Kut (mythology)
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According to the Turkic belief, kut (also spelled qut, Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰆𐱃, lit. 'blessing' or 'fortune')[1] is a kind of force vitalizing the body. Through kut, humans are connected with the heavens. Further, the sacred ruler is believed to be endowed with much more kut than other people, thus the heaven would have appointed him as the legitimate ruler.[2][3]
Etymologically, Kut has a various meanings and origins. It might have mean sovereign power in a state, happines or divine blessing.[4]
Usage by the Turks
[edit]The Göktürk qaghans claimed that they were "heaven-like, heaven-conceived" and possessed kut, a sign of the Mandate of Heaven to rule.[5]
Rulers of the Qocho were entitled idiqut "sacred good fortune" in Old Uyghur.[6] It also existed in Mongols as suu.[7] It was believed that if the ruler had lost his qut, he could be dethroned and killed. However, this had to be carried out without shedding his blood. This was usually done by strangling with a silk cord.[8][5] This custom of strangling continued among the Ottomans.[8] The Seljuks frequently used the title and name Kutalmish "he that has received fortune (majesty)"[9]
The Ottomans continued this tradition by reexpressing the kut's divine mandate into Persianate Muslim terms, with titles such as "shadow of God on earth" (zill Allah fi'l-alem) and "caliph of the face of the earth" (halifeye ruye zamin).[10]
Name
[edit]Kutlug is frequently used and well-known personal Uyghur name. It was also the name of first rulers of the Second Turkic Khaganate, Ilterish Qaghan, and the Uyghur Khaganate, Kutlug I Bilge Kagan.[11] Turkish name Kutay is a combination of -kut and while "ay" refers to the celestial body, the moon.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Gary Seaman (1989). Ecology and Empire: Nomads in the Cultural Evolution of the Old World. Ethnographics/USC, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California. p. 247.
- ^ JENS PETER LAUT Vielfalt türkischer Religionen p. 25 (German)
- ^ Carter Vaughn Findley The Turks in World History Oxford University Press 2004 ISBN 9780199884254
- ^ Kalkan, Oğuz. "Türklerde Kut İnanışı ve Marş Geleneğine Etkileri" (PDF). Pamukkale Üniversitesi.
"Tanrı kaynaklı güç" kavramsal çatısı altında şekillenen kut sözcüğü, en eski dönemlerinden bu yana gerek tarihi gerekse çağdaş Türk lehçelerinde varlığını sürdürmüş; etimolojik sözlüklere dayanan çalışmalarda birçok anlamı olduğu ortaya konmuş ve Turgunbayer (2019:245), kelimenin soyut ve somut anlam katmanları içerdiğini özellikle vurgulamıştır.
- ^ a b Peter B. Golden (2010). Central Asia in World History. p. 43.
The qaghan claimed that he was "heaven-like, heaven-conceived" and possessed qut (heavenly good fortune), a sign of the heavenly mandate to rule. His person was holy and his blood could not be shed. If a qaghan had to be removed—permanently—he was strangled with a silk cord.
- ^ Rahmat, (1964, 150-57)
- ^ Mosaert and Cleave, (1962, 17-23)
- ^ a b David Sneath, Christopher (2010). Twentieth century Mongolia. p. 76.
- ^ Juvaynī & Boyle 1958, p. 45.
- ^ Carter V. Frindley (2004). The Turks in World History. p. 115.
- ^ Susan Whitfield. Life along the Silk Road: Second Edition. p. 216.
- ^ "Name Kutay and its origin".
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