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List of loanwords in Classical Syriac

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Loanwords in Classical Syriac entered the language throughout different periods in the history of Mesopotamia. The Alexandrian and Seleucid rule along with interaction with their fellow citizens of the Greco-Roman world of the Fertile Crescent resulted in the adoption of numerous Greek words. The majority of these were nouns relating to Roman administration, such as officials, military, and law.[1]

The largest group of loanwords come from Greek and is followed by Iranian loans, although words from Sumerian, Akkadian, and Latin are also passed on in varying degrees.[2] Several Hebrew loanwords exist (particularly religious terms). The Islamic Conquests changed the demographics of the empire and resulted in an influx of a new corpus of words from Arabic while life under the Seljuk, Ottoman, and Safavid empires introduced Turkic words to the language. Several loanwords in Classical Syriac are also partly taken or additionally rooted to other Semitic, Iranian, and Indo-European families, being rooted across various languages.

Language isolates

[edit]

Sumerian

[edit]
Sumerian Syriac Pronunciation Part of Speech Meaning Notes
𒂍𒆳 (E.KUR) ܐܓܘܪܐ aggura noun "pagan shrine, altar" [3][4]
𒀀𒂵𒄠 (agam) ܐܓܡܐ agma noun "meadow, swamp" [5]
𒂍𒋞 (addir) ܐܓܪܐ agra noun "hire, wages" [6]
𒌑𒊩 (usal) ܐܘܣܠܐ aosla noun "swamp" [7]
𒄑𒀠𒆷𒈝 (allanum) ܐܝܠܢܐ īlānā noun "tree, tree trunk" [8][9]
𒀀𒍪 (azu) ܐܣܝܐ asya noun "doctor (physician)" [10][11]
𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (idigna) ܕܩܠܬ deqlāṯ noun "Tigris" [12]
𒂍𒃲 (E.GAL) ܗܝܟܠܐ haykla noun "palace, temple" [13][14]
𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (buranun) ܦܪܬ prāṯ noun "Euphrates" [15]

[2][16][17]

Semitic

[edit]

Akkadian

[edit]
Akkadian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
𒌚𒉈 (Abum) ܐܒ proper noun "August" [18]
inbu ܐܒܐ noun "fruit"
abūtu ܐܒܘܬܐ noun "rule, plumbline of an architect; goad for scraping plowshares; duct work"
abullu ܐܒܘܠܐ noun "city gate; portico"
agāru ܐܓܪܐ noun "hire, wages"
agurru ܐܓܘܪܐ noun "kiln-fired brick or tile"
Addaru ܐܕܪ proper noun "March"
ummānu ܐܘܡܬܐ noun "nation"
𒌚𒄞 (Ayyaru) ܐܝܪ proper noun "May" [19]
Ulūlu ܐܝܠܘܠ proper noun "September"
arad ekalli ܐܪܕܟܠܐ noun "architect, builder"
arru ܐܪܐ noun "decoy bird"
asītu ܐܫܝܬܐ noun "wall, column"
egubbu ܓܝܒܐ noun "temple courtyard basin"
muršānu ܘܪܫܢܐ noun "wood dove, pigeon"
zīmu ܙܝܘܐ noun "beauty"
ziqtu ܙܩܬܐ noun "goad, rod"
akukītu ܟܘܟܝܬܐ noun "storm, whirlwind"
Kislīmu ܟܢܘܢ proper noun "December; January"
lilītu ܠܠܝܬܐ noun "lilith; female demon"
aban gabî ܡܓܒܝܐ noun "alum"
amuriqānu ܡܪܝܩܢܐ noun "jaundice"
𒌚𒁇 (nissanum) ܢܝܣܢ proper noun "April" [20][21]
Šabāṭu ܫܒܛ proper noun "February"
šaṭāru ܫܛܪܐ noun "deed, document"
Duʾūzu ܬܡܘܙ proper noun "July"
Tašrītu ܬܫܪܝܢ proper noun "October; November"

[2][22][16][17]

Ancient North Arabian

[edit]
Ancient North Arabian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
𐪑𐪈𐪔𐪇 ܐܒܓܪ proper noun "Abgar" ("lame person") [23][24]

Old South Arabian

[edit]
Ancient North Arabian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
𐩥𐩯𐩤 ܘܣܩܐ noun "burden, captive, servant" [25][26][27]

Arabic

[edit]
Arabic Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
بَغْل ܒܓܠܐ noun "mule" [28][29][30]
بَغْلَة ܒܓܠܬܐ noun "mule, hinny" [31][29][30]
بُومَة ܒܘܡܐ noun "owl" [32][33][34]
بَقَّال ܒܩܠܐ noun "vegetables" [35]
جُمَادَى ܓܘܡܕܐ noun "Jumada", "Jumada"

"audacity, importunity"

[36][37]
ذُو الْحِجَّة ܕܘܠܚܓܗ noun Dhu al-Hijjah [38]
هَجِين ܗܓܝܢܐ adjective "half-breed", "bastard" [39]
زَعْفَرَان ܙܥܦܪܢ noun "crocus, saffron" [40]

Classical Mandaic

[edit]
Classical Mandaic Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
ܩܘܕܐ noun "fetter, clog, bond, shackle" [41]
ࡓࡁࡉࡕࡀ ܪܒܝܬܐ noun "ocean, sea" [42]
ࡔࡒࡀࡐ ܫܩܱܦ verb "to strike, to beat; to contuse, to crush" [43]

Hebrew

[edit]
Hebrew Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
הוֹשַׁע־נָא ܐܘܫܥܢܐ noun; interjection "hosanna" [44][45]
אֵל ܐܝܠ proper noun "El, God" [9]

Biblical Hebrew

[edit]
Biblical Hebrew Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
אָמֵן ܐܡܝܢ adverb "Amen" [46][47]
בְּהֵמוֹת ܒܗܡܘܬ noun "behemoth" [48][49]
הֶבֶל ܗܰܒܶܝܠ proper noun "Abel"
הָמוֹן ܗܡܢ noun "realm of the dead" [50][51]
יֹאשִׁיָּה ܝܘܫܝܐ proper noun "Josiah"
מִזְמוֹר ܡܙܡܘܪܐ noun "psalm, hymn" [52][53]
מִיכָאֵל ܡܺܝܟ݂ܳܐܝܶܠ proper noun "Michael"
נַעֲמָן ܢܥܡܢ proper noun "Naaman"

Iranian languages

[edit]

[54]

Iranian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
ܐܗܡܪܐܓܪ noun "accountant"
ustan ܐܘܣܬܢܐ noun "(Persian) court, crown estate" [55]
ezbarka[a] ܐܙܒܪܟܐ noun "large ox, bull, buffalo" [56][57]
ܐܣܦܝܕܟܐ noun "white lead"
būrak ܒܘܪܟܐ noun "borax"
banda ܒܢܕܐ noun "banner, standard" [58][59]
barza ܒܪܙܐ noun "sown field" [60]
jôrâb ܓܘܪܒܐ noun "sock, stocking" [61][62]
ܓܙܐ noun "treasure"
gâv-mêš ܓܡܘܫܐ noun "buffalo bull" [63][64]
garza ܓܪܣܐ noun "crushed grain" or "learning" [65]
daewa ܕܝܘܐ noun "demon, devil"
ܙܝܘܓ noun "mercury (element)"
ܙܪܢܝܟܐ noun "arsenic"
heshmita ܚܫܡܝܬܐ noun "supper, dinner, banquet" [66][67]
ܝܘܙܐ noun "cheetah, leopard, panther" [68]
qaba ܩܒܝܬܐ noun "man's tunic, uppercoat, overgarment" [69][70]
ܩܘܒܬܐ noun "vault, pavilion" [71][72][73]
kūz ܩܘܙܐ noun "weasel, mongoose" [74][75][76]
murtak ܡܪܬܟܐ noun "dross of silver, litharge"
ܢܘܗܕܪܐ noun "commander"
papa ܦܦܐ proper noun "Papa" (male given name)

or "parrot"

[77][78]

Northwestern Iranian languages

[edit]
Northwestern Iranian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
zanax ܙܢܩܐ noun "chin" [79][80]

Middle Iranian languages

[edit]
Middle Iranian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
ܐܒܙܪܐ noun "attachment (on a device)" [81][82]
āβzan ܐܘܙܢܐ noun "basin" [83][84]
ačār- ܐܨܪܐ noun "spices" [85]
ܕܪܓܘܫܬܐ noun "litter, bed" [86][87]
dārṣīnī ܕܪܨܝܢܝ noun "cinnamon" [88]
ܙܢܓܒܝܠ, ܙܢܓܒܝܪ, ܙܝܢܓܒܝܪ, ܙܢܓܒܠܐ, ܙܢܓܝܒܪ, ܙܝܢܓܒܪ noun "ginger" [89]
ܟܘܬܐ noun "food preserved in vinegar" [90]
nôl ܢܘܠܐ noun "weaver's beam" [91][92]
kond ܩܘܕܐ, ܩܘܛܐ noun "shackle, chain" [93]
šēn ܫܝܢܐ noun "peace", "cultivated land" [94]
šīša ܫܝܫܬܐ noun "vase, bottle" [95]

Parthian

[edit]
Parthian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
ܒܝܣܦܢܐ noun "mounted courier" [96]
ܒܝܣܦܩܐ noun "courier's wagon" [97]
ܒܪܙܢܩܐ noun "greave, bracelet" [98][99]
daxš ܕܚܫܐ noun "attendant, lictor" [100][101]
ward ܘܪܕܐ noun "rose" [102][103]
ܙܢܩܐ noun "long boot" [104]
𐭕𐭓𐭐𐭍𐭎 ܛܪܦܢܣܐ noun "corselet, chain mail" [105][106]
𐫖𐫡𐫃 ܡܪܓܐ noun "meadow" [107][108]
sfsyr ܣܦܣܝܪܐ noun "sword, dagger" [109][110]
plync ܦܠܙܐ noun "brass, bronze" [111]
𐫢𐫡𐫀𐫄 ܫܪܓܐ noun "lamp" [112][113]

Old Iranian languages

[edit]
Old Iranian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
gawnah ܓܘܢܐ noun "color", "appearance", "species" [114]
zaina ܙܝܢܐ noun "weapons, arms" [115]

Classical Persian

[edit]
Classical Persian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
زُرْنَاپَا ܙܪܢܦܐ, ܙܪܝܦܐ noun "giraffe" [116]
لوبیا ܠܘܒܝܐ noun "black-eyed pea" [117][118]

Old Persian

[edit]
Old Persian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
ganza- ܓܙܐ noun "treasure" [119][120]
ganzabarah ܓܙܒܪܐ, ܓܝܙܒܪܐ noun "treasurer" [121][120]
𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹 (d-r-n-y) ܕܪܝܟܘܢܐ, ܕܪܟܘܢܐ noun "daric"
𐏀𐎴 (zana-) ܙܢܐ noun "kind, type" [122][123]
𐎶𐎦𐏁 (maguš) ܡܓܘܫܐ noun "Magi" [124][125]
nibrāšti- ܢܒܪܫܬܐ noun "candelabrum, lightstand" [126][127]
𐎴𐎡𐏀𐎣 (naizaka-⁠) ܢܝܙܟܐ noun "spear", "meteor" [128][129]
ܢܝܫܐ noun "sign", "goal" [130][131]
batak- ܦܛܩܐ noun "bowl, flask" [132][133]
ܩܛܐ noun "plumbline" [134][135]

Persian

[edit]
Persian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
آزار ܐܕܪܐ noun "leishmaniasis" [136]
دهل ܕܗܘܠ noun "davul" [137]
خنجر[b] ܚܢܓܪܐ noun "dagger" [138]
لاجورد ܠܐܙܘܪܕ noun "lapis lazuli" [139]
سپستان ܣܓܦܣܬܢ noun "sebesten" [140]
پولاد ܦܘܠܕ noun "steel" [141][142]

Indo-European

[edit]

Greek

[edit]

Early Greek loans which were administrative in nature became obscure as society changed, although words adopted from translations of Christian and philosophical texts outlived the former and survive to the current day.[2] Many loanwords originally from Greek were philosophical and took the plural stem, and the current-day Syriac language remains rich in these loanwords.[143]

Greek Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
ܐܰܢܰܢܩܺܝܐ adjective
ἀράχνη ܐܪܟܐܢܐ noun "spider"
αἱρετικός ܗܪܛܝܩܐ noun "heretic"
τεταρταίος ܛܗܛܐܪܛܗܘ ,ܛܗܛܪܛܗܐ ,ܛܗܛܐܪܛܗܐܘܣ noun "quartan"
ὀροβάγχη ܐܘܪܒܟܝܢ noun "broomrape"
ἄγνος ܐܓܢܘܣ noun "agnus"
κέγχρος ܩܢܟܢܘܢ noun "a gem"
ܦܪܦܝܪܝܛܝܣ noun "porphyrite"
ܣܪܕܘܢ noun "sard, a kind of stone"
γαλακτίτης ܓܠܐܩܛܝܛܝܣ noun "a type of milky stone"
ἀπόφασις ܐܦܘܦܣܝܣ noun "judgement"
συλλογισμός ܣܘܠܘܓܣܡܐ noun "syllogism"
ܦܪܘܛܣܝܣ noun "premise, proposition, preposition"
ὕπατοι ܐܘܦܛܝܢ noun "highest musical string"
κιθάρα ܩܝܬܪܐ noun "harp, lute"
βάσις ܒܣܣ noun "base, basis"
ܩܘܒܘܣ noun "cube'
ἀμμωνιακόν ܐܡܘܢܝܩܘܢ noun "gum ammoniac"
ἀνδροδάμας ܐܢܕܪܘܕܘܡܘܣ noun "arsenical pyrites"
ἄσβεστος ܐܣܒܣܛܘܢ noun "asbestos"
ἀφρόνιτρον ܐܦܘܢܝܛܪܘܢ noun "sodium carbonate"
ἀρσενικόν ܐܪܣܘܢܝܩܘܢ noun "arsenic sulfide, yellow ointment"
ܡܓܢܝܣܝܐ noun "magnesium"
μολυβδήνη mwlbdynˀ noun "galena"
μίσυ mysw noun "shoemaker's vitriol"
νίτρων nyṭrwn noun "nitre"
σηρικόν sryqwn noun "red ink, red lead"
ψιμύθιον psymtyn noun "white lead"
κιννάβαρις ܩܝܢܒܪܝܣ noun "cinnabar"
ܩܠܡܝܐ noun "cadmia (ore of zinc)"
κρήτη ܩܪܝܛ noun "chalk"
ῥητίνη ܪܛܝܢܐ noun "resin"
όξεῖα ܐܘܟܣܝܐ noun "sharp things (grammatical)"
σχῆμα ܐܣܟܡܐ noun "character, shape, form"
ἄρθρον ܐܪܬܪܘܢ noun "particle"
ζεῦγος ܙܘܓܐ noun "pair, conjugation, name of an accent"
τάξις ܛܟܣܐ noun "order, military company, apparatus"
ἄργολας ܐܪܓܘܠܐ noun "a type of snake"

Ancient Greek

[edit]
Ancient Greek Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
γένος ܓܢܣܐ noun genus [143][144][145]

Byzantine Greek

[edit]
Byzantine Greek Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
σπεκουλάτωρ ܐܣܦܘܩܠܛܪܐ noun "speculator, "bodyguard",

"lictor, executioner"

[146]
κούπα ܟܘܒܐ noun "cup, goblet, vessel" [147][148]
σκάλα ܣܩܠܐ noun "ladder", "stirrup" [149]
σακελλάριος ܣܩܠܪܐ, ܣܩܠܐܪܐ noun "treasurer, bursar" [150][149]

Koine Greek

[edit]
Koine Greek Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
Σολομών ܫܠܝܡܘܢ proper noun "Solomon"

Latin

[edit]

Latin loans appear to have been largely transmitted to Syriac via Greek. This is evident based on the Syriac orthography which demonstrates it was borrowed from the Greek form.[2]

Latin Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
arena ܐܪܐܢܐ noun "arena"
comitatus ܩܝܡܛܛܘܢ noun "retinue"
curopalata ܩܘܪܐܦܠܛܝܣ noun "prefect of the palace"
caldarium ܩܪܕܠܐ noun "pot"
candela ܩܢܕܝܠܐ noun "lamp, torch"
carrarius ܩܪܪܐ noun "driver"
carruca ܩܪܘܟܐ noun "chariot"
cella ܩܠܐ noun "cell"
dinarius ܕܝܢܪܐ noun "gold dinarius"
numerus ܢܘܡܪܐ noun "number" [151][152]
pāgānus ܦܓܐܢܐ noun "villager, commoner" [153][154]
palatium ܦܠܛܝܢ noun "palace"
sacra ܣܩܪܐ noun "letter, report" [155]
tālāre ܛܠܪܐ ,ܛܐܠܪܐ noun "sandal" [156][157]
vēlum ܘܝܠܐ noun "veil, curtain, cover" [158][26]

Old Armenian

[edit]
Old Armenian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
կատապան ܩܛܐܒܢ noun "governor of the Armenians" [159][160]
թագաւոր ܬܟܘܘܪ noun "king of the Armenians" [161]

Turkic

[edit]
Turkic Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
qan ܟܐܢ noun "khan, ruler, emperor" [162]
*šāw ܫܐܘ noun "bill, banknote, paper money" [163][164]
yarliǵ ܝܪܠܝܟ noun "decree, mandate, yarligh" [165]

Ottoman Turkish

[edit]
Ottoman Turkish Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
زورنا ܙܘܪܢܐ noun "pipe, flute, zurna" [166]
توتون ܬܬܘܢ noun "tobacco" [167]

Other

[edit]

Old Georgian

[edit]
Old Georgian Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
შოლტი ܫܘܛܐ noun "whip, lash, scourge" [168][169]

Portuguese

[edit]
Portuguese Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
commodore ܟܘܡܕܘܪ noun "commander" [170]

Chinese

[edit]
Chinese Syriac Part of Speech Meaning Notes
牌子 ܦܝܙܐ noun "paiza, gerege" [171]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The word is likely combined with the Old Armenian զուարակ, but details of its origin are uncertain
  2. ^ Also borrowed from Arabic خَنْجَر

See also

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Brockelmann, Carl (1995) [1928]. "Lexicon Syriacum" (2nd ed.).
  • Hillers, Del. "COMPREHENSIVE ARAMAIC LEXICON PROJECT". COMPREHENSIVE ARAMAIC LEXICON PROJECT. Cincinnati, USA: Hebrew Union College. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
  • Smith, Robert Payne (1903). A Compendious Syriac Dictionary (PDF). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781725206427. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  • Ciancaglini, Claudia A. (2006). "SYRIAC LANGUAGE i. IRANIAN LOANWORDS IN SYRIAC". Encyclopaedia Iranica.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Aaron Butts (2014). Greek Loanwords in Syriac.
  2. ^ a b c d e Aaron Butts (2016). Latin Words in Classical Syriac.
  3. ^ Hillers, ˀgwr, ˀgwrˀ.
  4. ^ Smith 1903, p. 3a.
  5. ^ "agam [POND] (N)". electronic PSD 2nd Edition. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
  6. ^ "egar [WALL] (N)". electronic PSD 2nd Edition. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus.
  7. ^ Hillers, ˀwsl, ˀwslˀ.
  8. ^ Hillers, p. ˀyln, ˀylnˀ.
  9. ^ a b Smith 1903, p. 13.
  10. ^ Hillers, ˀsy, ˀsyˀ.
  11. ^ Smith 1903, p. 22.
  12. ^ Hillers, dglt, dqlt.
  13. ^ Hillers, hykl.
  14. ^ Smith 1903, p. 103.
  15. ^ "epsd2/sux/Buranun[Euphrates]". oracc.museum.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-09-25. Retrieved 2025-05-18.
  16. ^ a b Stephen A. Kaufman (1974). The Akkadian influences on Aramaic (PDF).
  17. ^ a b "The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  18. ^ Brockelmann 1995, p. 1.
  19. ^ Smith 1903, p. 14.
  20. ^ Hillers, nysn.
  21. ^ Smith 1903, p. 338.
  22. ^ Heinrich Zimmern (1915). Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischen Kultureinfluss.
  23. ^ Hillers, ˀbgr, ˀbgrˀ.
  24. ^ bar Bahlul, Hassan. "Syriac Lexicon". dukhrana.com. p. 10. Retrieved 2025-05-18.
  25. ^ Hillers, wsqˀ.
  26. ^ a b Smith 1903, p. 108.
  27. ^ Brockelmann 1995, p. 185b.
  28. ^ Hillers, bgl, bglˀ.
  29. ^ a b Smith 1903, p. 34b.
  30. ^ a b Brockelmann 1995, p. 58a.
  31. ^ Hillers, bglh, bgltˀ.
  32. ^ Hillers, p. bwmˀ.
  33. ^ Smith 1903, p. 38.
  34. ^ Brockelmann 1995, p. 63a.
  35. ^ Hillers, bql, bqlˀ.
  36. ^ Hillers, gwmd, gwmdˀ.
  37. ^ Brockelmann 1995, p. 120.
  38. ^ Brockelmann 1995, p. 155.
  39. ^ Hillers, [hgyn].
  40. ^ Hillers, zˁprn.
  41. ^ Brockelmann 1995, pp. 650b–651a.
  42. ^ Hillers, rby, rbytˀ.
  43. ^ Hillers, šqp.
  44. ^ Hillers, ˀwšˁnˀ.
  45. ^ Smith 1903, p. 8.
  46. ^ Hillers, ˀmyn.
  47. ^ Smith 1903, p. 19a-b.
  48. ^ Hillers, bhmwt.
  49. ^ Brockelmann 1995, p. 61a.
  50. ^ Hillers, hmn.
  51. ^ Smith 1903, p. 104b.
  52. ^ Hillers, p. mzmwr, mzmwrˀ.
  53. ^ Smith 1903, p. 262b.
  54. ^ Claudia Ciancaglini (2008). Iranian Loanwords in Syriac. ISBN 9783895006241.
  55. ^ Hillers, ˀwstn, ˀwstnˀ.
  56. ^ Hillers, ˀzbrk, ˀzbrkˀ.
  57. ^ Smith 1903, p. 9.
  58. ^ Hillers, [bnd, bndˀ].
  59. ^ Smith 1903, p. 48a.
  60. ^ Hillers, brz, brzˀ.
  61. ^ Hillers, gwrb, gwrbˀ.
  62. ^ Smith 1903, p. 66.
  63. ^ Hillers, gmwšˀ.
  64. ^ Smith 1903, p. 72.
  65. ^ Hillers, grs, grsˀ.
  66. ^ Hillers, ḥšmy, ḥšmytˀ.
  67. ^ Smith 1903, p. 163.
  68. ^ Smith 1903, p. 189b.
  69. ^ Hillers, qby.
  70. ^ Smith 1903, p. 487b.
  71. ^ Hillers, qwbh, qwbtˀ.
  72. ^ Smith 1903, p. 491b.
  73. ^ Brockelmann 1995, p. 640a.
  74. ^ Hillers, qwz, qwzˀ, qwsˀ.
  75. ^ Smith 1903, p. 493a.
  76. ^ Brockelmann 1995, p. 651a.
  77. ^ Hillers, ppˀ.
  78. ^ Brockelmann 1995, pp. 586a-b.
  79. ^ Hillers, znq, znqˀ.
  80. ^ Brockelmann 1995, p. 201b.
  81. ^ Hillers, ˀbzr, ˀbzrˀ.
  82. ^ Brockelmann 1995, p. 2b.
  83. ^ Hillers, ˀwzn, ˀwznˀ.
  84. ^ Smith 1903, p. 5a.
  85. ^ Hillers, ˀṣrˀ.
  86. ^ Hillers, drgšh, drgwštˀ.
  87. ^ Smith 1903, p. 97b.
  88. ^ Hillers, drṣyny.
  89. ^ Hillers, zngbyl.
  90. ^ Hillers, kwtˀ.
  91. ^ Hillers, nwl, nwlˀ.
  92. ^ Smith 1903, p. 332b.
  93. ^ Hillers, qwd, qwdˀ.
  94. ^ Hillers, šyn, šynˀ.
  95. ^ Smith 1903, p. 575b.
  96. ^ Hillers, [byspn, byspnˀ].
  97. ^ Hillers, byspqˀ.
  98. ^ Hillers, brznq, brznqˀ.
  99. ^ Ciancaglini 2006, p. 28.
  100. ^ Hillers, dḥš, dḥšˀ.
  101. ^ Smith 1903, p. 89a.
  102. ^ Hillers, wrd, wrdˀ.
  103. ^ Smith 1903, p. 108b.
  104. ^ Smith 1903, p. 118b.
  105. ^ Hillers, ṭrpnsˀ.
  106. ^ Smith 1903, p. 183a.
  107. ^ Hillers, mrg, mrgˀ.
  108. ^ Smith 1903, p. 299a.
  109. ^ Hillers, p. spsyr, spsyrˀ.
  110. ^ Smith 1903, p. 386a.
  111. ^ Hillers, plz, plzˀ.
  112. ^ Hillers, šrg, šrgˀ.
  113. ^ Smith 1903, p. 597a.
  114. ^ Hillers, gwn, gwnˀ.
  115. ^ Hillers, zyn, zynˀ.
  116. ^ Hillers, zrnpˀ.
  117. ^ Hillers, lwby, lwbyˀ; lwbys.
  118. ^ Brockelmann 1995, p. 355b.
  119. ^ Hillers, gnz, gnzˀ.
  120. ^ a b Smith 1903, p. 67a.
  121. ^ Hillers, gzbr, gzbrˀ.
  122. ^ Hillers, zn, znˀ.
  123. ^ Smith 1903, p. 118a.
  124. ^ Hillers, mgwš, mgwšˀ.
  125. ^ Smith 1903, pp. 249b–250a.
  126. ^ Hillers, nbršh, nbrštˀ.
  127. ^ Smith 1903, p. 326b.
  128. ^ Hillers, nyzk, nyzkˀ.
  129. ^ Smith 1903, p. 338a.
  130. ^ Hillers, nyš, nyšˀ.
  131. ^ Smith 1903, p. 339a.
  132. ^ Hillers, pṭq, pṭqˀ.
  133. ^ Smith 1903, p. 442b.
  134. ^ Hillers, qṭˀ.
  135. ^ Smith 1903, p. 500a.
  136. ^ Hillers, ˀdr, ˀdrˀ.
  137. ^ Hillers, dhwl.
  138. ^ Hillers, ḥngr, ḥngrˀ.
  139. ^ Hillers, lˀzwrd, lzwrd.
  140. ^ Hillers, sgpstn.
  141. ^ Hillers, [pwld].
  142. ^ Smith 1903, p. 437.
  143. ^ a b Sopholaus, Joseph (2021-08-11). "Reforming the Syriac language". Syriac Press. Retrieved 2025-05-22.
  144. ^ Hillers, gns, gnsˀ.
  145. ^ Smith 1903, p. 75a.
  146. ^ Hillers, ˀspwqlṭr.
  147. ^ Hillers, kwb, kwbˀ.
  148. ^ Smith 1903, p. 207a.
  149. ^ a b Smith 1903, p. 388b.
  150. ^ Hillers, [sqlrˀ].
  151. ^ Hillers, nwmrˀ, nwmrwn.
  152. ^ Smith 1903, p. 333a.
  153. ^ Hillers, pgn, pgnˀ.
  154. ^ Smith 1903, p. 434a.
  155. ^ Smith 1903, p. 389a.
  156. ^ Hillers, ṭlr, ṭlrˀ.
  157. ^ Smith 1903, p. 176a.
  158. ^ Hillers, p. wlˀ.
  159. ^ Hillers, [qṭˀbn].
  160. ^ Smith 1903, p. 500.
  161. ^ Hillers, [tkwwr, tkpwr].
  162. ^ Hillers, [kˀn].
  163. ^ Hillers, [šˀw].
  164. ^ Smith 1903, p. 553.
  165. ^ Hillers, [yrlyk, yrlyq].
  166. ^ Hillers, zwrnˀ.
  167. ^ Hillers, ttwn.
  168. ^ Hillers, šwṭ, šwṭˀ.
  169. ^ Smith 1903, p. 564b.
  170. ^ Hillers, [kwmdwr].
  171. ^ Hillers, pyz, pyzˀ.
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