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Language disorder

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Main article: Speech and language pathology
Language disorder
SpecialtySpeech language pathology

Language disorders or language impairments are disorders that cause persistent difficulty in the acquisition and use of listening and speaking skills. These difficulties may involve any of the five domains of language: phonology, syntax, morphology, semantics, or pragmatics. Language disorders may affect listening comprehension, spoken language expression, reading comprehension, and/ or written expression. Language disorders may persist across the life span, and symptoms may change over time. A language disorder can occur in isolation or in the presence of other conditions. Language disorders may occur from birth or early childhood, or they may be acquired later from disease or injury.

In the United States, speech language pathologists screen, assess, diagnose, and treat language disorders.[1]

The term developmental language disorder is used to refer to a spoken language disorder that is a primary disability without a known medical cause and persisting beyond childhood. DLD is also used when the language disorder co-occurs with other diagnoses, but the causal relationship is not as obvious.[2] Some research and legislation refers to this as a specific language impairment. [3]

The term aphasia is used to refer to an acquired language disorder, usually resulting from damage to the left hemisphere of the brain, that affects language processing. Aphasia may be caused by a stroke, traumatic brain injury, or various neurodegenerative diseases. There are various types of aphasia, depending on the area of the brain affected.[4]

Language disorders are also often found co-occurring with other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as behavior disorders[5], autism[6], Down syndrome, and ADHD[7].

People with language disorders often have trouble learning to read and write.[8][9] Many people with dyslexia also have a language disorder. [10]

Current data indicates that approximately 7% of young children display developmental language disorder,[11][12] with boys being diagnosed twice as often as girls in young children.[13]

Preliminary research on potential risk factors have suggested biological components, such as low birth weight, prematurity, general birth complications, trauma, and male gender, as well as family history and low parental education can increase the chance of developing developmental language disorder.[14]

There is scientific evidence supporting various speech and language therapy strategies for improving language skills in people with developmental language disorder.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] [22] Parent training can be effective in improving outcomes for young children with developmental language disorder.[23]

Language disorders are distinct from speech disorders, which involve difficulty with the act of speech production, but not with the content of the communicative message. Speech and language disorders commonly co-occur, but are distinctly different.

See also

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* Autism

References

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  1. ^ "ASHA Practice Policy". www.asha.org. Archived from the original on 2025-05-24. Retrieved 2025-08-07.
  2. ^ Bishop, Dorothy V.M.; Snowling, Margaret J.; Thompson, Paul A.; Greenhalgh, Trisha; Consortium, and the CATALISE-2 (2017). "Phase 2 of CATALISE: a multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study of problems with language development: Terminology". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 58 (10): 1068–1080. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12721. ISSN 1469-7610. PMC 5638113. PMID 28369935.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ McGregor, Karla K.; Goffman, Lisa; Van Horne, Amanda Owen; Hogan, Tiffany P.; Finestack, Lizbeth H. (2020-02-21). "Developmental Language Disorder: Applications for Advocacy, Research, and Clinical Service". Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups. 5 (1): 38–46. doi:10.1044/2019_PERSP-19-00083.
  4. ^ Reiff Cherney, Leora (2004-01-01). "Aphasia, Alexia, and Oral Reading". Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation. 11 (1): 22–36. doi:10.1310/VUPX-WDX7-J1EU-00TB. ISSN 1074-9357. PMID 14872397.
  5. ^ Hollo, Alexandra; Wehby, Joseph H.; Oliver, Regina M. (2014-01-01). "Unidentified Language Deficits in Children with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: A Meta-Analysis". Exceptional Children. 80 (2): 169–186. doi:10.1177/001440291408000203. ISSN 0014-4029.
  6. ^ Rubenstein, Eric; Schieve, Laura; Wiggins, Lisa; Rice, Catherine; Van Naarden Braun, Kim; Christensen, Deborah; Durkin, Maureen; Daniels, Julie; Lee, Li-Ching (2018-12-01). "Trends in documented co-occurring conditions in children with autism spectrum disorder, 2002–2010". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 83: 168–178. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.08.015. ISSN 0891-4222. PMC 6741291. PMID 30227350.
  7. ^ Redmond, Sean M. (2020-10-16). "Clinical Intersections Among Idiopathic Language Disorder, Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 63 (10): 3263–3276. doi:10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00050. PMC 8363244. PMID 33064599.
  8. ^ Murphy, Kimberly A.; Justice, Laura M.; O'Connell, Ann A.; Pentimonti, Jill M.; Kaderavek, Joan N. (December 2016). "Understanding Risk for Reading Difficulties in Children With Language Impairment". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 59 (6): 1436–1447. doi:10.1044/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0110. PMID 27959975.
  9. ^ Katusic, Slavica K.; Colligan, Robert C.; Weaver, Amy L.; Barbaresi, William J. (2009-05-01). "The Forgotten Learning Disability: Epidemiology of Written-Language Disorder in a Population-Based Birth Cohort (1976–1982), Rochester, Minnesota". Pediatrics. 123 (5): 1306–1313. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2098. ISSN 0031-4005. PMC 2923476. PMID 19403496.
  10. ^ Adlof, Suzanne M.; Scoggins, Joanna; Brazendale, Allison; Babb, Spencer; Petscher, Yaacov (2017-12-20). "Identifying Children at Risk for Language Impairment or Dyslexia With Group-Administered Measures". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 60 (12): 3507–3522. doi:10.1044/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0473. PMC 5962925. PMID 29222567.
  11. ^ Beitchman, J., & Brownlie, E. B. (2014). Language disorders in children and adolescents. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe & Huber.
  12. ^ Heim, S., & Benasich, A. A. (2006). Developmental disorders of language. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 3. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed., pp. 268–316). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  13. ^ Pinborough-Zimmerman, J., Satterfield, R., Miller, J., Bilder, D., Hossain, S., & McMahon, W. (2007). Communication disorders: Prevalence and comorbid intellectual disability, autism, and emotional/ behavioral disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16, 359–367.
  14. ^ Wallace, Ina F.; Berkman, Nancy D.; Watson, Linda R.; Coyne-Beasley, Tamera; Wood, Charles T.; Cullen, Katherine; Lohr, Kathleen N. (2015-08-01). "Screening for Speech and Language Delay in Children 5 Years Old and Younger: A Systematic Review". Pediatrics. 136 (2): e448 – e462. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3889. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 26152671.
  15. ^ KK Nair, Vishnu; Clark, Grace T.; Siyambalapitiya, Samantha; Reuterskiöld, Christina (2023). "Language intervention in bilingual children with developmental language disorder: A systematic review". International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 58 (2): 576–600. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12803. ISSN 1460-6984. PMID 36428270. {{cite journal}}: |last4= has generic name (help)
  16. ^ Fan, Shengfu; Ma, Bosen; Song, Xuan; Wang, Yuhong (2022-10-03). "Effect of language therapy alone for developmental language disorder in children: A meta-analysis". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 922866. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.922866. ISSN 1664-1078. PMID 36262431.
  17. ^ Eisenberg, Sarita L.; Bredin-Oja, Shelley L.; Crumrine, Kasey (2020-04-07). "Use of Imitation Training for Targeting Grammar: A Narrative Review". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 51 (2): 205–225. doi:10.1044/2019_LSHSS-19-00024. PMID 32255747.
  18. ^ Ansari, Rafiah; Chiat, Shula; Cartwright, Martin; Herman, Ros (2025-03-19). "Vocabulary interventions for children with developmental language disorder: a systematic review". Frontiers in Psychology. 16 1517311. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1517311. ISSN 1664-1078.
  19. ^ Lowe, Hilary; Henry, Lucy; Joffe, Victoria L. (2019-08-15). "The Effectiveness of Classroom Vocabulary Intervention for Adolescents With Language Disorder". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 62 (8): 2829–2846. doi:10.1044/2019_JSLHR-L-18-0337. PMID 31339808.
  20. ^ Cleave, Patricia L.; Becker, Stephanie D.; Curran, Maura K.; Van Horne, Amanda J. Owen; Fey, Marc E. (May 2015). "The Efficacy of Recasts in Language Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 24 (2): 237–255. doi:10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0105. ISSN 1058-0360. PMC 4450887. PMID 25654306.
  21. ^ Law, James; Garrett, Zoe; Nye, Chad (2003-07-21). "Speech and language therapy interventions for children with primary speech and language delay or disorder". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (3): CD004110. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004110. PMC 8407295. PMID 12918003.
  22. ^ Fey, Marc E.; Cleave, Patricia L.; Long, Steven H.; Hughes, Diana L. (February 1993). "Two Approaches to the Facilitation of Grammar in Children With Language Impairment". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 36 (1): 141–157. doi:10.1044/jshr.3601.141. PMID 7680731.
  23. ^ Roberts, Megan Y.; Curtis, Philip R.; Sone, Bailey J.; Hampton, Lauren H. (2019-07-01). "Association of Parent Training With Child Language Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Pediatrics. 173 (7): 671–680. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1197. ISSN 2168-6203. PMC 6537769. PMID 31107508.

Further reading

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