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Llanthomas Castle Mound

Coordinates: 52°03′22″N 3°09′17″W / 52.056°N 3.1548°W / 52.056; -3.1548
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Llanthomas Castle Mound
Tomen Llantomos (Welsh)
Llanigon, Brecknockshire (Powys), Wales
The mound on Llanthomas lane, Llanigon
Site information
TypeRemains of a motte-and-bailey castle
Location
Map
Location in Powys
Llanthomas Castle Mound is located in Powys
Llanthomas Castle Mound
Llanthomas Castle Mound
Location in Powys
Coordinates52°03′22″N 3°09′17″W / 52.056°N 3.1548°W / 52.056; -3.1548
Area
  • 9 metres (30 ft) (summit diameter)
  • 24 metres (79 ft) (base diameter)
Height3 metres (9.8 ft)
Designations
Official nameLlanthomas Castle Mound
Reference no.BR078

Llanthomas Castle Mound was built by the Normans after the 1066 Norman Conquest of England, possibly after the Norman invasion of Wales, but before 1215.[1][2] It is a first-generation motte and bailey castle design; the building materials were earth and timber.

John Leyland the Tudor antiquary visited Llanthomas Castle Mound between 1536 and 1539. After translation (from Latin and Tudor English) he described the role of Llanthomas Castle Mound as a defensive architecture.[3][4][5][6][7] Another 16th-century antiquarian William Camden revealed that the watch tower still existed and was used to guard the road leading down to the River Wye.[8] In the 1833, Samuel Lewis stated that around the time of Leyland's visit the lord of the Llanthomas lordship (including the "Norman castle") was Sir Walter Deveraux, the Lord Chief Justice of South Wales.[9][10][11] In 1886, Edwin Poole listed many of the high-status owners of Llanthomas up to the 20th-century (see Notable people below).[12][13][14]

Cadw are the Welsh government funded regulatory body for the scheduling of historical assets in Wales. They describe Llanthomas Castle Mound as an important relic of medieval architecture which might extend knowledge of medieval defensive practices.[1] Their scheduling comprises the motte and a substantial area of lawn at the base of the motte, where related evidence is expected to survive.  

When possible the Normans speeded up castle construction by building on existing Iron age or Bronze age hillforts, or Roman ruins or ditch, augmenting the castle's defensive architecture. Some antiquarian scholars believed that Llanthomas Castle Mound was built on an Iron Age tumulus.[15][16][17][18]

Motte and Bailey Castle architecture

[edit]
A typical Motte and Bailey castle
A typical Motte and Bailey castle
Early attempt at reconstruction of a château à Motte by A. de Caumont, 19th century
Early attempt at reconstruction of a château à Motte by A. de Caumont, 19th century

Llanthomas Castle Mound is what remains of a motte and bailey castle. A typical castle archirecture would include:

It was common to use a wooden drawbridge to span the height differential between the keep and the courtyard, and between the courtyard and the base of the ditch.[19]

refer to caption
Surviving motte, ditch and possible footing for the bailey fencing

Nearly a millennium after the construction of Llanthomas Castle Mound the only above ground wood is a self-seeded Hawthorn tree. The castle today consists of the motte, the ditch and buried masonry underpinning part of the wooden fence surrounding the bailey (on the north side of Llanthomas lane), and near the top of the ditch (on the north/north-west side).[1]

The typical enclosed bailey was often kidney shaped, where the narrower end wrapped around the motte. The bailey will have included the living quarters for the garrison of soldiers and perhaps the lord's family (and servants). The bailey also contained facilities to sustain a settlement. For example, kitchens, halls, workshops, forges, armouries, stables, barns for livestock, storage areas and a chapel. A bailey covered a considerable land area, and may have used much of the flat land along the north side of Llanthomas lane.[20][19] Traces of a possible site for a kitchen area within the bailey have been found to the south-east of the motte.[21] Digeddi Brook (a tributary of the River Wye) runs along the base of the ditch offering a vital natural resource for any settlement.[22]

Llanthomas Castle Mound Excavations

[edit]

Motte and bailey castles were created in an age when written records were sparse, above ground wood has long since rotted and any masonry has been repurposed.[23][24] These days evidence of a bailey can be discerned by geophysical surveys and/or excavation.

In 1921, the Reverend William Edward Thomas Morgan vicar at the pre-conquest church of St. Eigon, Llanigon,[25][26] an amateur archaeologist hosted a visit from the Woolhope club.[6] The club study the natural history, geology, archaeology and the history of Herefordshire, England. William dug a small excavation trench on the summit of the motte, but no artefacts were found from the brief excavation.[27] There is no known record of any professional level archaeological excavation or geophysical survey of Llanthomas Castle Mound.

In 1988, a professional excavation (by the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust) of a possible site for the bailey courtyard revealed activity associated with the motte. Artefacts were found including a sherd from the base of a medieval cooking pot. The work included topsoil stripping, site levelling and excavation of foundation trenches. "A number of stone-filled features were visible ... Four definite features were noted during the excavation ... The most distinctive of these was a stone-filled pit or ditch butt-end ... its basal fill contained some quantity of charcoal”.[28] The archaeologist's report concluded that this is likely to have been a kitchen within the bailey.[21] A private bungalow has since been built over the excavated site.[29]

Toponymy

[edit]

Llanthomas was known as Trefynys from the 1st-century to around Norman times.[30][5] The Welsh words "Tref" and "ynys" mean "town" or "settlement" and "island", respectively.[31] Trefynys is used in Welsh place names to denote a populated area or settlement.

"Llan" is Welsh for the sacred land around a church.[32] Llanthomas translates to Thomas church in English.

The French words "motte" and "bailey" mean "mound" and "enclosure" respectively in English.[33]

Motte and bailey castles without evidence of the original bailey are called castle mounds (or tumps or twts). Until recently the grazing meadows surrounding Llanthomas Castle Mound were called "Bailey court".[6] The words "bailey" and "court" are of Norman origin.[34]

Antiquarian and modern sources identify Llanthomas Castle Mound with names reflecting its close proximity to Llanigon and Hay-on-Wye. It has been referred to as Llanthomas Motte,[3][35][36] Llanthomas,[37] Llanthomas Mound,[38] and Llanigon Castle.[39]

Some sources describe Llanthomas Castle Mound as another Hay-on-Wye castle. The Ministry of Works published a list of UK monuments whose preservation was considered to be of “national importance”. Llanthomas Castle Mound is associated with Hay Rural and Hay Tump with Hay Urban, referencing the post-1894 civil parishes.[40][41]

Castleologist D. J. Cathcart King in his magnus opus aspired to list all UK castles. Hay Castle[42] is named as Hay No. 1, Hay Tump[43] as Hay No. 2 and Llanthomas Castle Mound[44] as Hay No. 3. The Hay castles are numbered 6, 22 and 23 respectively in the index.[45]

Some antiquarian sources indirectly reference Llanthomas Castle Mound e.g. "the tumulus on the brook below Llanthomas",[12][46] "the mound at Llanigon Castle",[47] and "the mound in Bailey Court".[6]

Location

[edit]
Hay Bluff
Hay Bluff
River Wye at Hay-on-Wye
River Wye at Hay-on-Wye

Llanthomas Castle Mound[48] is on a private property but is viewable from Llanthomas lane,[49] opposite the walled Llanthomas gardens. Adjacent private properties on Llanthomas lane are frequently mentioned in the Francis Kilvert diaries including Llanthomas cottage, Llanthomas lodge and Llanthomas gardens.[50] The associated land for these properties was once within the area of the Llanthomas lordship (see below).[50]

Llanthomas Castle Mound is near the village of Llanigon[51] and less than 2 miles from Hay-on-Wye, the "town of books". It is on the same lane as the site of the Hay Festival fields (Dairy meadows).[52][53]

Llanthomas Castle Mound[48] is located in Powys, Wales but has a Herefordshire postcode. The historic county of Brecknockshire became Powys in 1974.[54] It is about 2 miles from the border with England in the area known as the Welsh Marches.[55] Llanthomas Castle Mound is in the foothills of Hay Bluff in the Brecon Beacons (Bannau Brycheiniog).

The location of Llanthomas Castle Mound may have been chosen because it occupies a high point that once overlooked the River Wye less than a mile away. William Camden states that the Llanthomas Castle Mound watch tower guarded the road leading down to the Wye.[5] Currently there is no direct line of sight to the river due to hedges, trees, and buildings. The fording point Little Ffordd-Fawr[56] is located between Llanthomas Castle Mound[48] and the south bank of the river. Mottes often had a direct line of sight with a nearby motte as is the case with Llanthomas Castle Mound and Llowes Castle Tump on the north bank of the river.[57]

Other surviving Norman castles near Llanthomas Castle Mound, reveals the collective defensive military and trading roles for all the castles along the Middle Wye Valley[58][47] e.g.

In more peaceful times, Llanthomas Castle Mound and Llowes Castle Tump protected a trading route between Brecknockshire (south of the River Wye) and Radnorshire (north of the River Wye). Small quarries were once active in the area “for the limestone which occurs in narrow banks within the sandstone of the Black Mountains”.[62] It was carted through Llanigon parish on to Radnorshire via Llanthomas road (now lane) and the fording point Little Ffordd-Fawr.[6]

OS Map Grid Reference SO 2091 4036
what3words provoking.rave.longer
Postcode HR3 5PU
Latitude: 52.056 Longitude: -3.1548
Latitude: 52° 3' 21"N Longitude: 3° 9' 17"W
OS Eastings: 320919 OS Northings: 240366
Mapcode National GBR F0.DL2G Mapcode International: VH6BJ.8LK6

Welsh Government records for Llanthomas Castle Mound

[edit]

Funded by the Welsh government Cadw are the regulatory body for the scheduling of historical assets in Wales. Scheduled monuments receive legal protection under the Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016[63] and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Cadw provide an initial scheduling report and assign a field monument warden, a professional archaeologist, to keep a watching brief on the scheduled site. The Cadw scheduled report for Llanthomas Castle Mound (BR078[1]) states that there is a strong possibility that Llanthomas Castle Mound and the scheduled area (the grassed area at the base of the motte) have both structural evidence and intact associated deposits. The report concludes that Llanthomas Castle Mound is an important relic of the medieval landscape.[1]

The Welsh archaeological trusts maintain regional historic environment records on behalf of the Welsh government. The Clwyd–Powys Archaeological Trust (CPAT) records for Llanthomas Castle Mound include past Cadw reports: PRN 443 (1986),[64] 38278 (1988),[65] 2586 (1995).[66] In 2024, CPAT and the other three archaeological organisations covering Wales, merged into a single archaeological organisation called Heneb.[67]

The Coflein online database, stores the National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW). The archive is located in the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth. The archive record for Llanthomas Castle Mound (PRN 306308 [68]) include a hundred years of reports: 6057064, 6054097, 6064626, 6140925, 6140927, 6359576, 6464877, 6140926, 6140924, 6054098, 6059886, 6519900.

Online references to Llanthomas Castle Mound

[edit]

Llanthomas Castle Mound is included in many online lists of medieval period castles in Wales:

  • List of tumps in England and Wales, see Llanthomas Castle Mound.
  • List of Castles in Wales, see Llanthomas Castle Mound.
  • List of the medieval fortified sites of the historic county of Brecknockshire,[69][44] see Llanthomas Castle Mound.
  • Welsh Castle Database,[70] see Llanthomas Motte.
  • Vanished Castles of Wales and the Marches,[71] see Llanthomas Castle Mound.
  • The Castle Guide – a selection of castles from around the UK,[72] see Llanthomas Motte.
  • Anglo-Norman Castles,[73] see Llanthomas.
  • Historical Britain - Mottes,[74] see Llanthomas Motte.
  • Where to Photograph Castles in Brecknockshire,[75] see Llanthomas.
  • Castlefacts,[36] see Llanthomas Motte, Llanigon.
  • Llangoed Hall, area information,[76] see Llanthomas Motte.

Other online sites that reference Llanthomas Castle Mound include:

  • Wiki Loves Monuments 2024 in Wales, see Llanigon, Llanthomas Castle Mound.[77]
  • Open Street Map.[78]
  • Landscape Britain has a radar map of the Llanthomas Castle Mound terrain.[79] [80]
  • Llanigon War Memorial, see motte and bailey castle.[81]
  • Ancient OS maps for 1888, see tumulus 370.[82]
  • Images of Llanthomas Castle Mound.[48]
  • Motte (Internet) weather station.[83]

Llanthomas Lordship and Llanthomas Castle Mound

[edit]
Building of a motte-and-bailey castle at Hastings in the Bayeux Tapestry.
Bayeux Tapestry - Building of a motte-and-bailey castle in Hastings
Bayeux Tapestry - Motte Castle Dinan
Bayeux Tapestry - Motte Castle Dinan

The second Norman invasion of Wales was successful, unlike the first. It was led by the Norman lord Bernard de Neufmarché (c.1050–c.1125). Brycheiniog (now Wales) was conquered between 1088 and 1095. Brycheiniog was divided into lesser lordships, and gifted to the knights who contributed to the conquest.[84][85]

Motte and bailey castles were a vital Norman defensive architecture. Castle construction would have occurred soon after the lordship was allocated to a knight.[86] Llanthomas Castle Mound is likely to have been built in the late 11th or early 12th century. It is not known who built Llanthomas Castle Mound but it is known to have existed from the early days of the Norman conquest.[2][55][62]

The Llanthomas lordship was part of the Hay lordship owned by William Revel, one of Bernard's knights.[39] Revel is thought to have built Hay Tump, near St Mary's Church, Hay-on-Wye.[87][88][89][90][91] St. Marys was separated from the ancient parish of Llanigon (and St. Eigon) around 1115 A.D.[92]

By 1340 Llanigon had a documented chapel of ease named Thomascherche (PRN 81681).[93][94] By the 14th century Llanthomas lordship became known as Llanthomas manor. The manor had considerable land including Llanthomas Castle Mound, farmland, orchards(PRN 78372, 2586, 139277) etc.[95][96][97] The manor included a proprietary church called Thomaschurch, probably the chapel of ease, as its name is the translation from the French. The chapel was located near the domicile of the lord of the manor.[98] The proprietary church was funded by the lord of the manor, who provided its vicar with a stipend making the chapel financially independent of the diocese in the established church. Documented references to the proprietary church disappeared by the 18th century.[62]

A local historian has suggested that one of the first lords of the manor may have been the English Earl, William de Ferre (c.1138- c.1189): Earl of Derby and a Knight Templar.[39]

From the Norman era through to the Victorian era, the Llanthomas lordship has been owned by the nobility, the wealthy and the infamous. Primary and secondary sources show that there were many high status owners including descendants of the Devereux family who fought with William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings. It is believed that the Devereux family had several estates in Herefordshire since the time of King John, if not earlier.[99][100]

Over the last millennium the Llanthomas lordship has been known as Llanthomas[51] or Llanthomas estate, or Llanthomas manor.[81][108][112] The main domicile was known as Llanthomas house[111][113] or Llanthomas mansion[114] or Llanthomas hall.[115]

In Victorian times, the Llanthomas estate was defined as a rectangle of land. The length was Llanthomas lane, the breadth was from the Old Forge to Cy Terrig.[116] Since then many parts of the original lordship were sold,[117] including the land around Llanthomas Castle Mound which was sold for farming. These days the geographical area of the original Llanthomas lordship[39][66] includes Llanthomas Castle Mound and 18th/19th-century dwellings including Glandwr, Ty-mawr, Llanthomas cottage, Llanthomas farm, Llanthomas hall, Llanthomas lodge and Llanthomas gardens etc.[50]

Notable people

[edit]

Antiquarian sources

[edit]
John Leyland
John Leland (or Leyland) at All Souls College, Oxford. Engraving printed in William Huddesford, ed. (1772). The Lives of those Eminent Antiquaries John Leland, Thomas Hearne, and Anthony à Wood.
  • Leyland, John (1906). The itinerary in Wales, 1536-1539 (Lucy Toulmin Smith ed.).[3][4]
  • Poole, Edwin (1886). The Illustrated History and Biography of Brecknockshire from the Earliest Times to the Present Day.[13][12]
  • Lewis, Samuel (1833). A topographical dictionary of Wales, Vol 1.[118]
  • Lewis, Samuel (1833). A topographical dictionary of Wales, Vol 2.[11]

Modern sources

[edit]
  • Remfry, Paul Martin (1999, p 122). Castles of Breconshire: No. 8. Herefordshire: Logaston Press. ISBN 978-1-873827-80-2.
  • Salter, Mike (2001, p 29). The Castles of Mid Wales (2nd ed.). Folly Publications. ISBN 1-871731-48-8.
  • Morgan, Gerald (2013, p 232). Castles in Wales - a Handbook (1st ed.). Y Lolfa. ISBM 978-1-84771-031-4.

Selected journal sources

[edit]
  • D. J. Cathcart King |(1961). The Castles of Breconshire.[45]
  • D. J. Cathcart King (1984). Castellarium Anglicanum: An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England, Wales, and the Islands: Vols 1-2.[119]
  • Dorling. P. (1988). Llanthomas Motte. Llanigon. Archaeology in Wales.[21]
  • Ministry of Works (1961). List Of Ancient Monuments In England And Wales.[41]
  • Lloyd, John Edward (1903). Historical memoranda of Breconshire; a collection of papers from various sources relating to the history of the County.[120]

References

[edit]
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