Jump to content

List of European Space Agency programmes and missions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ESA logo
View from the Operations Manager desk across the control room at ESOC in Darmstadt, Germany.
  ESA member states
  ESA associate states
  ESA cooperating state
  ESA ECS states
  ESA Cooperation Agreement states

The European Space Agency (ESA) operates a number of space missions, both individually and in collaborations with other space agencies such as Japanese JAXA, U.S. NASA, Chinese CNSA, as well as space agencies of ESA member states (eg. French CNES, Italian ASI, German DLR, Polish POLSA).

A staple of the ESA's Science Doctrine is the Cosmic Vision Programme, a series of space science missions chosen by ESA to launch through competitions, similar to NASA's Discovery and New Frontiers programmes. It follows the Horizon 2000 and Horizon 2000+ programmes which launched notable missions such as Huygens (Titan lander), Rosetta (comet orbiter and lander), and Gaia (astrometry telescope). These missions are divided into two categories: "Sun and Solar System", space probes studying the Solar System (eg. Solar Orbiter studying the Sun and JUICE currently on its way to Jupiter) and "Astrophysics", space telescopes contributing to interstellar astronomy (eg. CHEOPS characterising exoplanets and Euclid focused on dark matter and dark energy).

A similarly operated programme focused on Earth observation, known as the Living Planet Programme, has launched various "Earth Explorer" satellites, which serve many aspects of Geoscience, often related to climate change. These include eg. GOCE and Swarm studying Earth's gravitational and magnetic fields, CryoSat-2 studying Earth's polar ice caps, and EarthCARE characterising clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere. The Earth Explorer missions will be complemented by a series of smaller "Scout" satellites.

A number of Solar System, Astrophysics, and Earth observation missions by ESA have operated outside of a canonical programme, such as Giotto, Ulysses, Mars Express, Hipparcos, or Envisat. ESA also takes part in human spaceflight missions of other space agencies, eg. by providing European astronauts and major hardware components to the Space Shuttle, Mir, ISS, and Artemis programmes and supporting the Gaganyyan programme. ESA works with European space industry on development of launch vehicles and reentry systems like the Ariane and Vega rockets and the Space Rider spaceplane. Together with other European institutions, ESA develops and operates various satellite constellations for Earth observation, meteorology, communication, and navigation, eg. Meteosat, Sentinel, Galileo, or EDRS. ESA's portfolio also includes public-private partnerships with European satellite operators such as Eutelsat and Inmarsat.

Horizon 2000 Programme

[edit]
Main article: Horizon 2000
Illustration of Rosetta and Philae at the comet
Artist's impression of Huygens probe on the surface of Titan
Illustration of BepiColombo

Cornerstone missions

[edit]

Medium-sized missions

[edit]

Horizon 2000+

[edit]

Cosmic Vision Programme

[edit]
Main article: Cosmic Vision
Artist's impression of the Solar Orbiter orbiting the Sun
Illustration of the JUICE spacecraft at Jupiter
Artist's impression of Comet Interceptor
Artist's impression of PLATO
Artist's conception of LISA spacecraft

S-class missions

[edit]

M-class missions

[edit]
  • M1 – Solar Orbiter, launched February 2020, operational – Solar observatory mission, designed to perform in-situ studies of the Sun at a perihelion of 0.28 astronomical units.
  • M2 – Euclid, launched July 2023, operational – Visible and near-infrared space observatory mission focused on dark matter and dark energy.
  • M3 – PLATO, launching 2026, future – Kepler-like space observatory mission, aimed at discovering and observing exoplanets.
  • M4 – ARIEL, launching 2029, future – Planck-based space observatory mission studying the atmosphere of known exoplanets.[16]
  • M5 – EnVision, launching 2031, future – Venus mapping orbiter mission.[17]

L-class missions

[edit]

F-class missions

[edit]

Living Planet Programme

[edit]
Artist’s impression of the Biomass satellite
Main article: Living Planet Programme

Core missions

[edit]

Opportunity missions

[edit]

Human spaceflight

[edit]
Shuttle Columbia during STS-9 with Spacelab Module LM1 and tunnel in its cargo bay
Columbus (ISS module)
ESA's "Johannes Kepler" Automated Transfer Vehicle-2
German ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst on EVA as part of Expedition 41
  • European Astronaut Corps, since 1983, operational – selects, trains, and provides European astronauts as crew members on NASA and Roscosmos space missions
  • Spacelab, launched between 1983 and 1998, completed – a reusable crewed laboratory developed by ESA and used on certain flights of the Space Shuttle
  • Euromir, launched in 1994 and 1995, completed – ESA astronaut missions to the Mir space station
  • Hermes, cancelled – proposed human spaceflight program centered around a CNES-designed reusable spaceplane. Project cancelled in 1992 due to difficulties with achieving financial and scientific goals
  • Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer, cancelled – proposed space station intended to be serviced by the Hermes spaceplane
  • Hopper, cancelled – successor concept to Hermes. Cancelled in 2005 after lack of interest
  • CSTS, cancelled – former proposed design for a crewed spacecraft for low Earth orbit operations
  • Aurora programme, cancelled – ESA human spaceflight programme from 2001

Earth-based activities

[edit]

Launch, reentry, and in-space transport

[edit]
The Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator at ESTEC
Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
Ariane 6

Solar system exploration

[edit]
Artist's impression of Ulysses
Artist's impression of SMART-1
Artist's impression of the Mars Express spacecraft, the first ESA mission to orbit another planet.
ExoMars prototype rover, 2009
Artist's impression of Hera in orbit around the asteroid Didymos
  • Giotto, launched July 1985, completed – first interplanetary mission by the ESA, aimed at performing the first comet flyby, of Comet Halley. Part of the canonical Halley Armada
  • Ulysses, launched October 1990, completed – joint ESA-NASA Solar observatory mission, employing a spacecraft in a polar heliocentric orbit
  • SMART-1, launched September 2003, completed – demonstration mission for solar electric propulsion, manifesting in a lunar orbiter mission carrying low-cost, miniaturised instruments
  • Mars Express, launched June 2003, operational – Mars orbiter mission focused on observing the planet through high-resolution imagery and conducting research of the planet's interaction with the solar system
  • Venus Express, launched November 2005, completed – Venus orbiter mission, focused on long-term study and observation of its atmosphere from polar cytherocentric orbit
  • Schiaparelli, launched March 2016, failed – demonstration mission for landing technologies designed for the ExoMars surface platform. Failed upon landing on Mars
  • Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), launched March 2016, operational – Mars orbiter component of the ExoMars astrobiology mission, focused on observing methane in the planet's atmosphere for clues to past or present life on Mars
  • Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE), launched April 2023, operational – mission to study Jupiter's three icy moons Callisto, Europa and Ganymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet
  • Hera, launched October 2024, operational – European asteroid probe aimed at studying the effects of a NEO's impact created by NASA's DART mission using 65803 Didymos's moon (Dimorphos) as a target
  • HENON, scheduled to launch in 2026, future – a space weather mission, ESA’s first ever stand-alone deep space cubesat[42][43]
  • Lunar Pathfinder, scheduled to launch in 2026, future – a lunar communication satellite, precursor to the Moonlight Initiative
  • Earth Return Orbiter (ERO), scheduled to launch in 2027, future – ESA component of the joint NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return mission
  • M-Argo, launch planned for 2027, future – a cubesat mission to an asteroid[44][45]
  • LUMIO, launch planned for 2027, future – a cubesat mission to characterize the impacts of near-Earth meteoroids on the lunar far side
  • Moonlight, launching 2028 onward, future – a constellation of communication and navigation satellites around the Moon. Part of the NASA-ESA-JAXA project LunaNet
  • Rosalind Franklin, launching 2028, future – an ExoMars program Mars landing mission. Planned to be the first European Mars rover
  • Ramses, launch planned for April 2028, future (proposed) – mission to near-Earth asteroid 99942 Apophis. Funding decision expected in late 2025
  • VMMO, launch planned for 2028, future (proposed) – cubesat mission to map the distribution of water ice and ilmenite in the Moon's shadowed polar regions[46]
  • Argonaut, first launch planned for 2031, future – a class of large lunar landers for lunar logistics
  • LightShip Propulsive Tug, first launch planned for 2032, future (proposed) – a propulsive tug for interplanetary transfer to Mars[47]
  • SpotLight Passenger Spacecraft, launch planned for 2032, future (proposed) – the first spacecraft to be delivered to Mars by LightShip, part of the LightShip-1 mission[48]
  • 2035 Mars lander, launch planned for 2035, future (proposed) – a larger follow-up to Rosalind Franklin with high-precision landing on Mars[49]
  • ODINUS, future (proposed) – a dual Uranus and Neptune orbital mission. Proposed for the L2 and L3 missions of the Cosmic Vision programme, but eliminated from the running both times
  • Marco Polo, future (proposed) – a sample-return mission focused on collecting and returning a sample from a Near-Earth object. Proposed for the M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 missions of the Cosmic Vision programme, it has since been rejected all five times
  • Don Quijote, cancelled – concept for a demonstration mission, testing technologies in asteroid deflection. Abandoned after lack of interest from the ESA
  • Lunar Lander, cancelled – proposed launch in 2018 – Demonstration mission aimed at testing new technologies in lunar landing, including autonomous redirects. Project put on hold due to lack of financial support, as of 2012. Superseded by Argonaut
  • HERACLES, cancelled – planned robotic lunar landing system by ESA and JAXA. Superseded by Argonaut

Astronomy and astrophysics

[edit]
Artwork depicting COS-B, the first ESA-operated science mission, launched in August 1975.
Hubble Space Telescope
Primary mirror of the James Webb Space Telescope undergoing evaluation.

Meteorology and Earth observation

[edit]
Artist's impression of Meteosat Second Generation
Instruments carried by Envisat.
Artist's rendering of Meteosat Third Generation
  • Meteosat (first generation), launched November 1977 to September 1997, completed – joint EUMETSAT-ESA meteorology mission consisting seven geostationary satellites launched over a period of twenty years. Meteosat-7 re-orbiting commenced on 3-April-2017
  • GEOS-1 and GEOS-2, launched April 1977 and July 1978, completed – magnetospheric reconnaissance mission, consisting experimental payloads by various European national space administrations
  • ERS-1 and ERS-2, launched July 1991 and April 1995, completed – ESA's first Earth observation missions
  • PROBA-1, launched October 2001, operational – microsatellite earth observation and Low Earth Orbit technology demonstration mission for various new instruments
  • Envisat, launched March 2002, completed – Earth observation mission focused on environmental studies, using the largest civilian Earth observation satellite ever launched
  • Double Star, launched December 2003 and July 2004, completed – joint CNSA-ESA Earth observation mission to study the planet's magnetosphere, complementing the Horizon 2000 Cluster mission
  • Meteosat (second generation), launched January 2004 to July 2015, operational – joint EUMETSAT-ESA meteorology mission to launch the second generation of Meteosat satellites, of which four were launched over a period of eleven years
  • CryoSat-1, launched October 2005, failed – environmental science and glaciology mission, focused on studying Earth's polar ice caps. Failed on launch, and relaunched as CryoSat-2 in the Living Planet Programme
  • MetOp (first generation), launched October 2006 to 2018, operational – joint EUMETSAT-ESA operational meteorology mission consisting three satellites launched over a period of twelve years
  • PROBA-2, launched November 2009, operational – microsatellite earth observation and Low Earth Orbit technology demonstration mission, serving as the second flight in the Proba series
  • PROBA-V, launched May 2013, operational – microsatellite earth observation mission focused on mapping land cover and vegetation growth across Earth in bi-daily cycles; the 3rd mission in the Proba series
  • Sentinel, launched April 2014 onward, operational – suite of Earth observation missions serving as the ESA's contribution to the European Commission's Copernicus Programme
  • SIMBA, launched in 2020, completed – cubesat mission measuring total solar irradiance to determine Earth’s radiation budget.[57][51]
  • RadCube, launched in 2021, completed – cubesat mission monitoring space weather impacts to Earth's magnetosphere during a peak in solar activity cycle.[58][51]
  • Meteosat (third generation), launched December 2022 onward, operational – joint EUMETSAT-ESA meteorology mission to launch the third generation of Meteosat satellites
  • PRETTY, launched in October 2023, operational – cubesat using Galileo and GPS signals to measure sea ice[59]
  • Arctic weather satellite, launched in August 2024, operational – joint ESA-EUMETSAT small meteorological satellite providing detailed temperature and humidity profiles. A precursor to the proposed EPS-Sterna constellation[60]
  • MetOp-SG, launching 2025 onward, future – joint EUMETSAT-ESA operational meteorology mission, launching the second generation of MetOp satellites, of which a constellation of six will be launched
  • Scout missions, launching 2025 onward, future – series of small Earth observation satellites complementing the Earth Explorer missions[61]
    • HydroGNSS, launching in 2025, future – two identical satellites[62] sensing Galileo and GPS signals reflected by Earth’s surface for improve the knowledge of Earth’s hydrological cycle[63]
    • NanoMagSat, future – measuring the ionospheric environment, monitoring Earth’s magnetic field[64]
    • Tango, future – monitoring three greenhouse gases: methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide being emitted from large industrial sites[65]
    • CubeMAP, cancelled – quantifying processes in the upper-atmosphere[66]
  • ALTIUS, launching in 2026, future – monitoring the distribution and evolution of stratospheric ozone in the Earth's atmosphere
  • CAMILA, launching 2027 onward, future – joint POLSA-ESA Earth observation satellite constellation[67]
  • Genesis, launching in 2028, future – geodetic satellite that will update the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) of Earth with an accuracy of 1 mm[68][69]
  • EPS-Sterna, launching 2029 onward, future (proposed) – joint ESA-EUMETSAT constellation of 18 micro-satellites, based on the Arctic Weather Satellite[70]
  • TRUTHS, launching in 2030, future – satellite for continuous measurements of incoming and reflected radiation to evaluate Earth’s energy-in to energy-out ratio, providing reference for climate measurements[71][72]
  • Vigil, launching in 2031, future – ESA space weather mission
  • European Resilience from Space (ERS), future (proposed) – intelligence and surveillance programme[73]

Communication and navigation

[edit]
Artist's impression of Orbital Test Satellite-2
Illustrartion of EDRS
Model of a Galileo satellite
  • OTS-1 and OTS-2, launched September 1977 and May 1978, completed – demonstration mission for a geostationary communications satellite system. OTS-1 was lost in a launch failure
  • MARECS family, launched December 1981 to November 1984, completed – joint Inmarsat-ESA program which launched a satellite duo to create a global maritime communications network. MARECS B failed on launch
  • ECS family, launched June 1983 to July 1988, completed – joint Eutelsat-ESA mission to launch the first generation of EUTELSAT telecommunication satellites
  • Olympus, launched July 1989, completed – telecommunications mission pioneering high-power transmitters, multi-spot beam Ka band technology and on-board switching
  • GIOVE-A, launched December 2005, completed – demonstration mission testing technologies for the Galileo satellite navigation system
  • GIOVE-B, launched April 2008, completed – second demonstration mission testing technologies for the Galileo satellite navigation system. Retired in 2012
  • Galileo, launched October 2011 onward, operational – joint ESA-GSA geodesy project to create an indigenous global navigation satellite system independent of the Russian GLONASS, Chinese BeiDou and American GPS systems
  • Alphasat, launched July 2013, operational – joint Inmarsat-ESA mission to launch an advanced geostationary communication satellite to serve Africa, Asia and Europe; the largest ever built by Europe
  • European Data Relay System (EDRS), launched January 2016 to 2017, operational – geosynchronous optical communication network consisting a constellation of two satellites, EDRS-A and EDRS-C
  • JoeySat, launched in 2023, operational – joint ESA-Eutelsat OneWeb 5G connectivity technology demonstration satellite[74]
  • LEO-PNT, launching 2025 to 2027, future – a 10-satellite low earth orbit technology demonstration constellation for improving navigation services[75]
  • IRIS², launching 2027 onward, future – multi-orbit satellite internet constellation
  • Electra, launch date unknown, future – joint ESA-SES telecommunications mission, utilizing a spacecraft with electrical-powered propulsion
  • HydRON, launch date unknown, future – an advanced laser-based satellite communication system[76][77]

Other missions

[edit]
ESA's Eureca during deployment from Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1992
  • EURECA, launched August 1992, completed – microgravity testbed mission carrying a suite of fifteen instruments from various European national space administrations
  • SSETI Express, launched October 2005, completed – student demonstration mission, sponsored by the ESA Education Office, which launched three CubeSats to take pictures of the Earth and serve as a radio transponder
  • YES2, launched September 2007, completed – student demonstration mission, sponsored by the ESA Education Office, which deployed a 31.7 km-long space tethered constellation of satellites. Partial launch failure
  • GOMX-4B, launched in 2018, completed – cubesat demonstrating formation flying[78][51]
  • ESAIL, launched in 2020, operational – microsatellite for tracking ships worldwide[79][80]
  • YPSat, ESA’s Young Professionals Satellite, launched July 2024, operational – satellite designed and produced entirely by young professionals at ESA, launched aboard the inaugural flight of Ariane 6 to record the fairing separation and provide in-orbit imagery of the Earth[81]
  • YPSat-2, launch date unknown, future – second project by ESA Young Professionals, an experiment flying aboard Space Rider to study how microgravity affects blood flow in space[82][83]
  • ClearSpace-1, launching in 2026, future – space debris removal demonstration mission with the objective of deorbiting PROBA-1
  • CApTure Payload Bay (CAT), future (proposed) — joint ESA-AEE mission to test a standardised docking interface for satellite removal[84]
  • e.Deorbit, cancelled – space debris removal demonstration mission, superseded by ClearSpace-1

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b European Science Foundation; National Research Council (1998). U.S. – European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 52. Bibcode:1998usec.book.....N. ISBN 978-0-309-05984-8.
  2. ^ Szita, Sarah (27 June 2000). "The Fate of the Original Cluster Mission". MSSL Space Plasma Physics Group. UCL Department of Space and Climate Physics. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  3. ^ "Cluster II". Science and Technology Facilities Council. Research Councils UK. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  4. ^ Arida, Michael (20 December 2016). "The XMM-Newton Guest Observer Facility". Goddard Space Flight Center. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  5. ^ "XMM-Newton - Introduction". Observational Astrophysics Group. University of Liège Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics. May 2005. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  6. ^ a b "ESA confirms ROSETTA and FIRST in its long-term science programme". XMM-Newton Press Release: 43. 8 November 1993. Bibcode:1993xmm..pres...43. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  7. ^ "Rosetta". National Space Science Data Center (Goddard Space Flight Center). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  8. ^ "Launch campaign teams take time out to record a special moment". ESA Astrophysics. European Space Agency. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  9. ^ Fletcher, Karen; Bonnet, Roger-Maurice (April 2004). Titan – from discovery to encounter. ESTEC International Conference. Vol. 1278. Noordwijk, the Netherlands: ESA Publications Division. p. 201. Bibcode:2004ESASP1278..201B. ISBN 978-92-9092-997-0.
  10. ^ "INTEGRAL (INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Lab)". Image Processing Laboratory. University of Valencia. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  11. ^ Van Tran, J. (1998). Fundamental Parameters in Cosmology. Paris: Atlantica Séguier Frontières. p. 255. ISBN 978-2-86332-233-8.
  12. ^ Clark, Stuart (1 December 2015). "LISA Pathfinder set to launch, paving way for discovery of gravity's secrets". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  13. ^ Phys.org staff (3 December 2015). "LISA Pathfinder en route to gravitational wave demonstration". Phys.org. Science X network. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  14. ^ Grush, Loren (19 July 2017). "This probe paved the way for studying gravitational waves from space – and now it's been shut off". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  15. ^ "ESA and Chinese Academy of Sciences to study SMILE as joint mission". ESA. 22 June 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  16. ^ a b "Ariel moves from blueprint to reality". ESA. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  17. ^ "ESA selects revolutionary Venus mission EnVision". ESA. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  18. ^ Amos, Jonathan (20 June 2017). "Europe selects grand gravity mission". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  19. ^ Goenka, Himanshu (21 June 2017). "Detecting Gravitational Waves From Space Using LISA Satellites Chosen As ESA's Third Large-Class Mission". International Business Times. IBT Media. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  20. ^ ESA to Launch Comet Interceptor Mission in 2028. Emily Lakdawalla, The Planetary Society. 21 June 2019.
  21. ^ "ESA signs contracts for commercial space cargo return service". www.esa.int. Retrieved 2 April 2025.
  22. ^ Parsonson, Andrew (22 May 2024). "ESA Announces Recipients of LEO Cargo Return Service Contracts". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 2 April 2025.
  23. ^ Parsonson, Andrew (2 April 2025). "ESA LEO Cargo Return Phase 2 to Proceed Without Geo-Return Constraints". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 2 April 2025.
  24. ^ Parsonson, Andrew (22 May 2024). "ESA Announces Recipients of LEO Cargo Return Service Contracts". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  25. ^ "Habitat Lunares Crew". www.esa.int. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
  26. ^ "ABOUT HABITAT – Lunares Space". Retrieved 1 May 2025.
  27. ^ "LUNA - Europe's Moon on Earth". www.esa.int. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
  28. ^ "Home". Luna Analog Facility. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
  29. ^ "Boost! – ESA's Commercial Space Transportation Services and Support Programme – ESA Vision". Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  30. ^ "Boost!". www.esa.int. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
  31. ^ "Spectrum launch vehicle fit check". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  32. ^ "Orbex Prime". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  33. ^ "RFA hot fire test in Saxavord". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  34. ^ "PLD Space gets even more Boost!". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  35. ^ "ESA boost for UK space transportation initiatives". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  36. ^ "HyImpulse's cheaper, greener rocket gets second ESA Boost!". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  37. ^ "Microgravity on demand with Earth return through ESA's Boost!". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  38. ^ "Boosting SpaceForest sounding rocket". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  39. ^ "ESA gives a Boost! to D-Orbit industrial ramp-up plans". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  40. ^ "Space propulsion-as-a-service gets a Boost!". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  41. ^ Foust, Jeff (24 March 2025). "ESA issues call for proposals for European Launcher Challenge". SpaceNews. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  42. ^ "ESA's first stand-alone Deep Space CubeSat signs new phase". www.esa.int. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
  43. ^ "Firing up HENON's engine". www.esa.int. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
  44. ^ "M-Argo". www.esa.int. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  45. ^ "ESA missions to small bodies". www.esa.int. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  46. ^ "VMMO". www.esa.int. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
  47. ^ "Towards low-cost missions to Mars". www.esa.int. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
  48. ^ "SpotLight: Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for preliminary selection of Payloads of Opportunity on board of the SpotLight Passenger Spacecraft".
  49. ^ Parsonson, Andrew (3 January 2025). "ESA Targets 2035 for Second Mission to Mars". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  50. ^ Sunstorm CubeSat
  51. ^ a b c d "A fall of CubeSats". www.esa.int. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  52. ^ "NEOMIR: finding risky asteroids outshone by the Sun". www.esa.int. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
  53. ^ Parsonson, Andrew (18 October 2024). "ESA Publishes Call for Telescope on the Far Side of the Moon". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
  54. ^ "We're going to put a radio telescope on the back side of the Moon". University of Groningen. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
  55. ^ "Astronomical Lunar Observatory". SciSpacE. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
  56. ^ "COMPACT LOW FREQUENCY ANTENNAS FOR DEPLOYMENT ON THE LUNAR SURFACE".
  57. ^ "SIMBA (Sun-earth IMBAlance) - eoPortal". www.eoportal.org. Archived from the original on 18 December 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  58. ^ "RadCube". www.eoportal.org. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  59. ^ "Icy first light of shoebox-sized PRETTY CubeSat". www.esa.int. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
  60. ^ "ESA's Arctic Weather Satellite hailed as excellent". www.esa.int. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
  61. ^ "Scouts: ESA's agile research missions". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  62. ^ "HydroGNSS twice as good". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  63. ^ "HydroGNSS/Scout-2".
  64. ^ Antoine, Roux (11 March 2024). "The NanoMagSat mission gets go-ahead from ESA! - Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris". www.ipgp.fr. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  65. ^ "NanoMagSat and Tango Scout missions get go-ahead". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  66. ^ "CubeMAP mission development halted". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  67. ^ Parsonson, Andrew (16 April 2025). "Poland Green Lights €52M Earth Observation Constellation". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
  68. ^ "Genesis satellite". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  69. ^ "Genesis". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  70. ^ "Details for Satellite Programme: EPS-Sterna". space.oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
  71. ^ "TRUTHS". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  72. ^ "TRUTHS shines". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  73. ^ Jewett, Rachel (16 May 2025). "ESA Director General Signals a Bold New Approach to European Space Cybersecurity". Via Satellite. Retrieved 20 May 2025.
  74. ^ "Beam-hopping JoeySat marks two years in orbit". www.esa.int. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
  75. ^ "LEO-PNT". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  76. ^ "HydRON: Satellites using lasers for faster data sharing". www.esa.int. Retrieved 10 April 2025.
  77. ^ "ESA's HydRON project for space-based optical communications moves forward". www.esa.int. Retrieved 10 April 2025.
  78. ^ GomX-4 (GomSpace Express-4)
  79. ^ "ESAIL maritime satellite launched". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  80. ^ "Satellites for safer seas". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  81. ^ "ESA Young Professionals Satellites". www.esa.int. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
  82. ^ "Young Professionals' YPSat headed to Ariane 6". www.esa.int. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
  83. ^ A team of @esa.int's young professionals spent Easter in the labs of #ESTEC working on their next project, YPSat-2. ESA Technology Bluesky account (https://bsky.app/profile/technology.esa.int), 2025-04-22.
  84. ^ "Spain to support ESA satellite removal mission CAT". www.esa.int. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horizon 2000 programme and Horizon 2000+ programme.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_Space_Agency_programmes_and_missions&oldid=1293209925"