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1999 East Timorese crisis

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1999 East Timorese crisis
Part of the decolonisation of Asia and the fall of Suharto

Destroyed houses in Dili
DateApril 1999 – 2002 (3 years)
Location
East Timor
Result

East Timorese victory

Belligerents

East Timor
INTERFET
UNTAET

Full list:

Indonesia Pro-Indonesia militias

Commanders and leaders
 Wiranto
Eurico Guterres
Strength
11,000 military and police[11] 13,000 militias[12]
Casualties and losses

17-24 killed (UNTAET personnel)[13][14]

  • 49 UN staff and NGOs captured later released[15]
1,400 civilians killed
220,000+ refugees[21]
15 UNAMET staff killed[22]
2 journalists killed[23]
1 Indonesian soldier killed[24]
1 Indonesian police officer killed[25]

The 1999 East Timorese crisis began with attacks by pro-Indonesia militia groups on civilians and expanded to general violence throughout the country, centred in the capital Dili. The violence intensified after a majority of eligible East Timorese voters voted for independence from Indonesia. A Scorched Earth Operation by militia groups destroyed 80% of Dili's infrastructure.[26][27] At least 1,400 civilians are believed to have been murdered both before and after voting.[28] A UN-authorized force (INTERFET) consisting mainly of Australian Defence Force personnel was deployed to East Timor to establish and maintain peace.

Background

See also: Fall of Suharto and Post-Suharto era in Indonesia
Indonesian President B. J. Habibie takes the presidential oath of office on 21 May 1998.

Independence for East Timor, or even limited regional autonomy, was not allowable under Suharto's New Order. Notwithstanding Indonesian public opinion in the 1990s occasionally showing begrudging appreciation of the Timorese position, it was widely feared that an independent East Timor would destabilise Indonesian unity.[29] Renewed United Nations-brokered mediation efforts between Indonesia and Portugal began in early 1997.[30] The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, however, caused tremendous upheaval in Indonesia and led to Suharto's resignation in May 1998, ending his thirty-year presidency.[31] Prabowo, by then in command of the powerful Indonesian Strategic Reserve, went into exile in Jordan and military operations in East Timor were costing the bankrupt Indonesian government a million dollars a day.[32] The subsequent "reformasi" period of relative political openness and transition, included unprecedented debate about Indonesia's relationship with East Timor. For the remainder of 1998, discussion forums took place throughout Dili working towards a referendum.[32] Indonesian Foreign Minister Alatas described plans for phased autonomy leading to possible independence as "all pain, no gain" for Indonesia.[33] On 8 June 1998, three weeks after taking office, Habibie, as Suharto's successor, announced that Indonesia would soon offer East Timor a special plan for autonomy.[31]

In late 1998, the Australian Government of John Howard drafted a letter to Indonesia advising of a change in Australian policy, and advocating a referendum on independence within a decade. President Habibie saw such an arrangement as implying "colonial rule" by Indonesia and he decided to call a snap referendum on the issue.[34]

Indonesia and Portugal announced on 5 May 1999 that a vote would be held allowing the people of East Timor to choose between the autonomy plan or independence. The vote, to be administered by the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET), was originally scheduled for 8 August but later postponed until 30 August. Indonesia also took responsibility for security; this arrangement caused worry in East Timor, but many observers believe that Indonesia would have refused to allow foreign peacekeepers during the vote.[35]

Voting and violence

Destruction in Dili
Main article: 1999 East Timorese independence referendum

As groups supporting autonomy and independence began campaigning, a series of pro-integration paramilitary groups of East Timorese began threatening and committing violence around the country. Alleging pro-independence bias on the part of UNAMET, the groups were seen working with and receiving training from Indonesian soldiers. Before the May agreement was announced, an April paramilitary attack in Liquiça left dozens of East Timorese dead. On 16 May 1999, a gang accompanied by Indonesian troops attacked suspected independence activists in the village of Atara; in June another group attacked a UNAMET office in Maliana. Indonesian authorities claimed to be helpless to stop what it claimed was violence between rival East Timorese factions, but Ramos-Horta joined many others in scoffing at such notions.[36] In February 1999 he said: "Before [Indonesia] withdraws it wants to wreak major havoc and destabilization, as it has always promised. We have consistently heard that over the years from the Indonesian military in Timor."[37]

As militia leaders warned of a "bloodbath", Indonesian "roving ambassador" Francisco Lopes da Cruz declared: "If people reject autonomy there is the possibility blood will flow in East Timor."[38] One paramilitary leader announced that a "sea of fire" would result in the event of a vote for independence.[39] As the date of the vote drew near, reports of anti-independence violence continued to accumulate.[40]

The day of the vote, 30 August 1999, was generally calm and orderly. 98.6 per cent of registered voters cast ballots, and on 4 September UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan announced that 78.5 per cent of the votes had been cast for independence.[41] Brought up on the "New Order"'s insistence that the East Timorese supported integration, Indonesians were either shocked or incredulous that the East Timorese had voted against being part of Indonesia. Many accepted media stories blaming the supervising United Nations and Australia who had pressured Habibie for a resolution.[42]

As UNAMET staff returned to Dili following the ballot, towns began to be systematically razed. Within hours of the results, paramilitary groups had begun attacking people and setting fires around the capital Dili. Foreign journalists and election observers fled, and tens of thousands of East Timorese took to the mountains. Indonesian Muslim gangs attacked Dili's Catholic Diocese building, killing two dozen people; the next day, the headquarters of the ICRC was attacked and burned to the ground. Almost one hundred people were killed later in Suai, and reports of similar massacres poured in from around East Timor.[43] The vast majority of the UN staff locked down in their Dili compound, which had been flooded with refugees, refused to evacuate unless the refugees were withdrawn as well, insisting they would rather die at the hands of the paramilitary groups.[41] At the same time, Indonesian troops and paramilitary gangs forced over 200,000 people into West Timor, into camps described by Human Rights Watch as "deplorable conditions".[44] After several weeks the Australian Government offered to allow the refugees in the UN compound along with the UN staff to be evacuated to Darwin, and all the refugees and all except four UN staff were evacuated.

When a UN delegation arrived in Jakarta on 8 September, they were told by Habibie that reports of bloodshed in East Timor were "fantasies" and "lies".[45] General Wiranto of the Indonesian military insisted that his soldiers had the situation under control, and later expressed his emotion for East Timor by singing the 1975 hit song "Feelings" at an event for military wives.[46][47]

Countries contributing to INTERFET & UNTAET

Main article: INTERFET logistics
Commander INTERFET, Major General Cosgrove, joins hands with the new East Timor leadership during a celebration to mark the official handover to UNTAET.

Australia provided the largest contingent of troops, hardware and equipment for the INTERFET operation—5,500 personnel at its peak—followed by New Zealand.[48] New Zealand's contribution peaked at 1,200 personnel.[49] It was New Zealand's largest overseas military deployment since the Korean War.[50] Eventually, 22 nations contributed to INTERFET, which grew to over 11,500 strong.[51][52] Another 40 nations joined UNTAET as either contributing military personnel or civilian police officers.[53] Countries known to contribute include (in alphabetical order) Australia, Austria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Denmark, Egypt, Fiji, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Samoa, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.[54] Australia was refused US ground troops but was able to secure vital support for airlift, logistics, specialised intelligence, over the horizon deterrence, and "diplomatic muscle".[55] Japan who was prevented by law from sending troops provided significant financial funding of a US$100 million.[56][57] Participants were awarded the International Force East Timor Medal by the Australian Government.[58]

As lead nation Australia provided logistic support for a number of other nations in addition to its own requirements.[59] A Force Logistic Support Group was deployed during October and November based on the 10th Force Support Battalion (10 FSB), which included supply, transport, port operators, water transport and maintenance personnel, while a forward surgical team, preventative medical section, signals squadron, and engineers from the 17th Construction Squadron and a section of the 19th Chief Engineer Works were also attached. Meanwhile, the 9th Force Support Battalion was deployed to Darwin to provide additional support, and later rotated with 10 FSB in East Timor.[60]

Despite the proximity of considerable civilian and military infrastructure in Darwin, the provision of this support proved a major challenge for Australia, which had not been required to provide full logistic support for a deployed force since the Second World War. Reductions in defence spending over the previous decade had led to the run-down of its logistic support force, resulting in the requirement to quickly implement a range of ad hoc measures to overcome these shortfalls.[61] Despite relatively short lines of communication, low expenditure of ammunition, fuel and other consumables, and limited personnel and equipment casualties, the operation strained the ADF's limited logistic capability and it was questionable whether it could have sustained a more high intensity deployment.[62]

Indonesian withdrawal and peacekeeping force

Main article: International Force for East Timor
HMAS Jervis Bay in Dili in October 1999.

The violence was met with widespread public anger in Australia, Portugal and elsewhere and activists in Portugal, Australia, the United States and other nations pressured their governments to take action. Australian Prime Minister John Howard consulted United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan and lobbied U.S. President Bill Clinton to support an Australian-led international peacekeeping force to enter East Timor to end the violence. The United States offered crucial logistical and intelligence resources and an "over-horizon" deterrent presence, but did not commit forces to the operation. Finally, on 11 September, Bill Clinton announced:[55]

I have made clear that my willingness to support future economic assistance from the international community will depend upon how Indonesia handles the situation from today.

Indonesia, in dire economic straits, relented. Habibie announced on 12 September that Indonesia would withdraw its soldiers and allow an Australian-led international peacekeeping force to enter East Timor.[63] The Indonesian garrison in the east of the island was Battalion 745, the bulk of which was withdrawn by sea, but one company, taking the battalion's vehicles and heavy equipment, withdrew westwards along the northern coastal road, towards Dili and the Indonesian border, leaving death and destruction as they went. They murdered dozens of innocent and unarmed villagers along the way and, near Dili, killed one journalist and attempted to kill two more.

On 15 September 1999, the United Nations Security Council expressed concern at the deteriorating situation in East Timor, and issued UNSC Resolution 1264 calling for a multinational force to restore peace and security to East Timor, to protect and support the United Nations mission there, and to facilitate humanitarian assistance operations until such time as a United Nations peacekeeping force could be approved and deployed in the area.[64]

INTERFET then launched an operation to secure the last part of the country the Oecussi Enclave.[65] On 22 October 1999, the SASR conducted an air insertion in Black Hawk helicopters at Port Makasa in the enclave together with an hour later an amphibious landing from a Navy landing craft with their vehicles.[66][67] The night before Australian Navy Clearance divers from HMAS Success had conducted a clandestine beach reconnaissance of the amphibious landing area.[68][67]

The International Force for East Timor, or INTERFET, under the command of Australian Major General Peter Cosgrove, entered Dili on 20 September and by 31 October the last Indonesian troops had left East Timor.[69] The arrival of thousands of international troops in East Timor caused the militia to flee across the border into Indonesia, whence sporadic cross-border raids by the militia against INTERFET forces were conducted.

The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) was established at the end of October and administered the region for two years. Control of the nation was turned over to the Government of East Timor and independence was declared on 20 May 2002.[70] On 27 September of the same year, East Timor joined the United Nations as its 191st member state.[71]

The bulk of the military forces of INTERFET were Australian. There were more than 5,500 Australian troops at its peak, including an infantry brigade, with armoured and aviation support. Eventually 22 nations further contributed to the force which at its height had over 11,000 troops.[72] The United States provided crucial logistic and diplomatic support throughout the crisis, while the cruiser USS Mobile Bay operated in open ocean at arm's length, whilst Australian, Canadian and British ships entered Dili. A US Marine infantry battalion of 1,000 men—plus organic armour and artillery—was also stationed off the coast aboard the USS Belleau Wood to provide a strategic reserve in the event of significant armed opposition.[73][74]

Casualties

An estimated 1,400 civilians were killed both before and after the independence referendum.[75] Between 17 and 24 UNTAET personnel died during the mission.[76][14] Approximately 15 to 19 pro-Indonesian East Timorese militia members were killed in clashes with international forces.[77][17][78] At least 15 UNAMET staff members were also killed during the crisis.[79] Two East Timorese journalists affiliated with Suara Timor Timur and Radio UNAMET, were killed by militias amid the unrest.[80]

UNTAET casualties in East Timor

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "East Timor and Australia's Security Role: Issues and Scenarios".
  2. ^ a b c d e "UNTAET Fact Sheet 18: Peacekeeping Force". OCHA. 28 February 2002. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  3. ^ Cross, Lyle. "East Timor: A Case Study in C4I Innovation". US Navy Information Technology Magazine. Department of Navy (US). Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  4. ^ a b "53. Indonesia/East Timor (1976-2002)". uca.edu.
  5. ^ "BBC News | Asia-Pacific | Military sanctions against Indonesia". news.bbc.co.uk.
  6. ^ "U.S. Removes Six-Year Embargo Against Indonesia". Associated Press. 25 March 2015.
  7. ^ "Britain sells weapons to Indonesia after 13 year hiatus". The Telegraph. 11 April 2012.
  8. ^ "EU Arms Embargo to Indonesia Lifted Despite Worsening Situation in the Archipelago". Transnational Institute. 17 November 2005.
  9. ^ "BBC News | ASIA-PACIFIC | EU lifts arms embargo on Indonesia". news.bbc.co.uk.
  10. ^ "East Timor mourns death of UN peacekeeping force's top military observer". UN News. 9 September 2002.
  11. ^ "UNSC Authorizes UN Troops for East Timor".
  12. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (22 September 2017). "13.000 Eks Milisi Timtim akan Demo Seminggu Tuntut Kompensasi". KOMPAS.com. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  13. ^ "Facts and figures". United Nations. 31 March 2002. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  14. ^ a b c "United Nations peacekeeping" (PDF). peacekeeping.un.org. Fatalities by Nationality and Mission up to 3/31/2021 11:59:59 pm. Retrieved 22 July 2025.
  15. ^ "The untold story of the daring NZ SAS mission to rescue UN personnel in West Timor". Stuff. 5 September 2020.
  16. ^ "Japan Self-Defense Forces Participation in UN Peacekeeping: An Idea Whose Time is Past". nippon.com. 5 December 2016.
  17. ^ a b c "Files reveal East Timor clashes". www.etan.org.
  18. ^ "Documents link NZ forces with Aussie torture probe". The New Zealand Herald. 20 March 2024.
  19. ^ Smith & Dee 2003, p. 70.
  20. ^ "ASIANOW - Peacekeepers capture suspected elite forces in East Timor - September 28, 1999". www.cnn.com.
  21. ^ "Remembering UNHCR colleagues killed in Atambua, West Timor, twenty years on". UNHCR. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  22. ^ "UN commemorates those who died while in service in Timor-Leste at Gleno". UN Timor-Leste. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
  23. ^ "Attacks on the Press 1999: East Timor". Committee to Protect Journalists. 22 March 2000. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  24. ^ "NZ peacekeepers kill Indonesian soldier". The New Zealand Herald. 20 March 2024.
  25. ^ "Interfet fires at Indonesian police near frontier post". www.irishtimes.com.
  26. ^ Egan, Carmel (8 January 2000). "The Timor gap". The Advertiser. p. 69.
  27. ^ McDonald, Hamish; Williams, Louise (11 September 1999). "To what end, Indonesia?". The Age. Fairfax Media. p. 1. Archived from the original on 18 January 2000.
  28. ^ Moore, Matthew (20 May 2004). "Army and police take over from UN peacekeepers". The Age. with AAP and Liz Gooch. p. 12.
  29. ^ Schwarz 1994, p. 228.
  30. ^ Marker 2003, p. 7.
  31. ^ a b Nevins 2005, p. 82.
  32. ^ a b Friend 2003, p. 433.
  33. ^ John G. Taylor, East Timor: The Price of Freedom (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999; 1st ed., 1991), p.xv. Cited in Friend (2003), p. 433
  34. ^ "Howard pushed me on E. Timor referendum: Habibie". ABC News. 15 November 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  35. ^ Nevins2005, pp. 86–89.
  36. ^ Nevins2005, pp. 83–88.
  37. ^ Quoted in Nevins, p. 84.
  38. ^ Both quoted in Nevins, p. 91.
  39. ^ Quoted in Nevins, p. 92.
  40. ^ International Federation for East Timor Observer Project. "IFET-OP Report #7: Campaign Period Ends in Wave of Pro-Integration Terror". 28 August 1999. Retrieved on 17 February 2008.
  41. ^ a b Shah, Angilee. "Records of East Timor: 1999" Archived 2 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine. 21 September 2006. Online at the UCLA International Institute. Retrieved on 17 February 2008.
  42. ^ Vickers (2003), p. 215
  43. ^ Nevins 2005, pp. 100–104.
  44. ^ "Indonesia/East Timor: Forced Expulsions to West Timor and the Refugee Crisis". Human Rights Watch. December 1999. Retrieved on 17 February 2008.
  45. ^ Quoted in Nevins, p. 104.
  46. ^ Nevins2005, p. 107.
  47. ^ "Wiranto – survivor with iron will". BBC News. 13 February 2000. Online at bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 17 February 2008.
  48. ^ Horner 2001, p. 9.
  49. ^ Neville, Leigh (27 June 2019). The Australian Army at War 1976–2016. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 16.
  50. ^ Crawford & Harper 2001, p. 6.
  51. ^ Power, Samantha (2008). Chasing the Flame: One Man's Fight to Save the World. Penguin Books. p. 297. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
  52. ^ Horner 2001, p. 22.
  53. ^ "Facts and figures". United Nations. 31 March 2002. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
  54. ^ Ryan 2000, pp. 127–129.
  55. ^ a b "The Howard Years: Episode 2: "Whatever It Takes"". Program Transcript. Australian Broadcasting Commission. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  56. ^ Richardson, Michael (5 October 1999). "Financial and Diplomatic Costs Mount : Australia Presses UN To Send Timor Force". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  57. ^ "East Timor/Timor-Leste: Background". Australian Army. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012.
  58. ^ "International Force East Timor Medal". It's an Honour. Government of Australia. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  59. ^ Horner 2001, p. 32.
  60. ^ Horner 2001, p. 23.
  61. ^ Horner 2001, pp. 32–33.
  62. ^ Horner 2001, p. 38.
  63. ^ Nevins 2005, p. 108.
  64. ^ UN approves Timor force, BBC News, 15 September 1999
  65. ^ Farrell 2000, pp. 65.
  66. ^ Horner 2001, p. 509.
  67. ^ a b Vice Admiral Peter Jones; Vice Admiral Russ Crane; Commodore Hec Donohue; Commander Pete Tedman (19 August 2019). Clearance Diving the RAN (Part 3) From Vietnam War to 2019. Naval History Podcast Series - Season 4 (Podcast). University of New South Wales.
  68. ^ Williams, Emma. "AUSCDT4 Clears Beaches and Conducts Clandestine Ops in East Timor". Royal Australian Navy. Archived from the original on 28 April 2001.
  69. ^ Nevins 2005, pp. 108–110.
  70. ^ "New country, East Timor, is born; UN, which aided transition, vows continued help" Archived 10 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. UN News Centre. 19 May 2002. Retrieved on 17 February 2008.
  71. ^ "UN General Assembly admits Timor-Leste as 191st member" Archived 18 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. UN News Centre. 27 September 2002. Retrieved on 17 February 2008.
  72. ^ Horner 2001, p. 9.
  73. ^ Smith & Dee 2003, pp. 47, 56.
  74. ^ Martin 2002, p. 113.
  75. ^ Moore, Matthew (20 May 2004). "Army and police take over from UN peacekeepers". The Age. with AAP and Liz Gooch. p. 12.
  76. ^ "Facts and figures". United Nations. 31 March 2002. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  77. ^ "Japan Self-Defense Forces Participation in UN Peacekeeping: An Idea Whose Time is Past". nippon.com. 5 December 2016.
  78. ^ "Documents link NZ forces with Aussie torture probe". The New Zealand Herald. 20 March 2024.
  79. ^ "UN commemorates those who died while in service in Timor-Leste at Gleno". UN Timor-Leste. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
  80. ^ "Attacks on the Press 1999: East Timor". Committee to Protect Journalists. 22 March 2000. Retrieved 12 November 2020.

References

Further reading

Media related to Crises in East Timor 1999 at Wikimedia Commons

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