List of proxy wars
(Redirected from List of ongoing proxy wars)
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A proxy war is defined as "a war fought between groups of smaller countries that each represent the interests of other larger powers, and may have help and support from these".
Pre-World War I proxy wars
[edit]| War | Dates | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sicilian Expedition | 415–413 BC | Spartan-Syracusan victory | ||
| Egyptian–Ottoman War | 1839–1841 | Ottoman victory[3]
| ||
| Uruguayan Civil War | 1839–1851 |
|
|
Colorado victory |
| First Samoan Civil War | 1886–1894 |
1887–1889 1893–1894 |
1887–1889 1893–1894 |
Stalemate
|
| Second Samoan Civil War | 1898–1899 | Allies: | Compromise;
| |
| Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 | 1902–1903 |
|
|
Compromise:
|
| Somaliland campaign | 1896–1922 |
 German Empire[6]
|
|
Dervish movement Defeat |
| Mexican Revolution | 1910–1920 |
1911–1913: 1913–1914: 1914–1915: 1915–1920: |
1911–1913: 1913–1914: 1914–1915: 1915–1920
Supported by:
|
Revolutionary victory
Full results
|
| Mexican Border War | 1910–1919 |
Supported by: |
Status quo ante bellum[9]
|
Inter-war period proxy wars
[edit]
Cold War proxy wars
[edit]| War | Dates | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese Civil War | 1945–1949 |
|
|
Communist victory
|
| Iran crisis of 1946 | 1945–1946 |
|
|
Iranian victory
|
| Greek Civil War | 1946–1949 |
Supported by: |
Supported by: |
Kingdom of Greece victory |
| First Indochina War | 1946–1954 |
|
DR Vietnamese victory[25][26][27][28]
| |
| Paraguayan Civil War | 1947 |
|
|
Government/Military and Colorado Party victory
|
| Malayan Emergency | 1948–1960 |
Communist forces: |
British Commonwealth forces:
|
Commonwealth victory
|
| Korean War | 1950–1953 |
|
|
Inconclusive
|
| Mau Mau Uprising | 1952–1960 |
Mau Mau rebels[f] |
British victory | |
| Second Indochina War (Vietnam War) | 1955–1975 |
|
|
North Vietnamese victory
|
| First Taiwan Strait Crisis | 1954–1955 | Ceasefire; major escalation avoided
| ||
| First Sudanese Civil War | 1955–1972 |
|
|
Stalemate[50] |
| Suez Crisis | 1956 | Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip until March 1957 | ||
| Second Taiwan Strait Crisis | 1958 | Status quo ante bellum
| ||
| 1958 Lebanon crisis | 1958 |
Supported by: |
Supported by: |
Opposition's goals achieved[51][52][53]
|
| 1959 Tibetan uprising | 1959 |
Simultaneous rebellion in Kham and Amdo:
|
Uprising suppressed
| |
| Central American crisis | 1960–1996[54] | EGP[54] FAR[54]ORPA  PGT[54] URNG[54] FSLN
Supported by |
 Guatemala[54]ESA[54] White Hand[54] and other paramilitary groups[54] Contras (1981–90) Supported by  United States[54][65] Saudi Arabia Honduras Chile Argentina Panama Israel[66] Taiwan[67]
|
|
| Congo Crisis | 1960–1965 |
1960–1963:
Supported by:
1963–1965: Supported by:
|
1960–1963:
Supported by:
1960–1962: Supported by: 1963–1965: Supported by: |
The Congo established as an independent unitary state under the authoritarian presidency of Mobutu Sese Seko. |
| Portuguese Colonial War | 1961–1974 |
Material support: |
Angola: Guinea: Mozambique: |
|
| First Iraqi–Kurdish War | 1961–1970 |
Before 1968:  Iraq Syria (1963)Supported by: United States (from 1963)[89][90] Egypt (1965)[91]After 1968: Ba'athist Iraq
|
|
Military stalemate[93]
|
| Eritrean War of Independence | 1961–1991 |  ELF (1961–1981)Supported by:  EPLF (since 1973) TPLF (since 1975) |
1961–1974 Ethiopian EmpireSupported by: 1974–1991  Derg (1974–1987) PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991)Supported by:
|
EPLF victory[120]
|
| North Yemen Civil War | 1962–1970 |  Kingdom of Yemen Saudi Arabia[121]
|
Republican victory | |
| Dhofar Rebellion | 1963–1976 |
Support: |
Support: |
Omani government victory[122] |
| Sarawak Communist Insurgency | 1962–1990 |
Communist forces:
Supported by: |
Anti-communist forces:
Supported by:
|
|
| Aden Emergency | 1963–1967 |
|
|
Yemeni NLF victory
|
| Rhodesian Bush War | 1964–1979 |
|
| |
| Dominican Civil War | 1965 |
|
 Loyalist faction United States |
Loyalist victory
|
| Chadian Civil War | 1965–1979 |
|
 Chad
|
Rebel victory
|
| Communist insurgency in Thailand | 1965–1983 |
|
Thai government victory
| |
| Bolivian Campaign | 1966–1967 |
|
Bolivian government victory
| |
| Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) | 1966–1969 |
South Korean victory | ||
| South African Border War | 1966–1990 |
Military advisers and pilots: |
|
Military stalemate[149]
|
| Nigerian Civil War | 1967–1970 |
|
Nigerian victory
| |
| Years of Lead | 1968–1988 |
Supported by: |
Supported by: Supported by: |
Government victory
|
| Communist insurgency in Malaysia | 1968–1989 | Communist forces: Malayan Communist Party[174]
|
|
Malaysian government victory
|
| Operation Condor | 1975–1983 |
Political dissidents (including socialists, anarchists and communists) |
Concluded after the fall of the Argentinean military junta in 1983 | |
| Al-Wadiah War | 1969 |
|
Saudi victory | |
| Bangladesh Liberation War | 1971 |
|
Bangladeshi-Indian victory[189][190][191]
| |
| Yemenite War of 1972 | 1972 | |||
| Angolan Civil War | 1975–2002 |
Military advisers and pilots:
|
|
MPLA victory
|
| Ethiopian Civil War | 1974–1991 |
|
|
|
| Lebanese Civil War | 1975–1990[Note 1] (15 years and 6 months) |
 Lebanese National Movement (1975–1982) Jammoul (1982–1990)
Islamic Unification Movement (from 1982) |
 Army of Free Lebanon (until 1977) SLA (from 1976) Israel (from 1978)
List
|
|
| Indonesian occupation of East Timor | 1975–2002 |
|
| |
| Shaba I | 1977 |
|
Supported by: |
Zairian victory
|
| Ogaden War | 1977–1978 |
Ethiopian victory
| ||
| Cambodian-Vietnamese War | 1978–1989 |
Post-invasion: |
Post-invasion: |
|
| Mozambican Civil War | 1977–1992 |
|
|
Stalemate |
| Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict | 1977–1997 | |||
| Shaba II | 1978 |
Zairian victory; mutual end of support for other nations' rebel groups | ||
| Uganda–Tanzania War | 1978–1979 |
 Tanzania Uganda National Liberation Front MozambiqueSupported by:  Zambia Angola Ethiopia Algeria
|
|
Tanzanian victory
|
| NDF Rebellion | 1978–1982 |
|
|
Government victory |
| Chadian–Libyan War | 1978–1987 |
Pro-Libyan Palestinian and Lebanese groups[234] Supported by: |
|
Chadian and French victory
|
| Yemenite War of 1979 | 1979 |
South Yemeni victory | ||
| Soviet–Afghan War | 1979–1989 |
Afghan mujahideen victory[242] | ||
| Sino-Vietnamese War | 1979 |
Supported by: |
Status quo ante bellum or ceasefire | |
| Ethiopian–Somali Border War | 1982-1983 |
| ||
| Sri Lankan Civil War | 1983–2009 |
|
Sri Lankan government victory
| |
| Thai–Laotian Border War | 1987–1988 |
| ||
| Afghan Civil War | 1989–1992 |
|
Independent Factions:
Foreign Mujahideen: Various factions also fought among each other Supported by:  Pakistan United States Saudi Arabia United Kingdom China Germany Iran
|
|
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Modern proxy wars
[edit]
Ongoing proxy wars
[edit]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Irritated by UNITA cross-border raids, the Namibian Defence Force retaliated by sending units into southern Angola and destroying a UNITA training camp at Licua in late January 2001.[197] The Namibian troops were not withdrawn from Angola until May 2002.[197]
- ^ The North Korean Military Mission in Angola had about 1,500 personnel attached to FAPLA in 1986, most likely advisers, although their exact duties are uncertain.[202] Their presence in Angola may have been indirectly subsidised by the Soviet Union.[203] Up to 3,000 North Korean military personnel served in Angola throughout the 1980s.[204]
- ^ Until 2018, the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP) was unofficially referred to as the "Shining Path remnants" (Remanentes de Sendero Luminoso) or as the "Shining Path in the VRAEM" (Sendero Luminoso en el VRAEM). The Peruvian government continues to refer to the MPCP as the direct successor to the Shining Path.[635]
- ^ The Revolutionary Armed Forces – Tupacamarist People's Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias - Ejército Popular Tupacamarista) was established in 2015 by Julio César Vásquez Vásquez, a former member of the MRTA.[637]
- ^ These autonomous units have been organised by the Armed Forces since 1982, taking the name of "Self-Defence Committees" (CAD) since 1991.[642] Since its establishment in 2006, most rondas have been organised under the Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru (CUNARC-P).[643]
- ^ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
- ^ a b c d 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
- ^ The POUM fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until 16 June 1937, when the POUM was illegalized and suppressed by the Popular Front Republican government led by Prime Minister Juan Negrín, with the government suppression of the POUM supported by Joseph Stalin, the Comintern and the PCE.
- ^ The Euzko Gudarostea fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until it surrendered to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie in the Santoña Agreement on 24 August 1937.
- ^ On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were: US: 70.4%; ROK: 23.3%; other UNC: 6.3%.[31]
- ^ The name Kenya Land and Freedom Army is sometimes heard in connection with Mau Mau. KLFA was the name that Dedan Kimathi used for a coordinating body which he tried to set up for Mau Mau. It was also the name of another militant group that sprang up briefly in the spring of 1960; the group was broken up during a brief operation from 26 March to 30 April.[33]
- ^ ONUC, the United Nations Operation in the Congo, included troops from Ghana, Tunisia, Morocco, Ethiopia, Ireland, Guinea, Sweden, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Canada, India, Indonesia and the United Arab Republic among others.[68]
- ^ The secession of Katanga and South Kasai was also supported by South Africa, France, Portuguese Angola and the neighbouring Central African Federation.[69][70] However, neither was ever officially recognised by any state.[71]
- ^ Portuguese forces assisted the Rhodesians in cross-border operations into Portuguese Mozambique. See Operation Flotilla and Operation Birch.
- ^ Close air support
- ^ later CNRT
- ^ from 1986
- ^ until 1986
- ^ until 1998
- ^ until 1986
- ^ Formal dissolution on 1 January 2024
- ^ Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) until 1991.
- ^ Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Armenia) until 1990 (renamed Republic of Armenia)/1991 (declared independence).
- ^ "Throughout the Soviet period, Moscow supported the Azerbaijani authorities against Armenian secessionists. "Until the dissolution of the USSR, the Soviet authorities sided, in general, with Azerbaijan. [...] Soviet troops sent to the conflict area [...] on numerous occasions, took the side of the Azerbaijani forces to 'punish' the Armenians for raising the NK issue." "Soviet troops have been in Nagorno-Karabakh for 2 1/2 years [...] The troops support armed Azerbaijani militias who have imposed a blockade of the region..."[260] Soviet troops directly intervened during Operation Ring in April–May 1991 on the Azerbaijani side.[261][262] It was essentially a "combined Soviet-Azerbaijan operation."[263]
- ^ Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova until 23 May 1991. Constituent republic of the Soviet Union until 27 August 1991.
- ^ Georgians who fought for the Soviet army in Afghanistan
- ^ a b Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees.[327] As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL.[328] Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL.[329]
- ^ Known as the National Redemption Front prior to 2011.
- ^ Signed the Doha Darfur Peace Agreement in 2011.[353]
- ^ The 1949–1956 Palestinian fedayeen insurgency culminated in the 1956 Suez Crisis.
- ^ The Palestinian Authority was created by and is ultimately accountable to the PLO (see Palestinian Authority#Government and politics). Under the administration of Mahmoud Abbas (2005–present), the PA has coordinated security with Israel and worked to suppress anti-Israel militants.[540]
- ^ During the First Intifada.
- ^ Under the administration of Mahmoud Abbas (2005–present), the PA has coordinated security with Israel and worked to suppress anti-Israel militants.[540]
- ^ Consists of the armed wings of Hamas and allied Palestinian militant organizations.
- ^ The government of Myanmar refers to all insurgent groups as "ethnic armed organisations", including groups like the All Burma Students' Democratic Front and Communist Party of Burma, which do not fight for a specific ethnic group's interests.[541]
- ^ Large-scale demonstrations in Syria began in 15 March 2011 and were subsequently suppressed by force by the Assad regime[667], it eventually led to an all-out civil war.[668][669] In July 2011, defectors from Assad’s regime formed an organized militia called the Free Syrian Army to protect protesters and strike back at Assad[668]. The International Committee of the Red Cross said the violence in Syria had become so widespread that it was in a state of civil war in July 2012[670].
- ^ With the Ba'athist regime prevailing, the hostilities were mostly put on hold between 6 March 2020 and 27 November 2024, when the Syrian opposition launched a campaign of quick successful military offensives in Northwestern Syria, toppling the Assad regime on 8 December. Further fate of the ongoing conflict remains uncertain.[671][672][673][674]
- ^ Disbanded by police.
- ^ Disbanded by members due to increasing police pressure. Most already joined the Red Brigades; others focused on politics.
- ^ Dismantled by police. Members merged into the Red Brigades and Partisan Action Groups.
- ^ Dismantled by police.
- ^ Disbanded due to internal feuds. Some members merged into the Red Brigades whilst others formed Prima Linea.
- ^ Disbanded due to internal disagreements. Some members merged into the group Autonomous Worker.
- ^ Dissolved due to police pressure and members merging into the PAC, Red Brigades, and Prima Linea. Those imprisoned often associated with NAP.
- ^ Banned, some joined Ordine Nero.
- ^ Banned. Its members joined Ordine Nero.
- ^ Dismantled.
- ^ Dissolved by police. Used by NAR as a cover name later on.
- ^ Abulafia 2011, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Kagan 1981, p. 249.
- ^ Dixon & Sarkees 2015, pp. 330–31.
- ^ "How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans". BBC News. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
- ^ Zaccaria 2021.
- ^ Sabry, Fouad (2024-10-17). New Imperialism: The Global Dynamics of 21st Century Expansion. One Billion Knowledgeable.
- ^ "Obregón Salido Álvaro". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
- ^ "Elías Calles Campuzano Plutarco". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
- ^ Parra 2010, pp. 16–17
- ^ Parra 2010, pp. 23–24
- ^ Hickman, Kennedy (July 1, 2019). "Chasing Pancho Villa: The US Punitive Expedition". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017.
- ^ Dávila, Doralicia Carmona (March 14, 1916). "La expedición punitiva enviada por Estados Unidos, cruza la frontera para capturar y fusilar a Francisco Villa". Memoria Política de México.
- ^ Malpica, Toño (2009). Villa y La Expedición Punitiva (PDF) (in Spanish). Sán Angel, México: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México.
- ^ Including conspirative co-operation between Germany and Russian Bolsheviks 1914–1918, Pipes 1996, pp. 113–149, Lackman 2009, pp. 48–57, McMeekin 2017, pp. 125–136
- ^ a b c d Western Society for French History. Meeting: Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, New Mexico State University Press, 1996, sayfa 206 Archived 9 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Briton Cooper Busch: Mudros to Lausanne: Britain's Frontier in West Asia, 1918–1923, SUNY Press, 1976, ISBN 0-87395-265-0, sayfa 216 Archived 15 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "British Indian troops attacked by Turks; thirty wounded and British officer captured – Warships' guns drive enemy back Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine," New York Times (18 June 1920).
- ^ "Allies occupy Constantinople; seize ministries; Turkish and British Indian soldiers killed in a clash at the War Office Archived 4 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine," New York Times (18 March 1920).
- ^ Gingeras 2022, pp. 204–206.
- ^ Chester Neal Tate, Governments of the World: a Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, p. 205. Archived 9 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ According to John R. Ferris, "Decisive Turkish victory in Anatolia... produced Britain's gravest strategic crisis between the 1918 Armistice and Munich, plus a seismic shift in British politics..." Erik Goldstein and Brian McKerche, Power and Stability: British Foreign Policy, 1865–1965, 2004 p. 139
- ^ Hughes, Matthew (2005). "Logistics and the Chaco War Bolivia versus Paraguay 1932–1935". The Journal of Military History. 69 (2): 411–437. doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0104. S2CID 163055852.
- ^ Glassner, Martin Ira (1983). "The Transit Problems of Landlocked States: The Cases of Bolivia and Paraguay". In Borghese, E.M.; Ginsburg, M. (eds.). Ocean Yearbook. Vol. 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 366–389.
- ^ Miyata, Osamu (July 1987), "The Tudeh Military Network during the Oil Nationalization Period", Middle Eastern Studies, 23 (3): 313–328, doi:10.1080/00263208708700709, JSTOR 4283187
- ^ Lee Lanning, Michael (2008). Inside the VC and the NVA. Texas A&M University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-60344-059-2.
- ^ Crozier, Brian (2005). Political Victory: The Elusive Prize Of Military Wars. Transaction. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7658-0290-3.
- ^ Fall 1994, p. 63.
- ^ Logevall, Fredrik (2012). Embers of War: the fall of an empire and the making of America's Vietnam. Random House. pp. 596–599. ISBN 978-0-375-75647-4.
- ^ Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957
- ^ Malaysia Act 1963
- ^ Kim, Heesu (1996). Anglo-American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953–1960 (PDF) (Thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 213. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
- ^ Birtle, Andrew J. (2000). The Korean War: Years of Stalemate. U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 34. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- ^ Nissimi 2006, p. 11.
- ^ Newsinger, John (1981). "Revolt and Repression in Kenya: The "Mau Mau" Rebellion, 1952-1960". Science & Society. 45 (2): 159–185. JSTOR 40402312.
- ^ Larsen, Lt. Gen. Stanley Robert (2005). Allied Participation in Vietnam. University Press of the Pacific. p. 167. ISBN 9781410225016.
- ^ Poggo (2009), p. 151.
- ^ a b Poggo (2009), p. 166.
- ^ a b c d e f Poggo (2009), p. 1.
- ^ OBallance 1977, p. 119-120.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Poggo (2009), p. 155.
- ^ a b Poggo (2009), p. 165.
- ^ Martell (2018), p. 72.
- ^ Martell (2018), pp. 79–82.
- ^ a b Johnson, Douglas (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-1847010292.
- ^ Leach, Justin (2012). War and Politics in Sudan: Cultural Identities and the Challenges of the Peace Process. I.B.Tauris. p. 178. ISBN 978-1780762272.
- ^ a b c Martell (2018), p. 89.
- ^ Acig.org. "Sudan, Civil War since 1955".
- ^ Poggo (2009), p. 158.
- ^ Poggo (2009), p. 163.
- ^ Shinn, David H, "Addis Ababa Agreement: was it destined to fail and are there lessons for the Current Sudan Peace Process?", p. 242
- ^ "B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945-1995 (1997)
- ^ Eckhardt, William, in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987-88 (12th ed., 1987) by Ruth Leger Sivard.
- ^ Singer, Joel David, The Wages of War, 1816-1965 (1972)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Guatemala Civil War, 1960–1996". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
- ^ The Kashmir Question: Retrospect and Prospect, 2013. Page 121.
- ^ The Giant's Rival: The USSR and Latin America, Revised Edition, 1988. Page 143.
- ^ "Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America"
- ^ "Mexico, the key of the development of the guerrilla movement in Latin America". Elsiglodetorreon.com.mx. 17 March 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ "Welcome to acig.org". www.acig.org. Archived from the original on March 10, 2019.
- ^ "The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and..." Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ "Our work in Nicaragua". Swedish International Development Corporation Agency (www.sida.se). 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-04-18.
- ^ "Sandinistas Find Economic Ally In Socialist Sweden". philly-archives. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ Castro's America Department: Coordinating Cuba's Support for Marxist-Leninist Violence in the Americas. 1988. Page 36
- ^ China and the Third World: Champion Or Challenger?, 1986. Page 151.
- ^ Uppsala Conflict Data Program conflict Encyclopedia, El Salvador, In Depth, Negotiating a settlement to the conflict, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=51®ionSelect=4-Central_Americas# Archived 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, "...US government increased the security support to prevent a similar thing to happen in El Salvador. This was, not least, demonstrated in the delivery of security aid to El Salvador", viewed on May 24, 2013
- ^ Hunter, Jane (1987). Israeli foreign policy: South Africa and Central America. Part II: Israel and Central America – Guatemala. pp. 111–137.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Schirmer, 1996; pg 172
- ^ Haskin 2005, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007, p. 101.
- ^ Dorn 2016, p. 32.
- ^ Nugent 2004, p. 97.
- ^ Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1987). Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. The Israeli Connection: Who Israel Arms and why. p. 64. "Though Israel was busy establishing ties with newly independent African nations in the 1960s, it did not support all forms of decolonization. When it came to Portugal's colonies, Israel was on the side of continuing European rule.". Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-394-55922-3.
- ^ "The South African Air Force". saairforce.co.za.
- ^ Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World, 1997, p. 306.
- ^ "Deuda Saldada: Franco, el régimen y la guerra colonial portuguesa". Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie V, Historia Contemporánea (25): 131–152. December 2013.
- ^ Telepneva, Natalia (2022). Cold War Liberation: The Soviet Union and the Collapse of the Portuguese Empire in Africa, 1961–1975. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4696-6586-3.
- ^ The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and Regional Comparisons, 1988, pp. 117–118.
- ^ Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror, 2013, p. 81.
- ^ China and Africa: A Century of Engagement, 2012, p. 339.
- ^ Armed Forces and Modern Counter-insurgency, 1985, p. 140.
- ^ Cuba: The International Dimension, 1990, pp. 155–157.
- ^ Cuba in the World, 1979, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Abbott, Peter; Manuel Ribeiro Rodrigues (1988). Modern African Wars: Angola and Mozambique, 1961–74. p. 10.
- ^ "FNLA – um movimento em permanente letargia, guerracolonial.org" (in Portuguese).
- ^ Selcher, Wayne A. (1976). "Brazilian Relations with Portuguese Africa in the Context of the Elusive "Luso-Brazilian Community"". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 18 (1): 25–58. doi:10.2307/174815. JSTOR 174815.
- ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia : Knowledge in depth. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2003. ISBN 978-0-85229-961-6.
- ^ Falola, Toyin; Oyebade, Adebayo O. (2010-07-01). Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-0-313-35972-9.
- ^ Mia Couto, Carnation revolution, Le Monde Diplomatique
- ^ Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (2015). "Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad". Diplomatic History. 39 (1): 98–125. doi:10.1093/dh/dht121. ISSN 0145-2096.
Despite massive political, economic, and military aid to the fledgling Ba'thist government—including the provision of napalm weapons to assist the regime in what the Embassy regarded as a 'genocidal' counterinsurgency campaign in Iraqi Kurdistan—the first Ba'thist regime in Iraq proved 'not long for this world,' in the words of a rather gleeful British Ambassador. The Ba'th presided over a nine-month reign of terror, and the scale of the party's brutality shocked Iraqi sensibilities. Moreover, the Ba'th's association—in the public mind—with the American CIA only hastened its demise. In mid-November 1963, less than nine months after taking power, the Ba'th's rivals in the Iraqi Army deposed the Ba'th and rejoined Qasim's challenge to the IPC.
- ^ Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq. Stanford University Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-1-5036-1382-9.
- ^ "18. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)".
- ^ a b c Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq. Stanford University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-5036-1382-9.
As the IPC moved in opposition to Qasim, Israeli and Iranian covert assistance began to pour into Iraqi Kurdistan... Kurdish representatives reached out to the US embassy for the same... Available documentation does not prove conclusively that the United States provided covert assistance to the Kurds in the fall of 1962, but the documents that have been declassified are certainly suggestive—especially in light of the general US policy orientation toward Iraq during this period.
- ^ Kingsbury, Damien (2021-02-27). Separatism and the State. Taylor & Francis. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-000-36870-3.
Due to Qasim's distrust of the Iraqi army, he refused to properly arm it, leading to a military stalemate with the Kurds.
- ^ The Pillage of Sustainablility in Eritrea, 1600s–1990s: Rural Communities and the Creeping Shadows of Hegemony, 1998. Page 82.
- ^ a b c Fauriol, Georges A; Loser, Eva (1990). Cuba: the international dimension. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-88738-324-6.
- ^ a b The maverick state: Gaddafi and the New World Order, 1996. Page 71.
- ^ Schmidt, Elizabeth (2013). Foreign intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Cambridge. p. 158. ISBN 9780521882385.
China assisted the ELF with weapons and military training until 1972, when Ethiopian recognition of Beijing as the legitimate Chinese government led to China's abandonment of the Eritrean struggle.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Chinese and African Perspectives on China in Africa 2009, Page 93
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The initial neutrality of the USSR's Western rivals, including Britain and the United States in particular, I gather, provided an opening for the Soviets to send MiG fighters and technical assistance to the Nigerians, thereby including the region in the cold war theater.
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According to General Nawroz, the Afghan-Soviet War was a rare confrontation in history as it helped trigger the collapse of the greatest empire of modern times. Lessons learned from this conflict were gathered by both sides. Whatever else these lessons may show, the most fundamental of them is that no army, however sophisticated, well trained, materially rich, numerically overwhelming and ruthless, can succeed on the battlefield if it is not psychologically fit and motivated for the fight.
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Today, the victory of the anti-Soviet mujahideen seems preordained as part of the West's ultimate triumph in the Cold War.
- Khan, Arshad (2003). Islam, Muslims, and America: Understanding the Basis of Their Conflict. Algora Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-87586-243-9.
After a decade of war, the Soviet army was forced to withdraw in 1989. The mujahideen's victory against a superpower was a great morale booster for Muslims throughout the world.
- Trenin, Dmitri V.; Malashenko, Alexey (2010). Russia's Restless Frontier: The Chechnya Factor in Post-Soviet Russia. Carnegie Endowment. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-87003-294-3.
The war in Afghanistan brought about a deep crisis in Moscow's Middle Eastern policy. Having failed to suppress militarily the armed opposition supported from abroad, the Soviet Union was forced to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1989. The political and military defeat of the Soviet Union, which had failed to protect a client regime in a neighboring country for the first time since 1945, accelerated the erosion and, ultimately, the disintegration of the Soviet presence in the region from Damascus to Aden.
- Pedraja, René De La (2018-11-21). The Russian Military Resurgence: Post-Soviet Decline and Rebuilding, 1992-2018. McFarland. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4766-3449-4.
But the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan on 15 February 1989, although a military defeat, did not mean the overthrown of the local socialist government. Against all predictions of its demise, the regime of Mohamed Najibullah survived the departure of Soviet troops. Only after the new Russian Federation withdrew its assistance in 1992 was the unfortunate Najibullah overthrown and murdered.
- Plügge, Matthias (2023). Traces of Terrorism. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 340. ISBN 9783756842643.
For the Muslims, the Afghan Mujahideen victory over the Red army was, with probably a few exceptions, a military victory for the Islam – the first one for some centuries.
- Zehr, Nahed Artoul (2017). The War Against Al-Qaeda: Religion, Policy, and Counter-narratives. Georgetown University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-62616-428-4.
He turned his attention directly toward continuing the jihad that had been initiated in Afghanistan. The mujahideen's victory over the Soviets was a major boost to the development of the al-Qaeda phenomenon, as figures such as bin Laden viewed their victory as one of Muslims against non-Muslim forces. For bin Laden, the mujahideen—a vanguard army of true Muslims fighting for the construction of a legitimate Islamic State—had prevailed against a much stronger non-Muslim power presaged the Islamic revolution. Motivated by the mujahideen's success, bin Laden believed that the Muslim-wide revolution could start, and Afghanistan would be the base from which the Muslim-wide revolution could start, and Afghanistan would be the base from which this new war could be waged.
- Shahrani, M. Nazif (2012-09-20). The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers and War. University of Washington Press. pp. xx. ISBN 978-0-295-80378-4.
The United States reportedly invested some three billion dollars in the anti-Soviet war in Afghanistan. Then, after the Soviet defeat and withdrawal in 1989, the United States simply abandoned Afghanistan by walking away.
- Insurgency and Counter Insurgency: A Dangerous War of Nerves: A Dangerous War of Nerves. KW Publishers Pvt Ltd. 2013-07-15. p. 1993. ISBN 978-93-85714-73-3.
Al Qaeda was formed in Afghanistan after the Soviet defeat in 1989 by the various Mujahideen groups who were emboldened by their victory over a superpower and, hence, sought to carry their war to other arenas.
- Ramakrishna, Kumar (2014-10-19). Islamist Terrorism and Militancy in Indonesia: The Power of the Manichean Mindset. Springer. p. 166. ISBN 978-981-287-194-7.
After the Soviet defeat and withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989, Azzam argued that the Islamic victory was in fact "the prelude to the liberation of Palestine" and other "lost" territories.
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The war was fought in four different strategic phrases: the Soviet offensive operation in support of the regime change; a symmetrical expansion of the war leading to a strategic stalemate following the failure of the Soviet forces to win militarily; the Soviets' combined political-military struggle aimed at a political solution in support of a responsible exit strategy; the Soviet military defeat and its withdrawal from Afghanistan.
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Explanatory notes
[edit]- ^ The last battle took place from 2–6 July 1991 between the Lebanese government and the Palestine Liberation Organization due to the latter's refusal to accept the Taif Agreement.