold Laski ruling in favour of O'Dwyer. Nair was ordered to pay damages and legal costs. The outcome of the trial renewed public scrutiny of British actions in Punjab.
Background
[edit]On 9 April 1919, fearing a rebellion over the effects on Indians of the Rowlatt Acts, which extended emergency powers and allowed imprisonment without trial, Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, Sir Michael O'Dwyer barred Gandhi from entering the province of Punjab, British India, and the following day, ordered the deportation of Amritsar's two leading local figures- Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal.[1][a] These moves set off a series of violent outbreaks that lasted more than a month and came to be known as the Punjab Disturbances. Protests that day turned violent, resulting in attacks on government buildings and casualties among both Indians and Europeans.[1] The unrest spread to other towns, including Gujranwala, where British forces used aerial bombing to control crowds.[1] On 13 April, Reginald Dyer, then a General, ordered troops to fire on a peaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh, resulting in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.[1] His actions were backed by O'Dwyer, whose administration was known for its harsh measures.[1] The Hunter Commission, set up to investigate, condemned the shootings but imposed no formal punishment.[1] Dyer was forced to retire, but not prosecuted.[1]
In 1922 O'Dwyer was in England writing his memoir India as I Knew It, when Indian politician, lawyer, and former member of the Viceroy's Executive Council, Sir C. Sankaran Nair, published Gandhi and Anarchy.[2] The book began with criticisms of the non-cooperation movement, accusing Gandhi of being blind to the atrocities committed by Muslims against Hindus.[2] O'Dwyer agreed with this part of the book.[2] He wrote in his memoir, "If [Nair's] book stopped there...I would have fully supported him, as I had been advocating the same idea for three years, but for some reason, he felt the need to single me out and criticise me."[1][2]
Lawsuit
[edit]Before the Reforms, it was in the power of the lieutenant governor, a single individual, to commit the atrocities in the Punjab we know only too well. Nair (Gandhi and Anarchy (1922))[1]
As a former member of the Viceroy's Council, Nair believed he had access to information that had not been made public, which gave him the confidence to place full blame on O'Dwyer.[2] Several passages from Nair's book formed the basis of the libel case, particularly in the chapter titled 'The Punjab atrocities', regarding the suppression of the Punjab Disturbances including the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.[1][3][4] In one instance, he criticised the powers held by colonial officials, stating that "before the Reforms it was in the power of the Lieutenant-Governor, a single individual, to commit atrocities in the Punjab."[1] O'Dwyer was ready to take legal action for libel over this statement alone.[1][2] In another part of the book, Nair attributed First World War recruitment increases to coercive methods, claiming that "the recruitment of non-Mohammedans also went up and both were due to the terrorism of Sir Michael O'Dwyer, very useful in this instance."[5] A third passage challenged official recognition of O'Dwyer, declaring, "I realise that the eulogium passed by the English Cabinet on Lord Chelmsford and Sir Michael O'Dwyer was an outrage on public opinion."[5]
In response, in 1923, O'Dwyer recruited London solicitors Sir William Joynson-Hicks and Co. to issue an order for defamation.[1][2] Nair had refused to both retract his remarks and pay the requested £1,000 in damages.[1][2] Witnesses were subsequently listed to be assessed in Lahore, with a view to a hearing in London.[6]
Preliminary hearing
[edit]The preliminary hearing took place in October 1923 at the Lahore High Court, and included sworn statements from around 125 defence witnesses based in India, including Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad and Mian Muhammad Shafi, and some from Gandhi's Congress Inquiry.[1][7][8][9][b] Nair was represented by Bakshi Tek Chand, while Sheikh Abdul Qadir served as counsel for O'Dwyer.[10] O'Dwyer submitted a list of eight witnesses.[7] His Indian witnesses were exclusively from the upper class, including six landowners and tribal chiefs.[1]
Trial
[edit]On 30 April 1924, in London, the case came before Justice Henry McCardie in the King's Bench Division.[1][2] Ernest Charles represented O'Dwyer.[11] Wilson and Company Solicitors represented Nair, with Walter Schwabe as his counsel.[5][12]
Nair faced a major disadvantage in the English courts of 1924.[1] Few were willing to back his claim that O'Dwyer had been oppressive, and those who did had little public influence.[1] Lasting five weeks, the jury was made up of three women and nine men, including the left-wing academic Harold Laski.[2] Testimonies included those from residents of Punjab, A. J. W. Kitchin, former commissioner of Lahore, and Gerard Wathen, former principal of Khalsa College, Amritsar.[1][13] Though Nair's Indian witnesses included 15 lawyers, 11 doctors, three educators, and six well-known businessmen, McCardie saw these as far less credible.[1]
The trial focused on proving or disproving two main points: that the general in charge at Jallianwalla Bagh, Amritsar, on 13 April 1919, Reginald Dyer's order to open fire that day was an atrocity, and that O'Dwyer was to blame or played a role in making it happen.[1][14] By 1924, Dyer was too ill to attend and confined to a wheelchair, though the case largely served to examine and judge his actions as if he were the one on trial.[13]
Testimony
[edit]In Lahore, onlooking Bar members supplied newspapers with reports until 24 November 1923.[15]
| List of witnesses called by Nair for trial testimony between November and December 1923 in Lahore and May 2024 in London |
| Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad[8] |
| Ishar Singh, son of a Jat headman from Kamoke, Gujranwala,[16] |
| Defence witnesses 2, 12 year old student from Khalsa School, Gujranwala.[17] |
| Defence witnesses 3, confectioner at Khalsa High School.[17] |
| Defence witnesses 6, 25 year old male from Dhullia.[17] |
| Defence witnesses 9, student from Gujranwalla.[17] |
| Defence witnesses 22, 23, 32, [18] |
| Defence witness 31, cousin of Taja.[18] |
| Defence witness 33, village headman.[18] |
| Defence witness 53, Ganda Singh Soni, lawyer at the Lahore Court.[17] |
| Sir Muhammad Shafi, Law member of the Indian Government.[11] |
| Ratan Devi, who lay with her dead husband at Jallianwalla Bagh on 13 April 1919, was examined in court on 16 December 1923.[10][19] |
| Rehma, father of a son enlisted into the Army.[18] |
| Tej Bhan Kumar, lawyer,[18] |
| Raja Narendra Nath, the last of 125 defence witnesses.[10][11] |
| Surendranath Banerjee, Minister of the Bengal Government.[11] |
| List of witnesses called by O'Dwyer for trial testimony between November and December 1923 in Lahore and May 2024 in London |
| William Beynon, retired British army officer and Dyer's superior, who admistered martial law during the disturbances.[1][20] |
| Lewis French,[20] |
| Frank Johnson, British Lieutenant-General and commander of the Lahore civil area during marshall law in Punjab in 1919.[8][21][22] |
| Hubert Digby Watson,[11] |
| Umar Hayat Khan,[8] |
| Sir Bahrami Khan,[8] |
| Aubrey J. O'Brien,[8] |
| R. B. Amarnath[23] |
| Gajjan Singh,[16] |
| Viscount Chelmsford,[24] |
| Sir Charles Monro, then India's Commander-in-Chief, India.[24] |
| John T. Botting, captain in the Royal Field Artillery, who commanded British and Indian soldiers from the 12th Ammunition Column, part of the city's regular garrison.[1] |
| George Carmichael Monro, Governor of Gibraltar and former commander-in-chief in India.[1] |
| A. J. W. Kitchin, former commissioner of the Lahore Division, supervised Amritsar's Deputy Commissioner, Miles Irving, and was delegated by O'Dwyer to handle the disturbances in April 1919.[1] He was censured by the Government of India following the release of the Hunter Report, for his role on 10 April 1919.[1] |
Closing argument and verdict
[edit]Speaking with full deliberation and knowing the whole of the evidence given in this case I expressed my view that General Dyer, in the grave and exceptional circumstances acted rightly and in my opinion he was wrongly punished by the Secretary of State for India. McCardie (May 1924).[13]
At the trial's close, McCardie summed up the case by instructing the jury.[13] He made his sympathies with Dyer clear, expressing his opinion that "Dyer, under the grave and exceptional circumstances, acted rightly, and in my opinion, upon his evidence, he was wrongly punished by the Secretary of State for India".[1][25]
On 29 May 1924, except for Laski, the remaining 11 jurors voted in O'Dwyer's favour.[2] Nair was made to pay for the cost of the trial in addition to damages.[13] O'Dwyer received £500 and costs of £20,000.[14]
Response
[edit]The trial was widely covered in the UK's media, particularly The Times.[1] Although O'Dwyer won the case, the trial renewed scrutiny of British actions in Punjab.[1][26] McCardie's remarks drew criticism from the Government by openly discrediting the Hunter Committee's findings and reversing the government's earlier stance.[13] Though for many, the verdict simply affirmed Dyer's actions.[13]
A few days after the verdict, E. M. Forster published A Passage to India and in resentment to the verdict sent McCardie a copy.[14][27][28]
Nair's book in vernacular was withdrawn by the British Government following the verdict.[3]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Many Indians saw these laws as a betrayal after supporting Britain in World War I.[1]
- ^ Nair initially listed approximately 200 witnesses.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Collett, Nigel A. (2011). "The O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case of 1924: New Evidence Concerning Indian Attitudes and British Intelligence During the 1919 Punjab Disturbances". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 21 (4): 469–483. doi:10.1017/S1356186311000435. ISSN 1356-1863. JSTOR 41490046.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Anand, Anita (6 April 2021). "15. Patriots". The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence. Simon and Schuster. pp. 177–184. ISBN 978-1-5011-9571-6.
- ^ a b Israel, Milton (1994). Communications and Power: Propaganda and the Press in the Indian National Struggle, 1920-1947. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-521-420-37-7.
- ^ Ilahi, Shereen (2020). "2. Inquiry, reactions and the principles of minimum force". Imperial Violence and the Path to Independence: India, Ireland and the Crisis of Empire. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-350-15306-6.
- ^ a b c Furneaux, Rupert (2022). Massacre at Amritsar. Taylor & Francis. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-000-68932-7.
- ^ "Nair O'Dwyer Libel Suit". Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore). Lahore. 29 August 1923. p. 7. Retrieved 22 April 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b c "O'Dwyer Nair case: settlement of preliminaries". Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore). Lahore. 14 October 1923. p. 4. Retrieved 2 May 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b c d e f "O'Dwyer Nair case: settlement of preliminaries". Pall Mall Gazette. Lahore. 13 October 1923. p. 7. Retrieved 27 April 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "The Day's News". Civil & Military Gazette. Lahore. 14 October 1923. p. 3. Retrieved 2 May 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b c "O'Dwyer Nair case: termination of proceedings". Civil & Military Gazette. Lahore. 16 November 1923. p. 4. Retrieved 27 April 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b c d e "Headmen and recruits". Westminster Gazette. Lahore. 13 May 1924. p. 3. Retrieved 27 April 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive].
- ^ "Personalia". Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore). Lahore. 11 July 1923. p. 5. Retrieved 22 April 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wagner, Kim A. (2019). "13. Aftershocks". Amritsar, 1919 : an empire of fear and the making of a massacre. Yale University Press. pp. 245–246. ISBN 978-0-3002-0035-5.
- ^ a b c Lentin, Antony (2016). "3. Storm over Amritsar". Mr Justice McCardie (1869-1933): Rebel, Reformer, and Rogue Judge. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 56–59. ISBN 978-1-4438-9780-8.
- ^ "O'Dwyer Nair case: reports no longer available". Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore). Lahore. 1 December 1923. p. 12. Retrieved 24 April 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b "O'Dwyer Nair case: Defence opens". Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore). Lahore. 16 November 1923. p. 8. Retrieved 24 April 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b c d e Nair, C. S. (1966). Autobiography of Sir C. Sankaran Nair. Madras: Lady Madhavan Nair. pp. 424–432.
- ^ a b c d e "O'Dwyer Nair case". Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore). Lahore. 27 November 1923. p. 12. Retrieved 28 April 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ Chowdhury, Sharmishtha Roy (2019). The First World War, Anticolonialism and Imperial Authority in British India, 1914-1924. Routledge. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-429-79874-0.
- ^ a b "Nair O'Dwyer Case". Civil & Military Gazette. Lahore. 14 May 1924. p. 7. Retrieved 24 April 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ Lloyd, Nick (2011). The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-85771-997-3.
- ^ Punjab, India Committee on Disturbances in Bombay, Delhi, and the (1920). Report of the Committee Appointed in the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 279–281.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "O'Dwyer Nair case: R. B. Amarnath's evidence". Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore). Lahore. 14 November 1923. p. 11. Retrieved 27 April 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b "O'Dwyer Nair case: important witnesses called". Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore). Lahore. 3 January 1924. p. 5. Retrieved 27 April 2025 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "O'Dwyer v. Nair (Hansard, 28 July 1924)". api.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 19 April 2025. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
- ^ Sharpe, Robert J. (2009). "5. To sue or not to sue". The Last Day, the Last Hour: The Currie Libel Trial. University of Toronto Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-8020-9619-7.
- ^ Laski, Harold J. (2014). "10. The judicial process". A Grammar of Politics (Works of Harold J. Laski). Routledge. p. 552. ISBN 978-1-317-58677-7.
- ^ Collett, Nigel (2022). "14. Indian echoes". Developing the Heart: E.M. Forster and India. City University of HK Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-962-937-590-4.
Further reading
[edit]- Nair, C. (Chettur) Sankaran (1922). Gandhi and Anarchy. Madras: Tagore.
- Autobiography of Sir C. Sankaran Nair. Madras: Lady Madhavan Nair. 1966.
- O’Dwyer, Michael (1925). India as I knew it 1885-1925. London: Constable & Co.
- Palat, Raghu; Palat, Pushpa (2019). The Case That Shook the Empire: One Man's Fight for the Truth about the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. New Delhi: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-89000-29-0.
External links
[edit]- "O'Dwyer v. Nair. (Hansard, 28 July 1924)". api.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 13 May 2025. Retrieved 13 May 2025.