Mahine Teheiura

Mahine
King of Huahine and Mai'ao
Reign	1810–1815
Predecessor	Tenani'a
Successor	Teri'itari'a II
Born	c. 1761
Died	2 February 1838 (aged 76–77)
Spouse	Vaea Perera Tetuaapua Tao’a Apere (Mahine vahine)
Issue	Tu'aitara (she died young) Ta'aroaari'i
Names Mahine Ta'aroaari'i Tehei'ura Puru
Father	Mato Teri'itepoarei
Mother	Tetuaveroa

Mahine (c. 1761–2 February 1838), also known as Puru, Ta'aroaari'i, or Tehei'ura, was a ruler of Huahine and Mai'ao, as well as a central figure in the political, religious, and legal changes that reshaped the Society Islands in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Born in an era marked by tribal warfare and human sacrifice, he descended from the prestigious Tamatoa lineage of Ra'iātea through his father Mato and was rooted in Huahine by his mother Tetuaveroa. Mahine ascended to power around 1780, following the Battle of Ho'oroto, during which his father Mato and father-in-law Mo'ohono were killed. In the late 1790s, after a long struggle, he established authority over Huahine and Maiʻao alongside his older brother Tenani'a, overthrowing Queen Teha'apapa I and her son Teri'itaria I. From his third wife, he had a sole son named Ta'aroaari'i, born in 1802. Throughout his reign, Mahine forged strategic alliances among the Leeward Islands, supporting Tapoa I in the conquest of Bora Bora in 1804. In November 1808, he gave refuge to English missionaries fleeing unrest in Tahiti.To strengthen dynastic ties with the Tamatoa lineage of Ra'iātea, he abdicated the throne of Huahine in favor of his niece, Teri'itaria II, assuming the role of executive chief while retaining sovereignty over Mai'ao. The proposed union between Teriʻitaria II and Pōmare II aimed to bring together the Tamatoa and Pōmare royal houses, thereby consolidating the influence and legitimacy of the Pōmare dynasty across the Society Islands..

Mahine took part in military expeditions to restore Pōmare II to his kingdom of Tahiti, from which he had been ousted in late 1808. In May 1809, alongside his brother Tenani'a, sister-in-law Itia, and son Ta'aroaari'i, he joined the first group of warriors from Huahine to support Pōmare II. He led Pōmare II’s forces in a failed attempt to retake power during the Battle of Maha'ena in 1809. In 1810, alongside Tapoa I, Tamatoa III, Ma'i III, Tefa'aora I, and fellow Leeward Islands chiefs, he lent his support to Pomare II’s forces, playing a vital role in restoring peace and reaffirming Tahiti’s sovereign authority. In 1813, with his son Ta'aroaari'i, he actively attended catechism and literacy classes taught by English missionaries in Mo'orea. In December 1814, his brother Tenani'a and sister-in-law Itia, died in Mo'orea. Mahine played a decisive role in the 1815 Battle of Fe'i Pi, which led to the eradication of idolatry, human sacrifice, and infanticide in the Society Islands. Mahine was instrumental in implementing the Hau pahu rahi ("Government of the great drum") initiated by Pōmare II, which expanded centralized governance into the Leeward Islands and restructured traditional leadership within new legal frameworks.

In 1818, he welcomed English missionaries to Huahine and supported the development of education, literacy, and religious instruction. Baptized in 1819, Mahine co-founded the "Huahine society for the promotion of the knowledge of God's word", serving as vice president alongside Hauti'a, under Queen Teri'itaria II's authority. In 1820, Tematafainu'u, the only daughter of Chief Hauti'a, was married to his son Ta'aroaari'i. In early 1821, Mahine opposed King Pōmare II's restrictions on porc and local goods trade in the Leeward Islands, favoring free commerce. His son Ta'aroaari'i died in October 1821 due to forced labor imposed in violation of indigenous laws on the island. During this period, Mahine received London Missionary Society envoys Daniel Tyerman and George Bennet upon their arrival in Huahine. In 1822, Mahine and Hauti'a, serving as regents of Huahine, presided over the creation and implementation of the island's first legal code, E ture no Huahine, which notably outlawed infanticide, human sacrifice, tattooing, and other customs. This marked a decisive shift from traditional practices toward Christian morality.

In 1824, Mahine took part in the coronation of King Pōmare III and expressed his intention to cede his domain of Mai'ao to the young monarch, though he was ultimately dissuaded by fellow chiefs. In 1829, he joined Tamatoa III of Ra'iātea, Mai II, and Tefa‘aora of Bora Bora in supporting missionary George Platt’s efforts to restore order in Maupiti, following the disruption caused by the Mamaia prophetic movement. In addition to serving as regent of Huahine, Mahine exercised authority over a portion of Mo'orea, reflecting his broader influence across the Society Islands. In 1831 the chiefs of Huahine participated in the Leeward Islands war, supporting Tamatoa III and later his successor Tamatoa IV against Tapoa II's expansionist ambitions. Tapoa II sought to detach Taha'a from Ra'iātea’s authority and incorporate it into the governance of Bora Bora, then led by its principal chiefs, Ma'i III and Tefa'aora II. Peace was restored by mid-1832 but was followed by a period of alcoholism. In 1834, Maihara, sister of Teri'itaria II and co-regent of Huahine alongside Mahine, died. Temari'i, granddaughter of Mahine and Hauti'a, was expected to succeed her, but was later sidelined by Teri'itaria II, who adopted Teratane a son of Queen Pōmare IV to inherit the throne of Huahine.

Once feared as a warrior-chief in the Leeward Islands, Mahine had become a revered spiritual guide and pillar of Protestantism. As a deacon, he tirelessly supported English missionaries, sharing scriptures and messages of encouragement door to door. His unwavering faith in the missionaries and the Gospel, despite adversity and betrayals, established him as a cornerstone of Protestantism. On February 2, 1838, after proclaiming that Christ was his rest and giving his final instructions, Mahine died, leaving behind a legacy of spiritual strength and enduring humility.

Mahine's family of Huahine

Mahine was born on the island of Huahine around 1761. By the time Captain James Cook made his final visit in 1777, Mahine was already a young man of 15. He was also known as Puru. Other names include Tehei'ura and Ta'aroaari'i, as referred to by missionary John Barff. Mahine's father, Mato, was originally from the Tamatoa lineage of Ra'iātea. Also known as Teri'itepoarei, he was killed by 1780 in Taha'a while returning to Huahine following the bloody Battle of Ho'oroto in Ra'iātea. Mahine's mother was Tetuaveroa, daughter of Mo'ohono, a high priest of Huahine. Tenani'a, the elder brother of Mahine, was known by several names, including Otihe, Ari'ipaea, and Utami. His second wife was Itia, a high-ranking woman from Mo'orea who had previously been married to Pōmare I. Itia was also the mother of Pōmare II, making Tenani'a his stepfather. From his first union with Tohemai, Tenani'a had a daughter named Turaiari'i, also known as Teraimano. From his union with Itia, he had another daughter named Teari'ia'etua, who was likewise referred to as Teraimano.

Political situation of the Leeward Islands during Cook's three voyages – 1769-1777

Before Captain James Cook arrived in Huahine in 1769, the islands of Taha'a and Ra'iātea had already been conquered by Puni, the ari'i rahi (principal chief) of Bora Bora. U'uru, the former sovereign of Ra'iātea, was permitted to return to his hereditary district of Opoa, where he ruled under Puni’s suzerainty. U'uru had five sons: Mateha, Tamatoa III, Pahi, Tahitoe, and Faita (also known as Pepupehu).

During Cook’s first two voyages, Huahine was ruled by Chief 'Ori, who served as regent for the young Teri'itaria I, aged about eight in 1773. Naturalists Johann Reinhold Forster and Georg Forster referred to him as "T’aree-tarea." Chief 'Ori was between fifty and sixty years of age Teri'itaria's father had been killed in a battle against Puni. According to Ma'i, Huahine briefly fell under Puni’s control until Ori’s brother Tereroa reclaimed it. Puni killed Tereroa but was ultimately repelled by 'Ori. By 1777, 'Ori had relocated to Ra'iātea, and U'uru had settled in Huahine. U'uru had strong ancestral ties to Mato a descendant of the Tamatoa line. Mato's brother, Rohianu'u, was father of Teri'itaria I and first husband of Teha'apapa I.

Also known as Mata'irea, Huahine is divided into Huahine rahi (more commonly known as Huahine nui, the big island) and Huahine iti (the small island). Mato founded the chiefdoms of Ama and Atea, united as Fareri'i, now known as Tefareri'i, located on Huahine iti. Teha'apapa I held hereditary authority over the eight traditional chiefdoms of Huahine rahi, collectively called Atiapi'i.

The battle of Ho'oroto and the rise of Mahine and Tenani'a – 1780-1790

The Battle of Hoʻoroto, fought circa 1780 near the islet of Tipaema'u in Ra'iātea, marked a decisive confrontation between warriors from Huahine and Bora Bora, the latter having previously subdued Taha'a and Ra'iātea. While missionary William Ellis attributes the conflict to efforts to reinstate the deposed chief Ohureha'apa, alternative accounts including an 1845 Huahine account and Chesneau's 1928 version suggest that the deeper impetus lay in Mo'ohono's dynastic ambitions. Following his overthrow of Queen Teha'apapa I and her son Teri'itaria I, Mo'ohono sought to enthrone his grandsons Mahine and Tenani'a as ari'i rahi or principal chiefs of Huahine and Mai'ao, with their legitimacy to be consecrated at the sacred Taputapuātea marae, then under the control of Puni's warriors and dedicated to the war god 'Oro. Despite Huahine's valiant resistance, the fleet suffered severe losses, and the deaths of Mato and Mo'ohono during the retreat through Taha'a marked a turning point. Subsequent efforts by Teha'apapa I and Teri'itaria I to reclaim power were thwarted by internal divisions, and by the end of 1790, Mahine and Tenani'a had consolidated their rule over Huahine and Mai'ao, thereby fulfilling Mo'ohono’s vision.

In January 1791, while in Tahiti, James Morrison received reports from the inhabitants of Huahine concerning Ma'i. They informed him that Ma'i's muskets were in the possession of a chief who was a friend of his, "Tennanea", said to be the brother of "Tayreetarieea", king of "Hooaheine". The King "Tayreetarieea" mentioned by Morrison may have been Teri'itaria I, the ari'i rahi (principal chief) encountered by James Cook. However, according to the genealogist Mare, Teri'itaria I was not Tenani'a's brother but rather his cousin. Tenani'a, on the other hand, was indeed the elder brother of Mahine. 'Teri'itaria' was a chiefly title borne by multiple sovereigns of Huahine. The prevailing consensus is that Mahine, who bore the title Teri'itaria, assumed rulership of Huahine toward the end of 1790.

Huahine-Bora Bora Conflict Over Ra'iātea – August 1797

In August 1797, Captain James Wilson, commander of the Duff, recorded the testimony of an Irish resident named Connor (James O'Connor) during a brief stop on the island of Huahine. He was a former castaway from the whaling ship Matilda, which was commanded by Captain Matthew Weatherhead and had been shipwrecked on the island of Moruroa on February 25, 1792. Connor was the father of a little girl whose mother came from Huahine. He recounted that about three months before Wilson's arrival, Huahine forces had launched an attack on Ra'iātea, which was then occupied by warriors from Bora Bora. Despite suffering heavy casualties on both sides, Huahine initially emerged victorious, forcing the Bora Bora's warriors to retreat. However, when some Huahine warriors returned home to see their families, the Bora Bora forces regrouped, launched a counterattack with superior numbers, and killed around fifty of Huahine's best warriors. Connor himself narrowly escaped by canoe and displayed a scar from a wound sustained during the battle. Wilson observed that the cycle of warfare appeared unending, as each defeat was perceived as justification for renewed conflict. Preparations for another assault were already underway.

Turnbull's visit – 1802

Toward the end of the year 1790, Mahine exercised effective control over the island of Huahine while his brother Tenani'a, spent his time between Tahiti and Mo'orea, where he lived with Itia, the mother of Pōmare II. Itia descended from a lineage of principal chiefs of Mo'orea. From her union with Tenani'a was born Teari'ia'etua, around 1795. She died at the age of fifteen or sixteen. It is believed that Tenani'a married Itia in May 1799 in Pare.

John Turnbull, a British navigator and merchant, arrived in Tahiti on September 24, 1802, and stayed for about a month. Around this time, Itia, appeared alongside her favorite, a chief from the island of Huahine, "a man of most savage appearance and manner". She had been separated from her husband, Pōmare I, for several years.

Turnbull was reported to have landed on Huahine in late October 1802. He was honoured with a visit from the principal lady on the island, who was so corpulent that it was with much difficulty she could be brought onto the deck. This lady exercised sovereignty during the minority of the young king, her grandson. He had no other distinguishing marks from his subjects, except that he seemed to be treated with attention and was carried on men's shoulders. He had two sisters, about nine or ten years old, and the king was a year or two younger. At Ra'iātea, he met King "Tomaquoa" and his queen "Teerimonie", who is likely another name for Turaiari'i Ehevahine. The father of the king made him a visit. He moreover received a visit from the mother of the queen. Turnbull noted that the principal chief or king of Taha'a, who generally resides in Ra'iātea, is the commander-in-chief of the inhabitants of both islands in time of war, and seemed to possess much more power and influence in Ra'iātea than the king himself.

During this period, Chiefs Tamatoa III of Ra'iātea and Tapoa I of Taha'a held no authority over Huahine or Bora Bora. On Huahine, Mahine and Tenania held power, while Ma'i III and Tefa'aora II governed Bora Bora. Although the islands operated separately, Tamatoa maintained strong ties with Mahine and Tenani'a. These connections were strengthened by their shared family lineage and by Tamatoa III's marriage to Turaiari'i Ehevahine, daughter of Teha'apapa I of Huahine. Tamatoa’s children even resided on Huahine alongside their cousins. Mahine also enjoyed cordial relations with Tapoa I, as his first wife had been Tapoa's sister. This familial bond helped preserve political goodwill across the islands despite their autonomous rule.

Tenani'a and Itia regent for their daughter Teari'ia'etua in Moorea – September 1804

At the beginning of 1804, Pōmare II exercised uncontested authority over Tahiti, retaining possession of the sacred image of the god 'Oro. Troubled by persistent fears concerning the spirit of his deceased father, he temporarily withdrew to a residence near the marae Utu'aimahurau in Atehuru, where the image of 'Oro remained following negotiations with members of the Oropaʻa clan, affiliated with the chieftaincy of Atehuru (encompassing present-day Punaauia and Paea). In May 1804, he established permanent residence in Varari, on the island of Mo'orea, bringing with him the deity 'Oro, who remained central to his religious practice.

There, at the marae Taputapuātea in Papetoai and the marae Nu'urua in the Varari district, Pōmare II consolidated his territorial claims and ceremonial titles. As part of his strategy to extend influence, he appointed his infant half-sister Teari'ia'etua, daughter of his mother by Otihe, the chief of Huahine, as his representative in Mo'orea. This assertion of authority was met with resistance. The ra'atiras, local chiefs and landowners of Mo'orea, refused to acknowledge Teari'ia'etua as their legitimate leader and declined to relinquish their firearms. The resulting conflict led to the deaths of nine men and one woman. Despite this violent episode, peace was soon restored.

The conquest of Bora Bora by Tapoa I – December, 1804

According to testimony recorded by Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1823, Tapoa I had extended his influence over Huahine, Ra'iātea, and Taha'a, but failed to conquer Bora Bora during a campaign believed to have occurred around 1803. His assault on the fortified settlements of Fa'anui ended in defeat, triggering a destructive counterattack and culminating in a decisive battle at Tahua rahi. Despite commanding a larger force, Tapoa I retreated to Ra'iātea, leaving Ma'i III and Tefa'aora I as the uncontested leaders of Bora Bora. These events unfolded during the reign of the young Queen Teri'imaevarua of Bora Bora (born c.1797), the legitimate heir and great granddaughter of Puni. She had succeeded Queen Maevarua, herself the daughter of Puni, thereby continuing a dynastic lineage that linked the ruling houses of Bora Bora and neighboring islands.

A year later, Tapoa I returned to the fray with reinforcements from Tahiti, Ra'iātea, Taha'a, and Huahine. Overwhelmed by the influx of warriors from these islands, Ma'i III (c. 1780-1864) and Tefa'aora I (c. 1780-1832) were forced to submit to the new overlord, Tapoa I, thereby consolidating his authority over Bora Bora. This second conflict in Bora Bora claimed the lives of Connor, an Irishman shipwrecked years earlier, and a resident from the Hawaiian Islands. Despite these setbacks, Tapoa I was later hailed as “the Conqueror” and recognized as a prominent figure in the Leeward Islands. Another account from the early 19th century describes a battle known as Huri 'āua, in which Tamatoa III’s warriors confronted the forces of Fa'anui in Bora Bora to support Tapoa I, successor to Puni.

Following the conquest of Bora Bora, Teri'imaevarua a Teaue was deposed, and the daughter of Tapoa I was recognized as ari'i rahi (principal chief) of both Taha'a and Bora Bora, under the dynastic title Maevarua. Ma'i III and Tefa'aora I, under the suzerainty of Tapoa I, assumed the functions of fa'atere Hau (executive chiefs) of Bora Bora, overseeing administrative and military affairs within the newly unified power structure.

Tenania’s rescue from certain death and departure to Huahine – May 25, 1808

On April 17, 1808, missionaries Henry Nott and Gregory Warner, stationed in Mo'orea, reported in a letter that they had been detained by King Pōmare II, his mother, and the influent chief Ari'ipaea. The king’s half-sister, Teari'ia'etua, was reportedly gravely ill. By May 1, messengers from Pare brought word that Pōmare II had crossed the motu at Nanu (Motu Uta, located within Papeete Bay) and was traveling toward Papa'oa (Arue). Both the king and Ari'ipaea were said to be seriously ill. Although the missionaries referred to Ari'ipaea as Pōmare's “father-in-law,” he was in fact his stepfather. When Ari'ipaea arrived at Matavai on May 2, he was unable to walk, though he appeared in better condition than the king.

Their illness was traced to the consumption of newly distilled wine on April 6. Ari'ipaea later credited the care of Nott and Warner with saving his life. Despite his impaired mobility, Ari'ipaea, along with his wife Itia and their daughter Teari'ia'etua, resolved to relocate to the island of Huahine. On May 25, 1808, they departed from Matavai Bay, traveling through Pare (Pirae and Papeete) and Mo'orea before heading to Huahine. Prior to departure, the missionaries presented them with a musket. Their journey was made aboard a newly acquired vessel, purchased by Pōmare II from missionary Henry Bicknell on October 9, 1807, in exchange for one ton of iron. Although the voyage through the Leeward Islands had been planned since the ship’s acquisition, it was delayed due to the debilitating illness that afflicted both Pōmare II and Ari'ipaea.

The English missionaries' escape to Huahine – November 10, 1808

On November 11, 1808, English missionaries arrived on the island of Huahine aboard the Perseverance, seeking refuge following an insurrection by the eastern coastal tribes against Pōmare II in Tahiti on November 6, 1808. Upon arrival, the missionaries were welcomed by Ari'ipaea (also known as Tenania), Itia, and Puru, also called Mahine, who was Ari'ipaea’s brother and a prominent chief of Huahine. The missionaries were settled near Fare Harbour at the site where James Cook had previously established the House of Ma'i during his 1777 expedition. Local leaders arranged accommodations and ensured a regular supply of food, reflecting both diplomatic hospitality and strategic alliance building during a time of regional upheaval.

Military and matrimonial alliance – November 21, 1808

In November 14, 1808, missionary John Davies reported that Mahine and his brother Tenani'a recognized Teri'itaria II as the supreme chief, or legitimate Queen, of Huahine. She was the daughter of Tamatoa III, a principal chief of Ra'iātea, and had been promised in marriage to Pōmare II. At the request of Teha'apapa I, Mahine ceded the kingship of Huahine and assumed the role of executive chief (fa'atere Hau). However, he retained control over the kingdom of Maiʻao. This dynastic decision was part of a broader political strategy to forge a military alliance between the Tamatoa and Pōmare dynasties. On November 21,1808, Itia spouse of Tenania and formerly wife of Pōmare I, sent a message to Tahiti, inviting her son, Pōmare II, to come down to Huahine and take Teriitaria II as his wife.

Gifts to the eight chiefs of Huahine – November 28, 1808

On November 28, 1808, missionary John Davies recorded the names of eight notable chiefs of Huahine, most of whom were still young, with the exception of Tehaʻapapa I. The list included Tehaʻapapa I, mother-in-law of Tamatoa III; Nohoraʻi, son of Tamatoa III; Tenani'a, daughter of Tamatoa III; Turaiari'i (later known as Teraimano), daughter of Tenani'a by his first wife (Tohemai); Temari'i, better known as Maihara, daughter of Tamatoa III; Teihotu, daughter of Tamatoa III; Ta'aroaari'i, son of Mahine; and Teraimano formerly called Teari'ia'etua, daughter of Tenani'a by his second wife, Itia. Tamatoa III resided in Ra'iātea with another daughter whose name was not recorded. This unnamed daughter living in Ra'iātea is believed to be Tetupaia, later known as Teremoemoe, Teritoitera'i or Teravahine.

The battle of Onohea and Pōmare II's escape to Mo'orea – December 22, 1808

When the Perseverance departed Tahiti on November 10, 1808, a temporary peace, or more accurately a cessation of hostilities, prevailed between Pōmare II and the rebel factions. Missionaries James Hayward, Henry Nott, William Scott, and Charles Wilson chose to remain with King Pōmare II and planned to reside in the house formerly occupied by John Eyre and William Henry. However, on their first night, they were alarmed by reports that enemy forces were nearby and quickly relocated to Pōmare’s residence at Point Venus for safety.

The next day, at the urging of Pōmare II, the missionaries traveled down to Pare with him and his people. The king and his followers settled at Papa'oa in Arue, where they remained until December 22, 1808. Influenced by the predictions of the prophet Metia, Pōmare II then impulsively sailed with only a small force to attack the rebels in the district of Onohea. Although the enemy had greater numbers and held the advantage of higher ground, the prophet had assured the king of an easy victory. Pōmare did not gather additional forces or take necessary precautions. His men launched the attack with apparent courage, quickly killing two rebels and placing their bodies in canoes. Shortly afterward, one of Pōmare's men was shot and fell backward toward their own ranks. This was seen as a bad omen, and panic took hold. The attackers retreated, fleeing to their canoes. The rebels pursued them, overtaking and killing several of Pomare's principal men. They also captured several muskets.

Pōmare and the remnants of his forces fled to Pare. As soon as the English missionaries received the news, they boarded their boat and sailed to Moorea. Pōmare II and his followers took refuge on the small island at Nanu Bay, also known as Motu Uta, where he and some of his men spent the night. In the meantime, the rebels overran the districts of Matavai, Pare, and Faa'a, burning houses and destroying property. After three weeks at Nanu, Pōmare followed the missionaries to Mo'orea.

Visit of Tamatoa III and Tapoa I in Huahine – February 20, 1809

On February 20, 1809, Tamatoa III and Tapoa I, the two principal chiefs of the Leeward Islands, arrived in Huahine aboard two canoes accompanied by only a small retinue. The following day, they paid formal visits to the local chiefs and missionaries. Their arrival was marked by ceremonial honors, as Huahine’s chiefs received them with all customary signs of respect. Among those who welcomed them, Itia and her husband Ariʻipaea gave particular attention to Tapoa I, presenting him with a musket and various European goods. During their stay, political discussions took place between Tapoa I, Tamatoa III, Ari'ipaea, and Itia concerning the situation of the islands. On February 23 and 24, a hog collection was organized across Huahine Iti, the smaller of Huahine's two islands. On the first Sabbath following their arrival, a large assembly gathered to hear the missionaries preach. However, Tamatoa and Tapoa, who held the role of high priest of 'Oro, appeared to distance themselves from the Christian faith. A considerable number of chiefs and people from Ra'iātea had also arrived in Huahine during this period. On March 27, the entire population of the island came together to present gifts to Tapoa I and Tamatoa III. After a stay of nearly two weeks, the two principal chiefs departed for Ra'iātea, laden with offerings.

Arrival of William Scott and Charles Wilson in Huahine – April 2, 1809

On April 2, 1809, the missionary community in Huahine received word that William Scott and Charles Wilson had arrived safely at Maroe, located on Huahine iti. Their arrival was promptly acknowledged by local figures Ari'ipaea and Itia. Upon learning that her son, Pōmare II, had been expelled from Tahiti, Itia was reportedly overcome with emotion. That same day, the missionaries received a letter dated March 20, 1809, in which Pōmare II urged their return to Tahiti once political conditions had stabilized. He requested that two missionaries be dispatched to support Henry Nott and James Hayward, who had remained behind. Furthermore, Pōmare II appealed to Ta'aroaari'i, the young son of Puru, to refrain from engaging in hostilities and to preserve peace on the island of Huahine. On April 7, a canoe was sent to Mo'orea with instructions to advise Pōmare II to await the arrival of the fleet from the Leeward Islands before taking further action.

First contingent of Leeward Islands warriors in support of Pōmare II – May 1, 1809

Early in the morning on April 30, 1809, the wind was from the north, which was suitable for sailing to Mo'orea, although a west to northwest wind would have been preferable. Mahine and Itia proceeded to the great marae Matairea, situated on a hill in the district of Maeva, to pray to the gods for favorable winds and protection during the voyage. As news of the chiefs' impending departure spread across the island, a large number of people assembled in the district of Maroe from various parts of Huahine to mourn their friends who were preparing to leave for Mo'orea. The first part of the night was marked by the beating of drums and frenzied shouting. However, about an hour or two before daybreak, the atmosphere shifted dramatically, and only lamentation and weeping could be heard. Shortly before sunrise on May 1, 1809, the English missionaries accompanied Mahine, Ari'ipaea, Itia, and Mahine's son, Ta'aroaari'i, to the place of embarkation. Early that morning, the boats carrying the first contingent of warriors departed Huahine for Mo'orea, accompanied by three large double canoes. Missionary John Davies estimated that the group numbered approximately 250 individuals, including a significant number of women and children.

Death of Tapoa I’s daughter Maevarua – July 14, 1809

An unexpected event directly affecting Tapoa I significantly influenced the departure of chiefs and warriors from Ra'iātea to Mo'orea. On May 19, 1809, a canoe arrived from Ra'iātea bearing news that Maevarua, daughter of Tapoa I and recognized chief of Taha'a and Bora Bora, was gravely ill. The canoe had been dispatched to summon Totara, a priest and prophet reputed for his spiritual power and influence with the gods. Totara was to return to Ra'iātea to pray for Maevarua's recovery, having previously undertaken a similar mission that was believed to have contributed to her earlier improvement.

On July 14, 1809, three canoes arrived from Ra'iātea to collect the chiefs who were expected to travel there to mourn the death of Maevarua. She left behind her young son, Teri'inohorai (later known as Tapoa II), orphaned. In response, Tapoa I appointed Fenuapeho, executive chief of Taha'a and a member of his family, as regent to safeguard the succession and ensure the stability of his grandson’s future reign.

Battle of Maha'ena: defeat of Pōmare II’s forces under Chief Mahine – October, 1809

On October 17, 1809, the Hibernia under Captain William Campbell and the Venus under Captain John Burbeck arrived at Fare Harbour in Huahine. The Venus, previously seized by Tahitian rebels, had been successfully recovered by Campbell. According to collected testimonies, Mahine, chief of Huahine, traveled from Moorea to Tahiti with Captain Campbell, whose mission was to reclaim the Venus, which had been taken by rebels as an offering to the god 'Oro. Mahine's fleet landed unexpectedly at Mahaʻena, scattering rebel forces. His warriors pursued them inland but were ambushed and forced to retreat, losing 24 men. Despite the setback, they captured the rebels' canoes and sailed to Pare. Captain Campbell, having reclaimed the Venus, later departed for Mo'orea and Huahine.

An article published on February 17, 1810 in The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser chronicled the experiences of English missionaries, the ships Hibernia and Venus, and the defeat of Pōmare II’s forces at Mahaʻena under Mahine the chief of Huahine. It suggested that Pōmare’s dethronement stemmed from flaws in his governance, particularly his imposition of burdensome policies on the people. With no formal taxation system, the handling of all property lay entirely under his arbitrary control.

Departure of the english missionaries from the island of Huahine – October 26, 1809

On October 26, 1809, the missionaries boarded the Hibernia, bound for the Fiji Islands. However, James Hayward remained in Huahine, while Henry Nott stayed behind in Moorea. The elderly William Caw, who had long severed ties with the missionary station, also chose to remain in the islands. Following a long and hazardous sixteen-week journey via the Fiji Islands, the missionaries and their families arrived at Sydney Cove on February 17, 1810.

Second contingent of Leeward Islands warriors in support of Pōmare II – July to October 1810

By late 1810, King Pōmare II secured reinforcements from the Leeward Islands in his effort to reclaim control over Tahiti. On July 12, Ma'i III and Tefa'aora I arrived at Moorea from Bora Bora with 262 warriors. Tapoa followed on September 27, bringing 288 fighters from Raiatea aboard the Venus. On October 10, 199 warriors from Huahine arrived in nine canoes and one boat. Patea or Itia (Pomare II's mother), Utami (Pomare II's stepfather), and other loyalists remained in Tahiti. Missionary James Hayward later joined Henry Nott at Mo'orea. The combined arrival of more than 700 warriors significantly bolstered Pomare II’s forces and contributed to the restoration of peace.

Pomare II's marriage with Teremoemoe – October, 1810

Tetupai'a, later known as Teremoemoe and younger sister of Teri'itaria II, had been adopted by Tapoa I. Soon after his arrival in Mo'orea on September 27, 1810, he reportedly proposed to Pōmare II that he marry his adoptive daughter. Pōmare II agreed to the proposal, reportedly due to the youth and beauty of the prospective bride. To soften the disappointment of Teri'itaria II, who had previously been promised in marriage to Pōmare II, she inherited the honorific title of Pōmare Vahine. Tamatoa III arrived later in Mo'orea, as reported by Pōmare II in a letter dated January 28, 1811.

Attempt to seize the ship Hope and death of Teha'apapa I – July 25, 1810

In a letter dated November 16, 1810, addressed to the English missionaries, Pōmare II recounted an attempted seizure of the ship Hope, commanded by Captain Chase, while it was docked at the island of Huahine. This plan had been proposed by the chief, Tapoa I, who was present on the island. Tapoa suggested that Pōmare Vahine and Teha'apapa I join him in seizing the ship. However, Pōmare Vahine refused to involve the government of Huahine and responded to Tapoa that if he intended to seize the ship, he should do so at Raiatea instead. Tapoa had to abandon the plan. Pomare II reported in his letter that shortly after Captain Chase's departure, Teha'apapa I died on July 25, 1810.

The incident was later published by missionary John Davies in The Sydney Gazette on May 25, 1811. He reported that the Chief Tapoa I had proposed the seizure of the ship Hope to the "old queen", who mainly ran the government. She was the "grandmother" of the "rightful queen", aged around twenty years old. Teha'apapa I was therefore the grandmother of Teriʻitaria II, who was born around 1790. Pōmare II already referred to her as Pōmare Vahine.

Death of Teari'ia'etua – 1811

In 1812, when Pōmare II chose to adopt Christianity, he faced opposition from influential chiefs like Tamatoa III and Tapoa I. However, his mother Itia and stepfather Tenania supported his decision, deeply affected by the recent death of their daughter Teraimano (formerly Teari'ia'etua), aged 15 or 16. Despite ritual offerings and priestly consultations, her passing led them to question their traditional beliefs. Disillusioned by the gods they had once trusted, they embraced Christianity and offered Pōmare their full support from the beginning of his religious transformation.

The return of the English missionaries in Mo'orea – October, 1811

The restoration of peace allowed English missionaries to resume their efforts to Christianize the Society Islands. A mission that had seen limited success since its inception in 1797. As conditions in Tahiti improved, additional missionaries departed from New South Wales for Moorea during the autumn of 1811.

Pōmare II request of baptism – July 18, 1812

During an interview with the missionaries on July 18, 1812, Pōmare II declared his intention to convert to Christianity and requested baptism. The missionaries explained that candidates for baptism were expected to undergo prior catechetical instruction and demonstrate, through their conduct, a sincere renunciation of wicked practices and a commitment to God and Christ. At the time, Pōmare was known to have a fondness for strong spirits.

Death of Tapoa I and Pomare II showing conversion – September 25, 1812

In a letter dated September 25, 1812, Pōmare II who was very sick, reported that Tapoa I was near death. He told the missionaries that his affliction was great, but if he could obtain God’s favor before dying, he would count himself well off. Should he die with his sins unpardoned, it would be ill indeed with him. He prayed that his sins might be forgiven and his soul saved through Jesus Christ. He added, ‘May Jehovah regard me before I die, and then I shall rejoice, because I have obtained the favor of Jehovah.’ Pomare II did not die.

Shortly before his death, Tapoa I reportedly informed Pōmare II that if Teremoemoe were to give birth to a daughter, she should be named Aimata.

Submission of the chiefs in Tahiti – October 8, 1812

In his letter to the missionaries at Moorea dated October 8, 1812, Pōmare II reported that Tahiti was in a state of relative peace and stability. The island’s chiefs had formally expressed their submission, signaling a unified front. However, Pōmare acknowledged the uncertainty of this harmony’s duration, noting that while conditions were favorable for now, future developments remained unpredictable.

Christian Education of Mahine and son. Ta'aroaari'i chief of Teaharoa in Mo'orea – 1813

Following the missionaries’ return from New South Wales, Mahine and his son Ta'aroaari'i showed growing interest in the new Christian teachings. By 1813, Ta'aroaari'i, his step mother Apere, his cousin Turaiari'i Teraimano daughter of Ari'ipaea, were regularly attending school and participating in religious instruction. They were residing at Tiataebua. Ta'aroaari'i received a title of chief of Teaharoa from Pōmare II. He would have succeeded his cousin Teari'ia'etua Teraimano who died in 1811.

Death of Itia and Tenani'a – January, 1814

Tenania died under the name Utami on January 26, 1814, in Eimeo ten days after his wife Itia.

Pōmare II’s drift to the Leeward Islands – September 3, 1814

On September 3, 1814, Pōmare II made an unplanned visit to the Leeward Islands after adverse winds redirected the brig Matilda, an Indian vessel commanded by Captain Fowler. Pōmare had boarded the ship off the harbor of Moorea to assist in freeing it from a precarious position while it attempted to reach anchorage. He was accompanied by Charles Wilson; George Bicknell, nephew of Henry Bicknell; Samuel Henry, son of William Henry; Ta'aroaari'i, son of Mahine; and 23 individuals from Moorea. Compelled to remain in the Leeward Islands for three months, the stay led to two significant developments. All the chiefs of the Leeward Islands pledged allegiance to Pomare II through the ceremonial presentation of the Humaha pua'a, a gesture symbolizing submission. During the same period, Pōmare II officially adopted Teri'inohorai, grandson of Tapoa I, and betrothed him to his daughter Aimata. The party returned to Moorea on December 2, 1814.

The fall of idols – 1815

A religious rivalry emerged in Tahiti between the Pure Atua (Prayers of God), who supported Christianity, and defenders of traditional beliefs. Tensions culminated in the Battle of Fe'i Pi on November 12, 1815, in Paea, where Pomare II, supported by Mahine, Teriitaria II, and other Christian-aligned chiefs, defeated Opuhara, the last high chief of Papara from the Teva clan. Pōmare II then ordered the destruction of the maraes and idols, marking the collapse of traditional religious practices and the rise of Christianity. In the Leeward Islands, Tamatoa III renounced idolatry, inspiring widespread conversion across Huahine, Raiatea, Taha'a, and Bora Bora. Chiefs Tefa'aora I and Mai III zealously destroyed idols and built Christian worship houses. Mahine sent Vahaivi to instruct chiefs to burn idols and dismantle temples, which was carried out thoroughly. In early 1816, a group of idolaters led by Fenuapeho of Taha'a launched an attack against Tamatoa III and his allies in Ra'iātea during the battle of Vaiuteute. The assault was unsuccessful, and Fenuapeho was defeated. Despite the loss, he was spared and later appointed fa'atere Hau (executive chief) of Taha'a. Christianity soon reached Maupiti (Maurua), and in 1816, Pōmare II sent his family idols to missionaries to be destroyed or shipped to England, calling them “Tahiti’s foolish gods.”

The establishment of te Hau pahu rahi governance – 1815

Following the Battle of Fe'i Pi, the Kingdom of Pōmare was formally established under the Hau pahu rahi system, also known as the “Government of the great drum” or Hau feti'i (“Family government”). This traditional alliance unified the chiefly families of the Society Islands, recognizing the Pōmare dynasty as suzerain over all ari'i of the archipelago. To extend this centralized model, Pōmare II tasked Mahine and Hitoti with implementing the Hau pahu rahi system across the Leeward Islands.

Installation of English missionaries on the Leeward Islands – June, 1818

In 1818, Mahine welcomed English missionaries to Huahine, including John Davies, John Williams, John Muggridge Orsmond, and William Ellis, who arrived aboard the Haweis on June 20 and settled near the Haamene Valley, beneath Mount Matoereere (Black rock). Soon after, Mahine and other leaders organized the return of islanders from Tahiti who had supported Pomare II, aiming to establish missions in their home islands. Chiefs from Raiatea, Tahaa, and Bora Bora, including Tamatoa and Tahitoe, urged the missionaries to expand their efforts. Mai III of Bora Bora had previously encouraged outreach to other islands. Missionaries John Williams and Lancelot Threlkeld accompanied Tamatoa to Raiatea to promote education and Christianity. In Huahine, Henry Nott and John Davies focused on preaching, while Charles Barff and Orsmond contributed to early Christian education. Missionaries also encouraged agricultural development to support economic self-sufficiency.

Foundation of the Huahine Society – October 6, 1818

On October 6, 1818, the Huahine society for promoting knowledge of the word of God was founded under local leadership. Teriitaria II served as president, with Hivaha (Hautia) and Mahine as vice presidents and governors of Atiapi'i, a federation of eight chiefdoms in Huahine Rahi also called Huahine Nui. Moeore governed Atea, and his sister Maihara governed Ama—both part of Fareri'i, the royal domain now known as Tefareri'i in Huahine Iti.

Baptism of Mahine, Hautia and others – September 12, 1819

Mahine was baptized on September 12, 1819, marking his formal acceptance of Christianity. He was not baptized first because of his status, but because he was among the earliest converts and had shown consistent dedication and exemplary conduct. Hautia, who held the same title as Mahine as principal governor or regent of Huahine, was also baptized that day.

First code of laws Tamatoa – 1820

With the assistance of English missionaries, Tamatoa introduced the first formal code of laws in the Leeward Islands. This marked an important moment in the islands’ political organization and legal standardization. The islands of Raiatea, Taha'a, Bora Bora, and Maupiti collectively recognized Tamatoa III as their sovereign. On Taha'a, Fenuapeho was acknowledged as regent, ruling on behalf of his nephew Teriinohorai, the grandson of Tapoa I.

Pomare II’s rāhui or restrictions on barter and his death – December 7, 1821

In early 1821, Pomare II of Tahiti proposed a joint commercial venture to the Leeward Islands chiefs, offering shared ownership of a brig he had acquired in New South Wales. The plan required contributions of pigs, arrowroot, and coconut oil to cover the cost. His envoy, using the name Teriitaria II, delivered the offer in Huahine and continued to Raiatea. Soon after, Pomare issued restrictive orders prohibiting the sale of these goods to outsiders, including missionaries, reserving them for the ship. The proposal met resistance: Tamatoa III of Raiatea and the chiefs of Taha'a, Maupiti, and Bora Bora rejected the plan, defending the right to freely trade and criticizing Pomare’s influence over Teriitaria II, the nominal ruler in Tahiti. On April 14, 1821, Pomare’s envoy returned with news of their refusal. Although the chiefs of Huahine leaned toward Tamatoa’s stance, they ultimately declined both offers after a public assembly and sent formal replies to each party. These events unfolded during a period of growing instability for Pomare II. Misguided commercial ventures with New South Wales traders had already burdened his kingdom. He became entangled in monopolistic practices that deprived his people of the right to sell their own goods, leading to widespread discontent. The stress of these failed speculations, compounded by habits of intemperance, weighed heavily on his health and spirit. Under this cloud of political and personal turmoil, Pomare II died on December 7, 1821, at the age of 39.

The tragic death of Ta'aroaari'i – October 25, 1821

Taaroarii, once a promising Christian convert, had shown early devotion to religious instruction and a firm rejection of idolatrous practices. However, he later fell under the influence of corrupt companions, violated the newly established laws, and was publicly tried at the request of his father, Mahine. His health deteriorated following forced labor, and despite care from his wife Tematafainuu and his father, he succumbed to illness and died on October 25, 1821, at the age of 19. Two months later, Tematafainuu — daughter of Hautia, principal governor or regent of Huahine — gave birth to their daughter, Temarii. She remained devoted to her husband until her own death, which occurred by 1827. Temarii was placed under the Christian guardianship of Maihara, daughter of Tamatoa III of Raiatea and sister to Teriitaria II, the nominal queen of Huahine. Temarii was also known as Maihara or Ariipeu vahine. Following Taaroaarii’s death, Tematafainuu is said to have allied with a European and given birth to Ariimate. Ariimate is officially recorded as Taaroaarii’s son in the civil death registry of his daughter, Temarii a Teururai also known as Teuhe. During his lifetime, Mahine would have recognized Ariimate as his grandson.

Meeting with Tyerman and Bennett – November, 1821

In 1821, missionaries Daniel Tyerman and George Bennet met Mahine, just one month after the death of his son Taaroaarii. They described Mahine as the king of the island of Mai‘ao iti, though he held significant influence on the island of Huahine, where he typically resided with his wife. At that time, Teriitaria II, also known as Pomare vahine, was queen of Huahine. One of her key political figures was Hautia, who served as prime minister or fa'atere hau and, in practice, acted as regent or executive chief governing on her behalf. Hautia, frequently described as either principal governor or deputy governor of Huahine, shared administrative authority with Mahine during the early missionary period. The second tier of local leadership consisted of the landowners, known as ra'atira. During that period, Mai III and Tefaaora II reigned over Bora Bora, and Taero was the sovereign of Maupiti.

First code of laws of Huahine and Mai'ao. E ture no Huahine – May, 1822

In May 1822, Queen Teriitaria validated E ture no Huahine, a legal code of 30 articles drafted with the help of missionaries and local chiefs. Promulgated by her regents Mahine and Hautia, the code had been approved at a public assembly in May 1822 and printed the following year. It outlawed infanticide, human sacrifice, and traditional tattooing, marking a major shift in Huahine’s legal and moral framework. The code was revised in 1835, 1845, 1853 to reflect changing social and political conditions. The harbour laws, or regulations, were also enacted in March 1829.

Marriage of Teri'inohorai and Aimata in Huahine – December 18, 1822

On December 18, 1822, Fenuapeho, regent of Tahaa, accompanied the young Teriinohorai to Huahine for his marriage to Aimata, who would become Queen Pomare IV of Tahiti. This union, arranged in September 1814 under the influence of Pomare II, symbolized a strategic alliance between the royal families of Tahiti and the Leeward Islands, reinforcing inter-island ties and consolidating political influence across the Society Islands.

Coronation of Pomare III – April 21, 1824

Pomare III was crowned on April 21, 1824, at Papaʻoa, Arue, in a ceremony organized by British missionaries. The coronation marked a significant moment in Tahitian history, blending traditional leadership with Christian and European influences. Among the chiefs of the Leeward Islands who attended were: Mahine, Tamatoa III, Teriinohorai.

Support for the missionary order – 1829

Between 1826 and 1827, a prophetic movement led by apostate Christians Teao and Hue disrupted Protestant congregations across Tahiti. Drawing from biblical teachings and personal revelations, the mamaia prophets challenged missionary authority and Christian law. The movement reached its peak in Maupiti in 1827, where Ta'ua, a deacon from Huahine, claimed divine inspiration and incited rebellion against the London Missionary Society. Chief Ta'ero lost control of the island as calls to expel foreigners intensified. Order was eventually restored through the intervention of influential chiefs from the Leeward Islands. Mahine of Huahine, Tamatoa III of Ra'iātea, Mai III of Bora Bora, and Tefa'aora I of Bora Bora supported missionary George Platt, who formally reinstated the laws to Chief Ta'ero in 1829 and supervised the election of new deacons.

The Leeward Island conflict beetween Tapoa II and Tamatoa III – May, 1831

In May 1831, a serious conflict erupted between the islands of Raiatea and Tahaa, eventually extending to Huahine, which aligned with Raiatea, and Bora Bora, which sided with Tahaa. Historically united under Tamatoa III of Raiatea before embracing Christianity in 1816, the two islands were destabilized in April 1831 following the death of Fenuapeho, chief of Taha'a and regent of Teriinohorai. Governance passed to the young Teriinohorai, who became Tapoa II Offended by King Tamatoa III over a land dispute, he attempted to sever Taha'a from Raiatea and realign it with Bora Bora, as it had been in earlier times. Tamatoa opposed the move and traveled to Taha'a to resolve the conflict, but fell ill and was compelled to return to Raiatea, where he was cared for by missionary John Williams. He died in June 1831. His son Moeore succeeded him as Tamatoa IV and continued resisting Tapoa’s efforts. The dispute escalated into armed conflict, resulting in three battles on the island of Taha'a and multiple casualties. On April 3, 1832, Tapoa was decisively defeated and wounded in a fierce battle at Vaitoare. Upwards of fifty men were killed during the clash, and he was subsequently banished to the island of Huahine. In May 1832, Queen Pomare IV united with the chiefs of the Leeward Islands to establish a general peace. The unrest was reportedly influenced by leaders of the Mamaia sect, a heretical religious movement that had emerged in the Society Islands.

Death of Maihara and succession – December 16, 1834

On December 16, 1834, Maihara, also known as Queen Maihara and sister of Teriitaria II, the rightful Queen of Huahine, died unexpectedly after a brief illness. Although she had previously suffered from poor health during Charles Barff's absence at the Navigator Islands, she had made a full recovery and was not thought to be in danger. Her death occurred suddenly while Barff was away in Tahiti fetching Mrs. Loxton. Unlike other prominent figures who died that year—most of whom were elderly—Maihara was relatively young, estimated to be around 45 years old. She was married to No also called Maitui. Thomas Nightingale, the missionary, had met her before she died. Following her death, governance was entrusted to Temarii, daughter of Taaroaarii and Tematafainuu. At approximately 12 years old, Temarii was described as a promising and diligent young girl, known for her consistent attendance at school and her Christian upbringing. Until she came of age, her grandfathers, Hautia and Mahine, were appointed to act on her behalf in matters of leadership and administration.

Daniel Wheeler, a British Quaker, and his son, both missionaries, were engaged in a religious visit to the inhabitants of several islands in the Pacific Ocean, Van Diemen's Land, and New South Wales. On October 22, 1835, Wheeler met Temarii, whom he referred to as the young Queen Maihara, and noted that she was to take full possession of the island of Huahine the following week. He added that her husband was the brother of Pomare IV’s husband, the Queen of Tahiti.

According to missionary John Barff, son of Charles Barff, Temarii, granddaughter of Mahine (also known as Taaroaarii), was superseded in her claim to the government of Huahine by Pomare IV’s second son, Teratane (Teriitaria), who was adopted by Teriitaria II as her successor. Temarii had been kept in Tahiti to prevent her from gaining influence in Huahine, yet the people naturally regarded Teururai as the next heir.

Death of Mahine – February 2, 1838

Mahine died on February 2, 1838, in Huahine, marking the end of a life that began in the era of blood and tribal wars and concluded with an exemplary spiritual journey. Missionary Charles Barff, who had known Mahine for many years, wrote a memorial in his honor.

“Mahine was near eighty years old at his demise. He was a man when Captain James Cook called in 1777. He was baptized with thirteen more in 1819 and reconvened into church communion the following May, since which period he has been a steady, active, and consistent member. He has been several years a deacon, in which capacity he was very active—accompanying the missionary from house to house to exhort to love and good works. No chief that I am acquainted with showed such attachment to the missionaries, desiring as much as possible to be in their company, and even accompanying them in interesting excursions to other islands, until the weight of years compelled him to remain at home. Even then, to be in the company of the missionaries and to converse about the way to heaven revealed in the sacred scriptures seemed all he wished to live for. During the lapse of twenty years, many changes have taken place and characters have been tried. Many whom we thought our friends forsook us in the day of trial, and the faith also they once professed; but Mahine was our steady friend at all times and several times hazarded his life in defense of the truth we were appointed to teach. He had a presentiment that his end was near, and gave particular directions about the government, his granddaughter, his wife, district, etc., and exhorted the chiefs in particular to a steady attachment to the missionary and the gospel. I called upon him frequently and felt anxious, if it were the will of God, to retain him a little longer among us. But on February 1st, perceiving his end was near, I asked how he felt in the prospect of death. He said: ‘Christ is my resting place, the fear of death is removed. I have taken leave of all things here, and I am waiting and praying for the Lord to take me.’ Early the next morning, the Lord took him. Thus died Mahine—great as a heathen chief and the terror of the islands around, but greater as a son in humility, in faith, in diligence, in steadfastness unto the end.”

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• Ellis, William (1831b). Polynesian Researches, During a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in the Society and Sandwich Islands. Vol. II (2nd ed.). London: Fisher, Son, & Jackson. OCLC 1157058552.

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• Forster, Georg (1777a). A voyage round the world, in His Britannic Majesty's sloop, Resolution, commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the years 1772, 3, 4, and 5. [...] In two Volumes. Vol. I. London: B. white, J.Robson, P. Elsly, T. Caddel. OCLC 1155390797.

• Forster, Georg (1777b). A voyage round the world, in His Britannic Majesty's sloop, Resolution, commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the years 1772, 3, 4, and 5. [...] In two Volumes. Vol. II. London: B. white, J.Robson, P. Elsly, T. Caddel. OCLC 1155399624.

• Garrett, John (1982). To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania. Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. ISBN 978-2-8254-0692-2. OCLC 17485209.

• Greatheed, Samuel (1799). "Preliminary discourse : containing a geographical and historical account of the islands where missionaries have settled, and of others with which they are connected". In Wilson, James (ed.). A missionary voyage to the southern Pacific ocean, performed in the years 1796, 1797, 1798, in the ship Duff, commanded by Captain James Wilson. London: T. Chapman. pp. i–Ixxxvi. OCLC 1049640919.

• Gunson, Niel (1969). "Pomare II of Tahiti and Polynesian Imperialism". The Journal of Pacific History. 4 (1). Wellington: The Polynesian Society: 65–82. doi:10.1080/00223346908572146. ISSN 0022-3344. JSTOR 25167978. OCLC 4655132074.

• Hayward, James; Nott, Henry (1805). "Journal of James Hayward and Henry Nott, Tahiti. 11 June 1805 – 18 September 1805". Records of the London Missionary Society (as filmed by the AJCP) [microform] : [M1-M116, M608-M670] 1795-1825 [i.e. 1795-1925]/Series. South Seas journals/File 25 (Box 2)/James Hayward and Henry Nott, Tahiti; James Elder and John Youl, Tahiti; Henry Bicknell and Charles Wilson, Tahiti. Canberra: National Library of Australia.

• Hayward, James; al. (1809). "Journal of James Hayward and others, Tahiti. 10 November 1808 – 6 January 1809". Records of the London Missionary Society (as filmed by the AJCP) [microform] : [M1-M116, M608-M670] 1795-1825 [i.e. 1795-1925]/Series. South Seas journals/File 34 (Box 3)/James Hayward and others, Tahiti, 10 November 1808 - 1 June 1809; James Elder and Charles Wilson, Huahine, 25 April 1809 – 1 May 1809. Canberra: National Library of Australia.

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• London Missionary Society (1818a). Narrative of the Mission at Otaheite, and other islands in the South Seas; commenced by the London Missionary Society in the year 1797, with a map, etc. London: London Missionary Society. OCLC 228695988.

• London Missionary Society (1804a). Transactions of the Missionary Society, from its institution in the year 1795, to the end of the year 1802. Vol. I (1795-1802) (2nd ed.). London: T. Williams. OCLC 416654715.

• London Missionary Society (1804b). Transactions of the Missionary Society, for the years 1803-4-5-6. Vol. II (1803-1806). London: T. Williams. OCLC 416654715.

• London Missionary Society (1813). Transactions of the Missionary Society, to the end of the year 1812. Vol. III (1807-1812). London: Williams and son. OCLC 416654715.

• London Missionary Society (1818). Transactions of the Missionary Society to the year 1817. Vol. IV (1813-1817). London: Williams and Co. ; and J. Nisbet. OCLC 416654715.

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• London Missionary Society (1953b). South Seas letters content list, 1796 - 1899. Records of the London Missionary Society (as filmed by the AJCP) [microform] : [M1-M116, M608-M670] 1795-1825 [i.e. 1795-1925]/Series. Contents lists/File 7/South Seas letters. Canberra: National Library Australia.

• London Missionary Society. Letters written in Sydney and Parramatta by Anglican and Congregational clergy, missionaries of the Tahitian Mission, governors, and others. 01-01-1798 - 31-12-1818. Records of the London Missionary Society (as filmed by the AJCP) [microform] : [M1-M116, M608-M670] 1795-1825 [i.e. 1795-1925]/Series. Australian letters/File Box 1. Canberra: National Library Australia.

• Lovett, Richard (1899). The history of the London Missionary Society, 1795-1895. Vol. 1. London: H. Frowde. OCLC 690759506.

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• Mortimer, Favell Lee (1838). The Night of Toil; or, A Familiar Account of the Labors of the First Missionaries in the South Sea Islands (1 ed.). London: J. Hatchard & Son. OCLC 752899081.

• Newbury, Colin W.; Darling, Adam J. (1967b). "Te hau pahu rahi : Pomare II and the concept of inter-island government in eastern Polynesia". The Journal of the PolynesianSociety. 76 (4). Wellington: The Polynesian Society: 477–514. ISSN 0032-4000. JSTOR 20704508. OCLC 9973239477.

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• Newbury, Colin W. (2009). "Pacts, Alliances and Patronage: Modes of Influence and Power in the Pacific". The Journal of Pacific History. 44 (2). Wellington: The Polynesian Society: 141–162. doi:10.1080/00223340903142108. ISSN 0022-3344. JSTOR 40346712. OCLC 4648099874.

• Nicole, Jacques (2017) [1988]. Au pied de l'écriture. Histoire de la traduction de la bible en tahitien (in French). Papeete: Haere Pō. ISBN 979-10-90158-33-7. OCLC 1410863429.

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• Peltzer, Louise (2002). Chronologie des événements politiques, sociaux et culturels de Tahiti et des archipels de la Polynésie française. Pirae: Au vent des îles. ISBN 2-909790-97-5. OCLC 401523986.

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• Rey-Lescure, Philippe (1948b). "Documents pour servir à l'histoire de Tahiti". Bulletin de la Société des Études Océaniennes (in French). No. 83. Le séjour forcé de 3 mois de Pomare II aux îles sous le vent jusqu'au retour à Moorea le 2 décembre 1814 (incident navire Matilda emporté par le vent le 3 septembre 1814). L'allégeance des îles sous le vent, puis de Raivavae à Pomare II. L'allégeance renouvelée des ISLV à Pomare IV en 1830. L'imposition d'une restriction sur le commerce du porc par Pomare II aux ISLV en 1821. Le conflit entre Tamatoa III poussé par les missionnaires et Pomare II à ce sujet en 1821. Le couronnement de Pomare III en 1824. Le conflit de Raiatea concernant l'île de Taha'a entre Tapoa II soutenu par Tefaaora II et Mai III, et Tamatoa III Tapa puis Tamatoa IV Moeore (26 mai 1831 - 3 avril 1832). Le pavillon de la reine Pomare IV source de conflits. Papeete: Société des Études Océaniennes. pp. 461–462. Archived from the original on 2025-05-16. Retrieved 2025-07-25.

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• Saura, Bruno (2005). Huahine aux temps anciens. Cahiers du patrimoine (in French and Tahitian). Vol. 8. Papeete: Service de la Culture et du Patrimoine de la Polynésie française. ISBN 978-2-9124-0902-7. OCLC 493919438.

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• Sibree, James (1923). London Missionary Society a register of missionaries, deputations, etc. from 1796 to 1923 (4th ed.). London: London Missionary Society. OCLC 651086096.

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• Teissier, Raoul (1978). "Chefs et notables des Établissements Français de l'Océanie au temps du protectorat: 1842–1850". Bulletin de la Société des Études Océaniennes (in French). No. 202 (1st ed.). Papeete: Société des Études Océaniennes. OCLC 9510786.

• The Evangelical Magazine (1812). "The Evangelical Magazine, 1812". London: Williams and Son. OCLC 503959677.

• Thomson, Robert (1851). History of Tahiti, 1767-1815 (3 volumes), [incomplete]. Records of the London Missionary Society (as filmed by the AJCP) [microform] : [M1-M116, M608-M670] 1795-1825 [i.e. 1795-1925]/Series. Memoirs and histories. Canberra: National Library Australia.

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• Tyerman, Daniel; Bennet, George (1827). "Reports of Tyerman and Bennet in New South Wales. 01 January 1823 – 31 December 1827". Records of the London Missionary Society (as filmed by the AJCP) [microform] : [M1-M116, M608-M670] 1795-1825 [i.e. 1795-1925]/Series. Home office, odds/File Box 11/Reports of Tyerman and Bennet in New South Wales. Canberra: National Library of Australia.

• Tyerman, Daniel; Bennet, George (1832a). Journal of voyages and travels by the Rev. Daniel Tyerman and George Bennet, esq. [...] between the years 1821 and 1829 [...] From the 1st London ed., rev. by an American editor. Vol. 1. Boston: Crocker and Brewster. OCLC 847088.

• Tyerman, Daniel; Bennet, George (1832b). Journal of voyages and travels by the Rev. Daniel Tyerman and George Bennet, esq. [...] between the years 1821 and 1829 [...] From the 1st London ed., rev. by an American editor. Vol. 2. Boston & New York: Crocker and Brewster & Jonathan Leawitt. OCLC 847088.

• Vancouver, George (1798a). A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world [...] performed in the years 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, and 1795, in the Discovery sloop of war, and armed tender Chatham, under the command of Captain George Vancouver. Vol. 1. London: Printed for G.G. and J. Robinson [etc.] OCLC 1102097044.

• Vancouver, George (1798b). A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world [...] performed in the years 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, and 1795, in the Discovery sloop of war, and armed tender Chatham, under the command of Captain George Vancouver. Vol. 2. London: Printed for G.G. and J. Robinson [etc.] OCLC 1102097044.

• Wharton, Leonard C.; Im Thurn, Everard (1925). The journal of William Lockerby, sandalwood trader in the Fijian Islands during the years 1808-1809. London: The Hakluyt Society. OCLC 63370530.

• Wheeler, Daniel (1839). Extracts from the letters and journal of Daniel Wheeler / while engaged in a religious visit to the inhabitants of some of the islands of the Pacific ocean, Van Dieman's land, and New South Wales, accompanied by his son, Charles Wheeler. London: Harvey and Darton. OCLC 1045385232.

• Williams, John (1837). A narrative of missionary enterprises in the South Sea Islands : with remarks upon the natural history of the islands, origin, languages, traditions, and usages of the inhabitants. (590 pages). London: J. Snow. OCLC 1391739742.

• Wilson, James (1799). A missionary voyage to the southern Pacific ocean, performed in the years 1796, 1797, 1798, in the ship Duff, commanded by Captain James Wilson. London: T. Chapman. OCLC 1049640919.

See also

• Kingdom of Huahine
• List of monarchs of Huahine