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List of equipment of the Spanish Army

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This is a List of current equipment of the Spanish Army.

Infantry equipment

[edit]
Weapon Image Origin Notes
Combat knife
KCB–77 M1 Germany Spain It is used with the G-36E assault rifle
Semi-automatic pistol
Heckler & Koch USP Germany The USPs of the German manufacturer Heckler & Koch were acquired in 2011 for 4.1 million euros and delivered until 2013[1]
Glock 43 Austria Used in smaller numbers[2]
Submachine gun
Heckler & Koch MP5 Germany Both the UMP-9 (in 9 mm Parabellum) and the UMP-45 (in .45 ACP) versions are in use by the Special Operations Command
Heckler & Koch UMP
Heckler & Koch MP7 Used by Special Operations Groups[3][4]
FN P90 Belgium
Assault rifle
Heckler & Koch G36E Spain Standard issue rifle,[5][6] produced under license by Santa Bárbara Sistemas since 1999, alongside variants G36KE and G36CE; equipped without integral red dot sight, instead with a Picatinny Rail to mount an EoTech holographic sight[7]
Heckler & Koch HK417 Germany G28 variants in use[8]
Sniper rifle
Accuracy International Arctic Warfare United Kingdom Precision rifle in two versions, each with a different caliber, the AW308 in 7.62 × 51 mm NATO and the AW50 in 12.7 × 99 mm NATO (.50 BMG)
Barrett M95 United States These rifles were supplied as standard with two types of riflescopes: the Austrian Swarovski Optik Habicht PF 10X42L for daytime use and the NVIS (night vision system) KN202FAB from the Norwegian manufacturer Simrad Optronics A/S
Machine gun
Heckler & Koch MG4 Germany Standard issue LMG
Heckler & Koch MG5 Used by Special Operations Groups
Rheinmetall MG3 Standard issue medium machine gun[9]
FN MAG Belgium Machine gun in NATO caliber 7.62 × 51 mm, manufactured by the Belgian company FN Herstal. As part of the FAMET helicopter crews[10]
M-60 machine gun United States 7.62 × 51 mm NATO machine gun, installed in FAMET Chinooks and Netón Mk.2 special operations vehicles
Browning M2  United States Caliber 12.7 × 99 mm NATO. The original models were modernized to the Quick Change Barrel (QCB) version. They are equipped with the 237 MGS+/3x/120 holographic sight from the American company IntelliOptix
Grenade launcher
Heckler & Koch AG-36 Germany 40 mm single-shot grenade launcher for the G-36E assault rifle
SB LAG 40 Spain 40 mm automatic grenade launcher can be used from the ground with a tripod and mounted on helicopters or vehicles such as the VAMTAC , the Iveco LMV Lince , the BMR or the M-113
Mk 19 grenade launcher United States Mod. 3. Version, "Advanced Grenade Launcher," of the Mk-19, an automatic 40 mm grenade launcher. Its maximum range is 1,500 meters when used against point targets and 2,050 meters against area targets
Anti-tank rocket launcher
C-100 Alcotán Spain The Army has more than 900 rocket launchers, as well as nearly 300 VOSEL firing guides, 23 simulators, and 53 training devices
C-90 CR  Spain The C-90 rocket-propelled 90 mm grenade launcher is a disposable, shoulder-fired launcher that can be carried by a single infantryman. It features a VN38-C night vision device
Spike Israel To replace the MILAN missile. Total 2,630 Spike LR (including 260 launchers and associated training systems) and 200 Spike ER missiles (for use by Eurocopter Tiger attack helicopters). A total of 236 launchers and 2,360 Spike LR missiles was assigned to the Spanish Army, while the remaining 24 launchers and 240 missiles was assigned to the Spanish Marines
TOW 2A United States The Army acquired 200 TOW-LWL (Light Weight Launcher) launchers with second-generation thermal imaging cameras from ENOSA, as well as 2,000 BGM-71 TOW 2A rockets, which were delivered starting in 1996. 68 of these launchers are mounted on combat vehicles such as the VAMTAC, BMR or M-113
Mortar
EIMOS / 81mm  Germany In a first phase, the Ministry of Defence will purchase 258 Eimos mortars from Expal for 125 million euros[11][12]
ECIA L65/60 Spain 30 sold to the Uruguayan National Army
ECIA L65/81  Spain 1,040 ECIA L-65/81 medium 81mm mortars, including 446 vehicle-mounted. 120 were sold to the Uruguayan National Army in 2014
ECIA L65/105  Spain
ECIA L65/120  Spain 449 ECIA L-65/120 heavy mortars with a caliber of 120 mm were delivered, of which 60 were sold to the Uruguayan National Army in 2014. Of the remaining 110 are mounted on armored vehicles

Tanks

[edit]
Main article: Tanks in the Spanish Army

Main Battle tanks

[edit]
Model Image Origin Quantity Notes
Leopard 2A8  Germany The army plans to replace its fleet of Leopard 2A4 tanks with the most modern version 2A8[13]
Leopard 2E  Spain 219[14] In 2023, the Spanish government approved a contract worth 208 million euros to carry out some modernizations of the Leopard 2E tanks.[15][16][17]
Leopard 2A4  Germany 55[14] 108 were acquired by Germany. 29 were handed over to Ukraine. It was planned to convert 40 of these machines, 24 into pioneer versions and a further 16 into bridge-laying versions.[18] 25 more in storage.[14]

Armoured fighting vehicles

[edit]
Model Image Origin Variant Type Quantity Notes
Centauro  Italy Wheeled tank destroyer 82 105 mm cannon and 7.62 mm coaxial
VEC-M1  Spain Cavalry scout vehicle 135 Replaced by VCR 8x8 Dragon
Pizarro (ASCOD)  Spain

Austria

VCI/C Infantry fighting vehicle 204 30 mm cannon and 7.62 mm coaxial
VCPC Command and communications vehicles 21
Bandvagn 206  Sweden Bv206

Bv206s

Tracked articulated vehicle 47

20

M113  United States M113A1

M113A2 M577A2

Tracked Amored personnel carrier ca.1200 replaced by VAC
Tracked support vehicle / VAC  Spain Pizarro (ASCOD) Support Vehicle 0 / 394 First Batch In 2023, the Spanish government approved the launch of a contract to produce 394 vehicles worth almost €2 billion.

1st phase 394 VAC (2026-2035)

  • 114 Armoured Personal Carrier
  • 34 Anti Tank
  • 36 PC Vehicle
  • 12 Forward Observer Vehicle
  • 92 Pick up Cargo
  • 12 Armoured Cargo
  • 40 SP Mortars
  • 22 Ambulance
  • 12 Engineering Combat Vehicle
  • 22 Recovery

[19][20]

Pegaso BMR  Spain BMR-600

BMR-600M1

Wheeled Amored personnel carrier 648
  • 12.70 mm machine gun
  • Replaced by VCR 8x8 Dragon
VCR 8x8 Dragon  Spain Wheeled Amored personnel carrier 11[21] / 348 planned planned 998 (348 in the first phase, 365 in the second and 285 in the third)[22][23]

Spain has ordered 348 Dragón vehicles in the first phase.

  • 219 Infantry fighting vehicles
  • 49 Engineer combat vehicles
  • 14 Command vehicles
  • 8 Forward observers
  • 58 Reconnaissance vehicles
FNSS PARS  Turkey PARS ALPHA 6x6 Wheeled Armoured fighting vehicle Signed Memorandum of understanding for the supply of a 6x6 cavalry vehicle for the Spanish Army.[24]
RG-31 Nyala South Africa Infantry mobility vehicle

MRAP

150
  • 12.70 mm or 7.62 mm MG-3 machine gun and LAG-40 grenade launcher
  • should be replaced by VCR 8x8 Dragon

Light vehicles

[edit]
Model Image Origin Type Quantity Notes
Iveco LMV  Spain Infantry mobility vehicle 346
  • It can carry a 7.62 or 12.70 mm machine gun
  • should be replaced by URO VAMTAC
URO VAMTAC  Spain All Terrain 4x4 tactical vehicle 2900
Santana Anibal
 Spain an all terrain 4x4 utility vehicle ca.2000 A total of around 3,050 units were purchased. Will be replaced by the Iturri VMTT Landtrek
Quatripol Q-150D
 Spain an all terrain 4x4 utility vehicle 20 The Quatripole Q-150D is a Spanish air-droppable, light, all-terrain, unarmored tactical transport vehicle[26]
EINSA MM-1A Mk-2 Falcata  Spain Light utility vehicle 29 They offer space for six fighters or two stretchers and can also be equipped with weapons in holders[27]
EINSA Netón
 Spain unarmored light tactical vehicle 24 The Netón is a Spanish unarmored light tactical transport vehicle used by special forces
Nissan
 Japan Spain Utility vehicle
  • Terrano
  • Patrol
  • Navara
  • Pathfinder
Iturri VMTT Landtrek  France Spain Utility vehicle 25 / 4500 (ordered) Militarized version (VMTT stands for Military Tactical All-Terrain Vehicle) of the commercial off-road vehicle Peugeot Landtrek, developed by the Spanish company Iturri.[28][29]
Ford Ranger (T6)  United States Mid-size pickup truck New off-road vehicle for the army[30]
Citroën Jumpy  France Light commercial vehicle 68 Purchase of electric vans in 2023 for 3 million euros[31]

Logistics vehicles

[edit]
Model Image Origin Type Quantity Notes
URO  Spain Light Truck
  • URO Vamtac SK95
  • URO 115pm
  • URO MT149
  • URO MAT18.14
Iveco EuroCargo  Italy Light Truck
Iveco-Pegaso  Spain  Italy Medium Truck different versions
Iveco Trakker  Spain Italy Medium Truck Iveco-Pegaso EuroTrakker MP380E37H
Renault Trucks  France Heavy Truck 8x4 0/293
  • 240 Vempar logistics trucks
  • 32 logistics dump trucks
  • 21 aircraft refueling units[32]
Iveco  Italy Heavy Truck different versions
M-548  United States Ammunition transporter 158 armored

Engineering & Maintenance vehicles

[edit]
Model Image Origin Type Quantity Notes
CZ-10/25E  Spain Armoured engineering vehicle 38 M-60 CZ 10/25E Alacrán engineer tank based on the M-60A1 chassis
Pizarro CEV (Castor)  Spain Armoured engineering vehicle 36 The Army planned to procure 47 engineer combat vehicles in the second phase of the Pizarro program. This number varied in the first contract amendment, rising to 48 units, but was ultimately reduced to just 36 in the second amendment
Leopard REC  Germany Armoured recovery vehicle 16 The Büffel, Buffalo or Leopard 2ER is the recovery version of the Leopard 2 tank
M47ER3  United States Armoured recovery vehicle 22 M47ER3 – Spanish armored recovery vehicle
BMR M1 VCZ  Spain Armoured recovery vehicle 33 Similar version to the M-113 VCZ, in this case built on a BMR chassis
Centauro REC  Italy Armoured recovery vehicle 4 Four units of the recovery version of the VBM Freccia (derived from the Centauro) were acquired, arriving in July 2011, and the number is expected to be increased by at least two more in the future. This variant, of which the ET is the first worldwide user, is known in Spain as the Centauro VCREC. It is equipped with a thruster/stabilizer blade, a crane, and two winches (one main and one auxiliary), as well as two machine guns for self-protection
Maxxpro  United States Armoured recovery vehicle 14 Armored MRAP (Mine Resistant and Improvised Ordnance Disposal) recovery vehicle, purchased used by the US Army.
M113  United States Armoured recovery vehicle 60 Converted in Spain by Santa Bárbara from standard models into the VCZ (Sapper Combat Vehicle) version by adding a pusher bucket and a 7.5 tonne winch
M60 VLPD  United States Vehicle launched bridge 12 12 vehicles equipped with the German Leguan bridge. This bridge has the advantage over the M-60 AVLB in that it slides and is therefore less conspicuous than the first, which had to be raised for use.[33]
M3 Amphibious Rig
 Germany Amphibious bridging vehicle The Spanish Army has purchased the GDELS M3 amphibious bridge and will receive the first units in 2026[34]
Husky 2G South Africa Mine clearance vehicle 6 A vehicle from the American company NIITEK (Non-Intrusive Inspection Technology), equipped with a front-axle-mounted Visor 2500 ground-penetrating radar from the same company CSI (Critical Solutions International) for detecting buried explosives. In 2012, six units of the Husky 2G version were purchased for €12.76 million, which were received at the end of the same year.[35]
Caterpillar Inc. D7R-II
 United States Medium slider on tracks. Available in armored and unarmored versions

Artillery

[edit]
Model Image Origin Type Quantity Notes
M109  United States 155mm Self-propelled gun 96 M109A5[36]
Santa Bárbara Sistemas  Spain 155mm Field gun 82 16 operated by RACTA Mobile Coastal Artillery Group (GACTA)[37]
L118  United Kingdom 105mm Field gun 56 L118A1 replaces the OTO Melara Mod 56
VAMTAC  Spain 81mm Mortar carrier 10 Equipped with Cardom MORTAR
Silam  Israel Rocket launcher PULS 12 planned System of the temporary joint venture (UTE) between Escribano and Rheinmetall Expal Munitions, developed based on the PULS system from the Israeli company Elbit Systems, mounted on an Iveco 8×8 truck, with Escribano's Aspis remote control turret and GMV's Talos fire control system. It will be equipped with two batteries of six launchers each. They will have 16 Accular containers (288 missiles with a range of 35 kilometers), 28 Extra (112 guided missiles with a range of 150 kilometers), and 32 Predator (64 missiles with a range of 300 kilometers).

Air defence

[edit]
Model Image Origin Variant Type Quantity Notes
Oerlikon-Contraves GDF-005/007 35/90

 Switzerland Anti-aircraft artillery 35mm 92 18 renewed Skyguard and 27 Skydor fire directions
MIM-23B I-Hawk Phase III  United States Surface-to-Air missile 32
NASAMS  United States Surface-to-Air missile system AIM-120 AMRAAM 8 AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel 3D-Radar[38]
Raytheon MIM-104 Patriot(PAC-2)  United States Surface-to-Air missile PAC2

PAC3+

18 purchased from Germany on MAN Trucks
MBDA Mistral missile  France Anti-aircraft infrared homing missile system Mistral 1 168 Purchase of 100 used Mistral 3 rockets from France worth 47,795,000 euros starting in 2020
Thales Raven 2D-Radar  Netherlands 2D-Radar for MBDA Mistral missile

Aircraft

[edit]
Main article: Spanish Army Airmobile Force

Helicopters

[edit]
Model Image Origin Type Variant Quantity Notes
Eurocopter Tiger Europe Attack helicopter HAD-E 17[39] Helicopter upgrade planned
CH-47 Chinook  United States Transport helicopter
CH-47F 18[39]
AS332 Super Puma Europe Transport helicopter AS332B 14
AS532 Cougar  France Transport helicopter AS532AL 6
AS532UL 11
NH-90 Europe Transport helicopter TTH 15[39] 10 ordered
Bell 212  United States Transport helicopter 6[39] The Army receives the first AB-212+ helicopter from the Navy in Tenerife[40]
Eurocopter H135 Europe Transport helicopter T2 and T2+ 12[39]

Unmanned aerial vehicles

[edit]
Model Image Origin Type Variant Quantity Notes
Vector UAV Quantum-Systems  Germany Unmanned aerial vehicle Vector, Twister 0 / 91 planned 91 Vector systems, each comprising two drones for a total of 182 UAVs[41]
RQ-11 Raven  United States Mini UAV 72
IAI Searcher  Israel UAV MK II-J

MK III

3

1

Fulmar X  Spain Mini UAV 2 Range of eight hours and distances of 800 kilometers
Sirtap  Spain  Colombia Drone 27 planned The Sirtap is an unmanned aerial vehicle for surveillance and reconnaissance, jointly developed by Airbus D&S Spain and the Colombian CIAC, whose study began in 2017[42]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ www.ejercito.mde.es http://web.archive.org/web/20150919151437/http://www.ejercito.mde.es/Galerias/multimedia/boletines/2011/Boletin_Tierra_192.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2025. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ Defensa.com (5 November 2020). "Glock G43, la nueva pistola del Ejército de Tierra español-noticia defensa.com - Noticias Defensa España". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  3. ^ Defensa.com (23 February 2020). "El nuevo subfusil MP-7 de las fuerzas especiales del Ejército de Tierra español -noticia defensa.com - Noticias Defensa España". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  4. ^ Defensa.com (27 April 2020). "Avanzados supresores sónicos para las armas de los miembros de Operaciones Especiales del Ejército-noticia defensa.com - Noticias Defensa España". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  5. ^ "DGAM Direccion General de Armamento y Material ->>>Política de Armamento y Material". 20 October 2008. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  6. ^ Armas.es (19 July 2006). "Rifle Heckler & Koch G36-E, tecnología alemana en manos españolas - Armas militares". www.armas.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  7. ^ Defensa.com (19 November 2020). "Bípodes para los fusiles de asalto HK G-36 de los francotiradores del Ejército de Tierra-noticia defensa.com - Noticias Defensa España". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  8. ^ Defensa.com (10 November 2021). "Ametralladoras MG5 y rifles semiautomático G28 para las Operaciones Especiales del Ejército de Tierra español-noticia defensa.com - Noticias Defensa España". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  9. ^ InfoDefensa, Revista Defensa. "El Ejército de Uruguay recibe un millar de ametralladoras MG-3 adquiridas a España". Infodefensa - Noticias de defensa, industria, seguridad, armamento, ejércitos y tecnología de la defensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  10. ^ "AÑO NUEVO, ARMAS NUEVAS". Blog oficial del Ejército de Tierra de España (in Spanish). 29 January 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  11. ^ "In a first phase, the Ministry of Defence will purchase 258 Eimos mortars from Expal for 125 million euros | infodefensa". infodefensa.com. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
  12. ^ "Germany's Rheinmetall Debuts Dual 81mm EIMOS Mortar System on VAMTAC Light Tactical Vehicle | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  13. ^ "The army plans to replace its fleet of Leopard 2A4 tanks with the most modern version 2A8 | infodefensa". infodefensa.com. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
  14. ^ a b c IISS 2025.
  15. ^ El Ejército de Tierra invertirá más 200 millones en sus carros de combate Leopardo 2E Infodefensa (23 de agosto de 2023)
  16. ^ "Spain to modernize its armored forces with new Leopard 2A8 and upgraded Leopard 2EM tanks | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  17. ^ "Spanish Leopard 2E Tanks Will Soon Be Equipped with Trophy APS to Counter Modern Threats | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
  18. ^ "La AALOG 41 activa y gestiona un almacén en Zaragoza para acoger 53 Leopard 2A4 y mantenerlos en condiciones de operatividad". Departamento de Comunicación del Ejército de Tierra. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  19. ^ VAC, el futuro blindado multiusos del Ejército de Tierra que sustituirá a un "veterano" de Vietnam La Razón (14.08.2023)
  20. ^ El Gobierno aprueba la compra de 400 blindados VAC para el Ejército de Tierra por casi 2.000 millones Infodefensa (22 de agosto de 2023)
  21. ^ "The Ministry of Defense receives seven more 8x8 VCR sappers completing the initial batch of 11 vehicles | infodefensa". infodefensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 May 2025.
  22. ^ Isasi, Rodrigo (21 June 2016). "El futuro VCR 8X8 español contará con siete variantes y 12 configuraciones". Infodefensa.com. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  23. ^ "Spanish Army Set to Receive its First VCR 8x8 Dragón a Highly Protected Combat Vehicle | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 10 March 2025.
  24. ^ "TSD, Groupo Oesía, FNSS, and John Cockerill sign an MoU | TURDEF". turdef.com. 14 May 2025. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  25. ^ "Germany's Rheinmetall Debuts Dual 81mm EIMOS Mortar System on VAMTAC Light Tactical Vehicle | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
  26. ^ Digital, Confidencial (7 May 2014). "El Ejército adquiere veinte vehículos todoterreno aptos para ser lanzados en paracaídas". Confidencial Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  27. ^ "Spain's EINSA Debuts New Version of 4x4 Falcata Tactical Vehicle Armed With Loitering Munitions | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 4 May 2025.
  28. ^ "El Ejército de Tierra recibirá este año los primeros vehículos tácticos Iturri VMTT Landtrek". Defensa.com. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  29. ^ "First Iturri Landtrek VMTT tactical vehicle enters service in Spanish Army at FEINDEF 2025 to improve logistical support | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
  30. ^ "New off-road vehicle for the army | Defensa". defensa.com. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  31. ^ "Purchase of electric vans in 2023 for 3 million euros | defensa". defensa.com. 22 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  32. ^ "Renault Trucks outbid Iveco and will supply the new logistics trucks to the Spanish Army. | infodefensa". infodefensa.com. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
  33. ^ "El Grupo TAM obtiene el mantenimiento de los carros lanzapuentes del Ejército tras la quiebra de SPA". Infodefensa.com). 3 February 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  34. ^ "The Spanish Army has purchased the GDELS M3 amphibious bridge and will receive the first units in 2026 | infodefensa". infodefensa.com. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  35. ^ "El Ejército introduce mejoras en sus vehículos Husky". Infodefensa.com. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  36. ^ "Spain Considers Replacing its Hundred M109 Howitzers with AGM Artillery Module on Piranha Chassis | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
  37. ^ "Spain to purchase upgraded US Excalibur-S 155mm precision-guided shell | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  38. ^ "Spain to modernize and acquire additional NASAMS air defense missile systems | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. 19 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2025.
  39. ^ a b c d e "World Air Forces 2025". Flight Global. Flightglobal Insight. 2025. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
  40. ^ "The Army receives the first AB-212+ helicopter from the Navy in Tenerife | infodefensa". infodefensa.com. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
  41. ^ "Spanish Army Becomes First to Deploy German-Made Vector and Twister Drones from Quantum Systems | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 9 May 2025.
  42. ^ "Aertec and Instalaza arm SIRTAP drone with new BAT gliding bomb to increase Spain's tactical strike autonomy | armyrecognition". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 10 May 2025.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Instruction no. 59/2005, of 4 April 2005, from the chief of the army staff on army organisation and function regulations, published in B.O.D. NO. 80 of 26 April 2005
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies (12 February 2025). The Military Balance 2025. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-003-63076-0.
  • Lehardy, Diego, Spanish Army in a difficult phase of its transformation, RID magazine, July 1991.
  • Mogaburo López, Fernando (2017). Historia Orgánica De Las Grandes Unidades (1475–2018) (PDF). Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa – Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  • Scianna, Bastian Matteo (2019). "Stuck in the past? British views on the Spanish army's effectiveness and military culture, 1946–1983". War and Society. 38 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1080/07292473.2019.1524347. S2CID 159007579. Antiquated material and limited budgets were not the only reasons for the army's low potential wartime capability after World War II. "..Spain continued to field around twenty divisions, whereas the defence industry and available national resources could only sustain six operational divisions. A regular Spanish infantry division could muster full strength with modern infantry weapons, while other ‘teeth’ units – like the artillery and engineers – were reduced to one-third of their ideal levels. The supporting ‘tail’ was so underdeveloped that divisions were statically bound to their home depot and could only defend their military district after six months mobilisation.." [The paper] draws on British and German sources to demonstrate how Spanish military culture prevented an augmented effectiveness and organisational change.
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