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The list of anti-suffragists includes notable individuals who opposed the extension of voting rights to women in their respective countries. Active between the 19th and mid-20th centuries, these figures included politicians, writers, religious leaders, and social reformers who argued that enfranchising women would disrupt traditional gender roles, undermine societal stability, or weaken national institutions. Opposition to women’s suffrage emerged across the political spectrum and drew support from both men and women. While some opponents believed that women exerted influence best through domestic or philanthropic roles, others feared that female suffrage would accelerate socialism, secularism, or moral decline. This list includes prominent individuals from various countries who publicly campaigned against women's right to vote, either through speeches, publications, or formal organizations.

Europe

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United Kingdom

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Name Lifespan Role/Occupation Opposition to Women's Suffrage
Queen Victoria 1819–1901 Monarch Vocal opponent of women’s suffrage, describing the movement as a “mad, wicked folly.” She believed women’s roles should remain within the domestic sphere and actively discouraged advocacy for women’s rights, stating in 1870 her desire to “enlist everyone who can speak or write to join in checking this mad, wicked folly of ‘Women’s rights’.”[1][2]
Eliza Lynn Linton 1822–1898 Novelist and anti-suffrage journalist Wrote extensively against women’s suffrage and feminism, referring to suffragists as the “shrieking sisterhood.” She argued that women belonged in the domestic sphere and should not participate in political life.[3]
Mary Augusta Ward 1851–1920 Novelist and anti-suffrage leader As president of the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League, Ward maintained that women’s influence was best exerted through traditional roles rather than through voting, and she led organized opposition to women’s suffrage.[4][5]
Violet Markham 1872–1959 Social reformer and anti-suffrage writer Argued that men and women had “complementary, not identical” talents and should occupy different political roles. She criticized suffrage advocates for ignoring “hard facts and natural law,” and promoted alternative avenues for women’s contributions.[6][7]
Margaret Elizabeth Leigh 1849–1945 Philanthropist Involved in the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League, a key organization against women's voting rights.[8]
Gertrude Bell 1868–1926 Writer and anti-suffrage activist Bell was a founding member of the WNASL in 1908 and served as president of its northern branch. She initially believed women could succeed without the vote, though her opposition reportedly softened after 1918.[9][10]
Ethel Bertha Harrison 1851–1916 Essayist and anti-suffrage activist Served on the League’s central committee and wrote essays contending that women were unsuited to political activities and should not be granted the vote.[11]
Sophia Lonsdale 1852–1936 Social reformer Vocal committee member and early participant in anti-suffrage campaigns.[12][13]
Hilaire Belloc 1870–1953 Writer and politician Publicly opposed women’s suffrage, expressing his belief that women should not be enfranchised.[14]
Beatrice Chamberlain 1862–1918 Educationist Contributed to the League’s efforts against women's voting rights.[15]
Mary Fox-Strangways 1852–1935 Socialite Prominent anti-suffragist, using her social position to oppose the movement.[16]
Violet Graham 1854–1940 Anti-suffrage leader Led the Scottish National Anti-Suffrage League in 1910 when it formally affiliated with the English organization, and was a prominent advocate for the cause.[17]
Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer 1841–1917 Statesman and anti-suffrage leader Aring was a leader in the anti-suffrage movement, serving as president of the Men's League for Opposing Woman Suffrage in 1908, and later, from 1910 to 1912, of its successor, the National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage.[18]
George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston 1859–1925 Politician Openly opposed women’s suffrage, stating that he was unconvinced it was “fair, or desirable, or wise” to add six million women to the electorate. Did not block the bill to avoid conflict between the Lords and Commons.[19]
Philip J. Stanhope 1847–1923 Politician and anti-suffrage leader Became joint president of the National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage in 1912. In 1914, a suffragette attacked him with a dogwhip at Euston Station, mistaking him for Prime Minister H. H. Asquith.[20]

Germany

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Name Lifespan Role/Occupation Opposition to Women's Suffrage
Hans Delbrück 1848–1929 Historian and politician Opposed women’s suffrage, advocating for a "true and perfect state" as inherently masculine, viewing suffrage as a provocative expansion of political participation that threatened monarchical principles.[21]
Ludwig Langemann 1854–1930 Anti-suffrage leader Chairman of the German League for the Prevention of Women's Emancipation (Deutscher Bund zur Bekämpfung der Frauenemanzipation). According to Langemann, women’s suffrage threatens “the most masculine people on earth”; must be prevented “in the holiest interest of humanity.”[21]
Paul Julius Möbius 1853–1907 Neurologist and writer Authored "On the Physiological Feeblemindedness of Women," claiming women’s intellectual inferiority to support anti-feminist arguments against women’s suffrage.[21]
Paula Müller-Otfried 1865–1946 Social reformer and anti-suffrage leader Led the German Protestant Women’s League (Deutsch-Evangelischer Frauenbund), which remained neutral but included anti-suffrage members. Müller-Otfried expressed concerns that women’s suffrage could destabilize traditional familial and religious roles, describing political rights as a “two-edged sword.”[22]
Kuno von Westarp 1864–1945 Politician Senior deputy of the German National People’s Party (DNVP). Publicly demanded revocation of women’s suffrage in November 1920, later admitting opposition despite its electoral benefits to the DNVP.[23]

Ireland

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Name Lifespan Role/Occupation Opposition to Women's Suffrage
William Edward Hartpole Lecky 1838–1903 Politician, historian and essayist Lecky opposed women’s suffrage. While he acknowledged that women brought some desirable qualities to legislation, he believed the emotional element in Parliament was already sufficient. He questioned whether women would truly want seats in Parliament, given the abuse and “names” politicians were exposed to.[24]
John Redmond 1856–1918 Politician Redmond and the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) voted against the Parliamentary Franchise (Women) Bill in 1912. This bill would have extended the vote to some women, but Redmond and his MPs sided with Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, an anti-suffragist.[25] According to Historian Margaret Ward, Redmond’s opposition to suffrage was not just a matter of political expediency, but rooted in long-standing personal doubts about women's right to vote.[26]
John Dillon 1851–1927 Politician "Women’s Suffrage will, I believe, be the ruin of our Western civilisation. It will destroy the home, challenging the headship of man, laid down by God. It may come in your time – I hope not in mine!"[25]

Sweden

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Name Lifespan Role/Occupation Opposition to Women's Suffrage
Anders Göransson 1845-1927 Politician Member of the Country/Lantmanna Party (Swedish: Lantmannapartiet). Second Chamber MP. Opposed women’s suffrage, arguing that women had shown no need or wish for franchise rights, based on his experience as chair of his local municipal assembly.[27]
Annie Åkerhielm 1869–1956 Writer, journalist, anti-suffrage activist Åkerhielm actively campaigned against women’s suffrage and democracy, publishing the novel Fru Fanny and the poetry Till Skånes kvinna in 1904.[28][29] Throughout her career, she contributed to politically conservative newspapers such as Gefle-Posten and Nya Dagligt Allehanda, which were known for their opposition to women’s voting rights.[30]
Fredrik Barnekow 1839–1912 Politician Member of the Country/Lantmanna Party (Swedish: Lantmannapartiet). Second Chamber MP. Opposed women’s suffrage, arguing that women were too noble for political life and too important in raising future generations to be allowed to leave the home for politics. He also invoked the natural difference between men and women.[31]
Johan Fredrik Nyström 1855–1918 Politician A member of the staunchly conservative Protectionist Party, invoked the "keep to their calling" argument against women’s suffrage. He asserted that “it is an untruth, against which history protests from the first page to the last, that the sexes are equal and therefore should have equal rights. Everything great in the world has been accomplished by men”[32]. Nyström further claimed that women were of an “impulsive nature” and “loved extremes,” grounding his opposition in an essentialist and hierarchical conception of gender, and arguing that women’s supposed nature made them unfit for political rights.[33]
Gustaf Fredrik Östberg 1847–1920 Politician Leading conservative politician and the first chairman of the Swedish Moderate Party (Moderata samlingspartiet). He argued that women’s suffrage should be postponed until the expansion of voting rights for men had been achieved, using this tactical argument to delay women’s enfranchisement.[34]
Martin Nisser 1840–1913 Industrialist and politician A member of the Protectionist Party, Nisser believed that the directive that “women should keep silent in the churches” still held validity, and therefore argued it would be unfair to grant women the right to speak publicly outside the home.[35][34]

Switzerland

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Name Lifespan Role/Occupation Opposition to Women's Suffrage
Annemarie Düringer 1925–2014 Actress and anti-suffrage activist Participated in anti-suffrage campaigns and media appearances in the 1960s; represented a socially conservative worldview.[36]
Gertrud Haldimann 1907–2001 Writer, journalist, anti-suffrage leader Haldimann co-founded the Women’s Committee Against the Introduction of Women’s Suffrage in Switzerland in 1958.[37] This became the Federation of Swiss Women against Women’s Suffrage in 1959, which she chaired until 1967.[38] She argued that women’s suffrage was incompatible with Swiss direct democracy, unlike in other European countries where women could vote.[39]
Karl Hackhofer 1893–1961 Politician Hackhofer of the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP) actively participated in the meetings of the anti-suffrage committees, attending several reunions of the Committee of Swiss Women Against Women's Suffrage in the lead-up to the 1959 referendum.[40]
Verena Keller 1911–1992 Writer and anti-suffrage activist Authored "Die Gründe gegen das Frauenstimmrecht in der Schweiz" (published in Neue Zürcher Zeitung, p. 132) and delivered speeches, such as at the Bundesfeier in Fahrwangen (p. 132). Her arguments focused on maintaining traditional gender roles and the perceived threat of societal instability due to women's suffrage.[41]
Margret Matti-Steudler Unknown Anti-suffrage activist and author Authored "Die Haslitracht" (1943)[42] and was a key figure in the 1958 formation of the Schweizerisches Frauenkomitee, opposing women's suffrage to maintain traditional societal and gender hierarchies. Her activities included organizational efforts for the 1959 referendum campaign.[43]
Ida Monn-Krieger 1916–1970 Anti-suffrage leader Monn-Krieger co-founded the Anti-suffrage Switizerland committee and served as the federation’s secretary from 1959, later succeeding Gertrud Haldimann as president after Haldimann resigned in 1967.[44][45] Monn-Krieger feared the loss of women’s traditional role, believing women belonged at home raising children.[46]
Hanna Seiler-Frauchiger 1902–1993 Anti-suffrage activist and writer A leading figure in the Zürich branch, she authored "Gesellschaftliche Struktur und Frauenstimmrecht" (published in Neue Zürcher Zeitung, p. 132) and was actively involved in propaganda and lobbying efforts. Her correspondence with Gertrud Haldimann-Weiss reflects her belief in the movement’s responsibility to oppose the "worldwide destruction of values" (p. 4). Her opposition was rooted in a conservative, elitist perspective, fearing societal change through women's political participation (p. 42).[47]
Dr. Josefine Steffen-Zehnder 1902–1964 Anti-suffrage leader Founded the Action Committee Against the Introduction of Women's Suffrage in Switzerland on June 9, 1958, in Lucerne. At its first meeting, the group was renamed the Swiss Women's Committee Against Women's Suffrage. She explained the group’s purpose: “As an individual woman, it was nearly impossible to speak out against women’s suffrage; one was quickly dismissed as stupid and backward.” The committee aimed to legitimize and support anti-suffrage advocacy. Steffen-Zehnder also led the Lucerne Women's Committee Against Unrestricted Women's Suffrage and Voting Rights, which submitted a petition to the Cantonal Council opposing optional municipal voting rights for women.[48]

North America

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Canada

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Name Lifespan Role/Occupation Opposition to Women's Suffrage
Alice Evelyn Dent (Mrs. H. S. Strathy) c. 1860s Anti-suffrage activist A member of Toronto’s social elite who served as vice-president of the national Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage in Canada. She was involved in philanthropic and horticultural organizations and supported the anti-suffrage movement by contributing her social standing and influence.[49]
Isabel Hamilton-Gordon 1857–1939 Author, philanthropist, and women's advocate President of National Council of Women of Canada (NCWC). Initially cautious about women’s suffrage and concerned it might harm the NCWC’s reform efforts, she avoided publicly supporting the cause, noting its political controversy.[50] The NCWC only narrowly endorsed suffrage as an official policy in 1910, the year she first advocated for it within the organization.[51]
William H. Hearst 1864–1941 Politician, premier of Ontario Seventh premier of Ontario. Initially a conservative opponent of women’s suffrage, aligned with the AOWSC’s views early in his premiership. However, he shifted his stance by 1917, when his government passed legislation granting women the vote in Ontario.[52]
Mary Plummer 1877–1955 Canadian Army officer and humanitarian Between 1914 and 1917, Plummer served as corresponding secretary of the Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage in Canada (AOWSC), promoting its mission to oppose women's enfranchisement on the grounds that it would harm the state’s best interests.[53] She facilitated membership recruitment, organized informational materials, and articulated the organization’s stance through statements and publications.[54]
Stephen Leacock 1869–1944 Writer and economist Leacock is perhaps best known for Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town (1912), a collection that reflects his conservative worldview. His opposition to feminism, including women’s suffrage, was a consistent theme in his work, though often conveyed with warmth and humor.[55] Leacock referred it as part of "the woman problem." In essays such as The Woman Question, he portrayed feminists in mocking terms and argued that women were naturally suited to domestic roles. While he acknowledged that women had the legal right to enter professions, he believed such efforts would ultimately fail due to inherent gender differences.[56]
Andrew Macphail 1864–1938 Physician and writer In his 1910 essays, “The American Woman” and “The Psychology of the Suffragette”, Macphail linked feminism to the failure of American society, which he described as vulgar, materialist, and degenerate. He supported a racial and gender hierarchy in which Anglo-Celtic males were dominant, suggesting that women's suffrage and feminism undermined this natural order. Macphail, along with others like Stephen Leacock, feared feminist advances as threats to fundamental laws of nature and to the preservation of the Anglo-Celtic race, which they believed was at risk of degeneration.[57] Yet, as editor of the University Magazine, Macphail allowed opposing views, even publishing a pro-suffrage piece by Sonia Leathes alongside his own critique.[58]
Rodmond Roblin 1853–1937 Politician Businessman and Premier of Manitoba. In a 1914 debate with suffragist Nellie McClung, Roblin declared, “Nice women don’t want the vote,” and argued that women’s place was in the home, claiming political equality would cause domestic strife and that women’s emotions made them unfit for the franchise.[59][60]
Herbert Mowat 1863–1928 Politician and lawyer Lawyer and Ontario Supreme Court justice. Mowat actively participated in and supported the Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage in Canada, delivering speeches that reinforced the organization’s anti-suffrage stance.[53]
Clementina Trenholme (Fessenden) 1843–1918 Author and social organiser Imperialist, author, founding secretary of the Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire (IODE), community leader, widow of an Anglican minister. Fessenden was a leading figure in the antisuffrage movement in Ontario. She opposed women’s suffrage through letters to newspapers and public advocacy, arguing that suffrage was “the thin edge of the wedge, opening the door to the inner room of socialism, agnosticism, anarchy, feminism, each and all making for the ‘dismemberment of the Empire.’” She believed that a woman’s true power lay in the domestic sphere and that granting women the vote would threaten the sanctity of the family and the British Empire. Her outspoken anti-suffrage stance, grounded in maternalist arguments and imperialist loyalties, made her a dominant voice among antisuffrage women in Ontario.[61][62][63][64]
Margaret Vallance Taylor 1840–1922 Anti-suffrage activist President from 1899 to 1902 and again from 1910 to 1911 of National Council of Women of Canada,[65] opposed women’s suffrage in 1910, warning it would increase political corruption since “manhood suffrage… had been more or less disastrous since their votes can be bought. So, too, would those of the women.” She and others feared supporting suffrage would harm the NCWC’s reform work and public standing. The NCWC only narrowly endorsed suffrage in 1910 (71–51), a decision Taylor protested.[66]
Sarah Trumbull Van Lennep 1862–1952 Philanthropist, anti-suffrage leader President of Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage in Canada. Warren did not initially believe in universal suffrage. She founded and served as president of the Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage in Canada in 1914, but ultimately accepted women’s right to vote when it was granted in 1917.[67]

United States of America

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Name Lifespan Role/Occupation Opposition to Women's Suffrage
Catharine Beecher 1800–1878 Educator and writer Beecher said that women should confine their efforts to the home and school, institutions she viewed as vital to society. While she accepted traditional gender roles, she believed women's true power and influence came from their work in domestic and educational spheres.[68]
Josephine Jewell Dodge 1855–1928 Childcare reformer and anti-suffrage leader In 1911, she helped found and became president of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage.[69] Dodge held the perspective that there is danger in adding to the number of politically uninformed voters, which was already seen as a problem. She also believed that if women became involved in the world of partisan politics, they would lose some of their moral authority.[70]
Helen Kendrick Johnson 1844–1917 Writer, poet, and activist Johnson was “an avid anti-suffragette” and the author of the 1897 book Woman and the Republic.[71] She was a founder of The Guidon and an officer of the New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NYSAOWS).[72] In Woman and the Republic, she questioned whether woman suffrage was democratic, suggesting “the anti-suffrage view might be the ultra conservative one, and that democratic principles, strictly and broadly applied,” did not necessitate extending the vote to women.[73] She characterized her work as a “negative organization” focused on resisting what she viewed as an unfitting role for women in public politics.[74]
Kate Gannett Wells 1838–1911 Writer, social reformer, and anti-suffragist Wells opposed woman suffrage as an “unwise” method, believing it would hinder women’s ability to work “more disinterestedly in both public and private positions” by affiliating them with political parties. She argued suffrage gave women “neither added power nor influence” in business or education, and warned it would “weaken the force of family life,” “bring church matters into politics,” “lessen chivalry and tenderness between men and women,” and politicize social reform. For the good of “home, school, and state,” she urged women remain nonpartisan.[75]
Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren 1825–1898 Poet, writer, and translator Outspoken opponent of woman suffrage.[76] Dahlgren believed that “suffrage was an affront to divine law and the natural order and a threat to family and society”.[77] Along with other socially prominent women, she used her writings and socially prominent position in Washington to attack woman suffrage.[78] She authored Thoughts on Female Suffrage and in Vindication of Woman’s True Rights, articulating her defense of traditional roles for women.[79]
Molly Elliot Seawell 1860–1916 Historian and writer Seawell was a vocal anti-suffragist who argued that granting women the vote led to negative social outcomes, including higher taxes, increased poverty and divorce, illiteracy, and greater political influence from saloonkeepers and socialists. She warned that women in suffrage states faced more violence and were even at risk of being legally obligated to support their husbands. Seawell also suggested that suffrage could revive African American voting and criticized militant suffragists abroad, notably Emmeline Pankhurst. Despite strong rebuttals from suffragists like Adèle Clark, Seawell continued to promote her views through publications and public commentary.[80]
Ida Tarbell 1857–1944 Writer, journalist, biographer and lecturer Tarbell viewed the campaign for the vote as a diversion from what she considered more pressing issues, such as economic and social reform. Tarbell argued that many women who opposed suffrage did so out of concern for preserving existing social roles and feared that political change might undermine more impactful forms of civic engagement. She believed that women could contribute meaningfully to society without necessarily participating in the electoral process.[81]
Grace Duffield Goodwin 1869–1926 Author and anti-suffragist President of the District of Columbia Anti-Suffrage Association. Led anti-suffrage campaigns, served on the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage’s executive committee, chaired the D.C. Auxiliary in 1912, and debated Carrie Chapman Catt.[82][83][84]
Annie Riley Hale 1859–1944 American teacher, author and social critic Argued against women’s suffrage before the U.S. House Committee. Published The Eden Sphinx in 1916, asserting women’s lack of political power stemmed from failing to influence men as mothers, and that they already had sufficient legal and economic rights. Also published a 1917 pamphlet on suffrage’s biological and sociological aspects.[85][86][87]

Oceania

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Australia

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Name Lifespan Role/Occupation Opposition to Women's Suffrage
Carrie M. Reid 1878–1970 Anti-suffrage activist The Anti-Franchise League was co-founded by Reid, and Freda Derham. In July 1900 they wrote a letter to the The Argus stating that they did not wish to have the vote.[88] Reid and Derham referred to themselves as "Victoria's girls" and positioned themselves as representatives of a younger generation than those who organized the 1891 suffrage petition.[89] At the time that petition was compiled, Reid was 15 and Derham 12.[90] They claimed their perspectives were more contemporary and better aligned with the views of the general population.[91]
Freda Derham 1871–1957 Anti-suffrage activist The Anti-Franchise League was co-founded by Derham, and Reid. In July 1900 they wrote a letter stating that they did not wish to have the vote.[88]
Jacob Goldstein 1839–1910 Anti-suffrage activist Goldstein chaired the meeting and was appointed organising secretary of the Anti-Franchise League, alongside Carrie Reid and Freda Derham as joint secretaries.[92] His involvement, in contrast to the activism of his wife Isabella and daughter Vida Goldstein, both leading suffragists, led to a permanent separation from Isabella.[93]
Arthur Sachse 1860–1920 Politician In May 1892, Sachse was elected to the Legislative Council as the member for North-Eastern Province. His political stance aligned with the Council's conservative outlook, which regarded women's suffrage as "another socialistic advance" to be opposed.[94]
Nathaniel Levi 1830–1908 Politician As a parliamentary candidate, he toured towns advocating issues he supported, including ‘one man, one vote’ for Legislative Council elections.[95] Participated in anti-suffrage meetings.[96]
Malcolm McKenzie 1849–1933 Politician Participated in legislative opposition to women’s suffrage through association with the Anti-Franchise League.[96]
P. J. Gandon 1850–1920[97] Anti-suffrage activist Gandon, secretary of the Anti-Female Suffrage League, urged Prime Minister Barton in 1901 to reject women’s suffrage, calling it a dangerous, unnecessary reform lacking public mandate.[98] He argued it had failed elsewhere, claimed women were already represented, and warned that enfranchising the uneducated would harm the state. Gandon viewed political engagement as unsuitable for most women, and labeled the movement as socialist and destabilizing.[99]

New Zealand

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Name Lifespan Role/Occupation Opposition to Women's Suffrage
Henry Smith Fish 1838–1897 Anti-suffrage activist Co-founder of New Zealand Anti-Franchise League. Fish actively opposed extending the vote to women and organized a major anti-suffrage petition, but his credibility suffered when it was revealed that he had paid canvassers for signatures, many of which were found to be fictitious or duplicated.[100][101]
Richard Seddon 1845–1906 Prime Minister Seddon opposed women’s suffrage at key moments (especially in the Legislative Council in 1893).[102]
Walter Carncross 1855–1940 Politician Carncross, Member of the House of Representatives for Taieri, opposed women’s suffrage by introducing a provocative amendment that proposed women also be eligible to serve as MPs. This “mischievous” move angered the Legislative Council, contributing to the defeat of the suffrage bill at that time. His tactic was seen as a deliberate attempt to derail the reform.[103]

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