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Naum Tyufekchiev

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Naum Tyufekchiev
Born29 June 1864 Edit this on Wikidata
Died25 February 1916 Edit this on Wikidata (aged 51)
Signature

Naum Tyufekchiev (Bulgarian: Наум Тюфекчиев, romanized as Naum Tûfekčiev), 1864-1916), was a Bulgarian revolutionary, explosives expert, tactician, and anarchist arms dealer.[1] He was a member of the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee (SMAC),[2] and one of its leaders.[3]

He served as both an instructor in urban guerrilla warfare, methods of terrorism, and pyrotechnics, as well as a hub for arms trade. He also took part in plots, bombings, and assassinations across the Balkans.

Furthermore, he engaged in numerous collaborations with foreign revolutionary movements, such as the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), participating in their Operation Nejuik, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), the Bulgarian Red Brotherhood and the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). He shared or sold his expertise as an explosives expert and weapons to various movements, and was responsible, among other things, for establishing the first revolutionary explosives workshops in the Russian Empire.

He was assassinated by order of Todor Aleksandrov, the leader of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) on 25 February 1916, in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Biography

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Certificate of the Bulgarian army officer Vladislav Kovachev for his participation in the Supreme Macedonian Committee chetas' action, issued in 1895 and signed by Naum Tyufekchiev.

He was born in Resen, Ottoman Empire, now North Macedonia on 29 June 1864. He studied pyrotechnics in Liège, Belgium.[4]

In 1891, he was involved in a plot to assassinate Stefan Stambolov, the then Bulgarian Prime Minister criticized for his authoritarian methods and good relations with the Ottoman Empire[5][6] alongside his two brothers and Dimitar Rizov. The attempt failed, but managed to kill the Minister of Finance, Hristo Belchev.[7][8] His brother Dencho was captured, tortured, and died in custody, but Naum managed to escape to Serbia and then to Odesa.[4] He was sentenced to death in absentia.[4]

In 1892, he arrived in Constantinople using false papers under the name Ivan Hristo. There, he assassinated the Bulgarian physician and diplomat Georgi Valkovich, a close friend of Stefan Stambolov.[4][9] He fled and returned to the Russian Empire, where he was sentenced to 15 years of prison in absentia by the Ottoman Empire.[4] Bulgarian secret services accused him of being linked to Russian secret services in carrying out the assassination.[10]

In May 1894, he founded, alongside Evtim Sprostranov, Petar Pop Arsov, Thoma Karayovov, Hristo Popkotsev, Dimitar Mirchev, Andrey Lyapchev, Naum Tyufekchiev, Georgi Balaschev, Georgi Belev, the Macedonian Youth Society.[11]

He returned to Bulgaria after Stefan Stambolov lost power and took part in a plot that eventually assassinated Stambolov on 19 July 1895.[4][12] He was acquitted due to lack of evidence.[4] In 1903, he was elected president of an action committee within the SMAC, representing the anarchist faction.[13][14] He participated in the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottoman Empire[15] and was also involved in activities in Albania against the Ottoman Empire.[15] He maintained connections with Faik Konica, the leader of Albanian revolutionaries.[16]

In addition to anarchism, Naum Tiufekchiev supported the positions of Boris Sarafov, referred to as "sarafovism".[17]

Following the death of his son Alexander in the early 1900s, he donated 5000 Bulgarian levs to an Eastern Orthodox bishop in North Macedonia, with the intention of having them distributed in honor of his son to the "poor Macedonians."[18] In 1905, he hosted a delegation of Russian anarchists in Bulgaria, teaching them the fundamentals of pyrotechnics so they could establish laboratories within the Russian Empire.[19]

He also developed link with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), particularly its leader, Christapor Mikaelian, another anarchist and anti-Ottoman revolutionary. In this capacity, he joined Operation Nejuik, a plot to assassinate Abdul Hamid II in retribution for the Hamidian massacres.[20][21] The explosives he provided were of very poor quality and may have been responsible for Mikaelian's death, who exploded while handling them.[22][23] He was suspected for a time by the leadership of the ARF of having deliberately sabotaged the explosives, although historians tend to favor the accident theory.[23] In 1909, he met again with leaders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), providing them with a "significant number of explosives", as well as Austrian rifles and pistols, according to a report by the Okhrana, the secret police of the Russian Empire.[24] They managed to transport the explosives and weapons into Ottoman Armenia and Russian Armenia by loading them onto a steamship that docked in Batumi, Georgia.[24]

He also maintained significant connections with the Bolsheviks, who consulted him. He guided the future Soviet general, who was then a chemist, Georgy Skosarevskii, and received visits from Nikolay Burenin, the leader of the terrorist organization within the Bolshevik movement, on several occasions.[25] After Bulgaria's entry into World War I, he made a donation to restore the institutions of the Bulgarian Exarchate in the regions of Macedonia that were under Serbian and Greek rule.

He was assassinated from Petar Skachkov,[26] by order of Todor Aleksandrov, the leader of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) on 25 February 1916, in Sofia, Bulgaria.[4]

References

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  1. ^ Андрей Пантев, Борислав Гаврилов, 2003, 100-те най-влиятелни българи в нашата история. Репортер, София, ISBN 9789548102513, стр. 275.
  2. ^ Светлозар Елдъров, 1993, Тайните офицерски братства в българската армия и освободителните борби на Македония и Одринско 1897-1912, Военно издателство, стр. 16.
  3. ^ Цочо Билярски, Даме Груев живот и дело, сборник, том 2, 2007, Анико, стр. 498.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Тачев, Стоян (2 July 2018). "Наум Тюфекчиев – българският терорист на руска и турска служба". Българска история (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  5. ^ Nyagulov, Blagovest (2012). "Ideas of Federation and Personal Union with Regard to Bulgaria and Romania". Bulgarian Historical Review / Revue Bulgare d'Histoire (3–4): 36–61. ISSN 0204-8906. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  6. ^ Giannakos, Symeon A. (2001). "Bulgaria's Macedonian dilemma". Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans. 3 (2): 153–170. doi:10.1080/14613190120088565. ISSN 1461-3190. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  7. ^ Terziev, Venelın (7 January 2023). "LITERATURE AS HISTORY AND EDUCATION IN THE MODERN BULGARIAN SOCIETY OF THE 20TH CENTURY". IJAEDU- International E-Journal of Advances in Education. 8 (24): 213–218. doi:10.18768/ijaedu.1198801. ISSN 2411-1821.
  8. ^ Parusheva, Dobrinka (1 January 2011). "The Web of Power and Power of the Webs: Political Elites in Romania and Bulgaria in the Late Nineteenth Century and Their Networks". Nathalie Clayer and Tassos Anastassiadis (eds), Society and Politics in South-Eastern Europe during the 19th century, Alpha Bank Historical Archives, Athens 2011, 141-176. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  9. ^ Charles; Jelavich, Barbara (1953). "The Occupation Fund Documents: A Diplomatic Forgery". American Slavic and East European Review. 12 (3): 343–349. doi:10.1017/S1049754400006659. ISSN 1049-7544. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  10. ^ FERDINAND, O. P. ДИПЛОМАТИЧЕСКИ ОПИТИ ЗА МЕЖДУНАРОДНОТО ПРИЗНАВАНЕ НА КНЯЗ ФЕРДИНАД 1890-1892 ГОДИНА. ТОМ ХLIII, КНИГА 2, 2014 О Б Щ Е С Т В Е Н И Н А У К И, 35. https://btu.bg/images/Annual/annual_uaz_book_2_2014.pdf#page=37 Archived 2023-08-12 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "100 years IMORO", prof. Dimitŭr Minchev, prof. Dimitŭr Gotsev, Macedonian scientific institute, 1994, Sofia, p. 37; (Bg.)
  12. ^ Parusheva, Dobrinka (1 January 2011). "The Web of Power and Power of the Webs: Political Elites in Romania and Bulgaria in the Late Nineteenth Century and Their Networks". Nathalie Clayer and Tassos Anastassiadis (eds), Society and Politics in South-Eastern Europe during the 19th century, Alpha Bank Historical Archives, Athens 2011, 141-176. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  13. ^ Nikolova, Maria (2003). "Участието на Петър Манджуков в национално-освободителното движение в Смолянско през 1903 година (по негови спомени)". Македонски преглед (in Bulgarian) (3): 131–138. ISSN 0861-2277. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  14. ^ "Писма от дейци на Върховния македонски комитет и на българските македоно-одрински революционни комитети в архива на д-р Константин Стоилов (1895-1898 г.)". Македонски преглед (in Bulgarian) (4): 101–128. 1996. ISSN 0861-2277. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  15. ^ a b Bego, Fabio (2018). "Албано-българските отношения в рамките на Голямата война: инициативи, съмнения и провали". Македонски преглед (in Bulgarian) (4): 67–90. ISSN 0861-2277. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  16. ^ Zlatarsky, Vladimir (2017). "Първият коалиционен разрив. Спорът между България и Австро-Унгария в началото на 1916 г." Епохи (in Bulgarian). XXV (2): 398–416. ISSN 1310-2141. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  17. ^ Slavov, Slavi (2012). "Сарафизмьт като течение във Вътрешната македоно-одринска революционна организация". Исторически преглед (in Bulgarian) (1–2): 60–95. ISSN 0323-9748. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  18. ^ Temelski, Christo (2000). "Залезът на Българската екзархия и Македонската православна църква". Македонски преглед (in Bulgarian) (3): 43–74. ISSN 0861-2277. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  19. ^ Cao, Yin (2019). "Bombs in Beijing and Delhi: The Global Spread of Bomb-Making Technology and the Revolutionary Terrorism in Modern China and India". Journal of World History. 30 (4): 559–590. ISSN 1045-6007. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  20. ^ Minassian 2018, pp. 46–47.
  21. ^ Berberian 2021, pp. 66–67.
  22. ^ Berberian 2021, pp. 57–60.
  23. ^ a b Minassian 2018, pp. 51–54.
  24. ^ a b Berberian, Houri (2019). Roving revolutionaries: Armenians and the connected revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman worlds. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-27894-3.
  25. ^ Geifman, Anna (1995). Thou shalt kill: revolutionary terrorism in Russia, 1894 - 1917 (2. print., and 1. paperback print ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08778-8.
  26. ^ Мантов, Димитър. Пантеон на черното безсмъртие. Атентатите в България, Български писател, 1995, стр. 35.

Bibliography

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