Karluk Yabghu
Karluk Yabghu State | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 742–840 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
.png)  Location of the Karluk Yabghu, with contemporary polities circa 800 CE | |||||||||
| Capital | Suyab later Balasagun | ||||||||
| Common languages | Karluk Turkic | ||||||||
| Religion | Tengriism, Nestorian Christianity[1] | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 742 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 840 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan | ||||||||
The Karluk Yabghu State (simplified Chinese: 葛逻禄叶护国; traditional Chinese: 葛邏祿葉護國; pinyin: Géluólù Yèhùguó) was a polity ruled by Karluk tribes.
History
[edit]The first information about the tribes of Karluks that occupied the territory between Altai and the Eastern coast of Lake Balkhash dates back to the 5th century.[5] The Karluks were part of the First Turkic and Uyghur khaganates. Karluk leaders held the title Kül-Erkin as vassals of Göktürks, a rank of medium importanance in the First Turkic Khaganate.
They were composed of three tribes, therefore their ruler mostly called Üç Karluk Bey (Chinese: 三姓葉護, Sanxing Yabghu; lit. 'Yabghu of Three Tribes') in 8th century (Although Bey and Yabghu are different.).[6] At least one Kül Erkin held the title Yabghu while still acknowledging suzerainity of Gokturk Khagan.
In 742, they were named "Saɣ Yabghu ( 𐰖𐰀𐰉𐰏𐰎𐰆 𐰽𐰀𐰍, tr. Right Yabghu) " by Basmyl khagan Ashina Shi. Like Basmyls, they were ruled by a branch of Ashina tribe.[7] However the reign of Basmyl was cut short when they were defeated by a Karluk-Uyghur coalition. Uyghur Khagan gave the Saɣ Yabghu a new and higher title: 'Sol Yabghu (𐰽𐰗𐰞 𐰖𐰀𐰉𐰏𐰎𐰆, tr. Left Yabghu)'.[8]
At the same time a group of Karluks elected Bilge Yabghu Tun Apa Yigen Chor (Old Turkic:𐰉𐰄𐰞𐰏𐰅 𐰖𐰀𐰉𐰏𐰎𐰆 𐱃𐰆𐰣 𐰀𐰯𐰀 𐰖𐰄𐰏𐰅𐰣 𐰕𐰎𐰗𐰺; Bilgä Yabɣu Toŋa Apa Yigen Čor, Chinese: 毗伽葉護頓阿波移健啜; pinyin: Píjiā Yèhù Dùn ābō Yíjiàn Chuài) whu submitted to Uyghur Khaganate in 746.[9] He may be same person as Yigen Chor (𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰲𐰆𐰺) mentioned in Kul-Chor stele.[10]
He was succeeded by Tun Bilge Yabghu (Chinese: 頓毗伽葉護; pinyin: Dùn Píjiā Yèhù) in 753.[9] A ruler of Karluks were mentioned in Turco-Manichean book "Sacred book of two fundamentals" (Iki Jïltïz Nom), fragments of which were found in 1907 at Kara-Khoja in the Turpan oasis by Albert von Le Coq. The book was dedicated to the ruler of the Chigil tribes, named Alp Burguchan, Alp Tarhan, Alp İl Tirgüg.[11] He probably was the one who conquered Turgesh state and resettled Karluks in Zhetysu basin, making Suyab their capital.[12]
Another ruler was Köbäk,[13] whose coins were found in modern Kyrgyzstan. He used the title 'Khagan' in his coins.[12]
When the Yenisei Kyrgyz destroyed the Uyghur Khaganate in 840, Karluk yabghu declared himself khagan with title Bilge Kul Qadir Khan, forming the Kara-Khanid Khanate.[14]
Known Yabghus
[edit]- Bilga İshbara Tamgan Tarkan? (𐰉𐰄𐰞𐰏𐰀 𐰄𐰽𐰎𐰉𐰀𐰺𐰀 𐱃𐰀𐰢𐰏𐰀𐰣 𐱃𐰀𐰺𐰚𐰀𐰣), Nephew of Ilterish Qaghan.
- Ishbara Tamgan Chor? (𐰃𐰽𐰎𐰉𐰀𐰺𐰀 𐱃𐰀𐰢𐰏𐰀𐰣 𐰕𐰎𐰗𐰺), brother of Bilga İshbara Tamgan Tarkan.
- Bilge Yabghu Tun Apa Yigen Chor (𐰉𐰄𐰞𐰏𐰅 𐰖𐰀𐰉𐰏𐰎 𐰆 𐱃𐰆𐰣 𐰀𐰯𐰀 𐰖𐰄𐰏𐰅𐰣 𐰕𐰎𐰗𐰺) ( ? - 753 ), a relative of Özmiş Khagan, submitted to Uyghur Khagan following the destruction of the Second Turkic Khaganate.
- Tun Bilge Yabghu (𐱃𐰆𐰣 𐰉𐰄𐰞𐰏𐰅 𐰖𐰀𐰉𐰏𐰎𐰆) (753 -? ), son of Bilge Yabghu.
- Yigen Chor? (𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰲𐰆𐰺), Might be the same person as Tun Bilge.
- Unknown Yabghu - A Karluk Yabghu were mentioned in the Turkic religious book 'Iki Jïltïz Nom'. His identity remains unknown.
- Inal Tegin (𐰄𐰣𐰀𐰞 𐱃𐰅𐰏𐰄𐰣 𐰚𐰎𐰀𐰏𐰀𐰣) (8th century), Known from coins.
- Köbäk - Known as 'βγy xr’lwγ x’γ’n pny' in Sogdian, meaning 'Karluk Kaghan Köbak.' Belonged to the Arslanids of Ashina.
- Arslan Kul Erkin - Belonged to the 'Arslanid' branch of Ashina dynasty, hence the name. Their relation to Arslanid dynasty of Chigils is unknown. Known from coins.
- Bilge Kul Qadır Khan (Karakhanid language: کُلْ بِلْكا قَادِرْ خَانْ) (? - 893) Following the destruction of Uyghur Khaganate, he declared himself Khagan and founded the Kara-Khanid Khanate.
![Anikova dish horseman, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[15]](/wiki/File:Anikova_dish_horseman.jpg)
![Anikova dish, two horsemen, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[15]](/wiki/File:Anikova,_two_horsemen_(grey_background).jpg)
![Anikova dish, two horsemen with banner, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[15]](/wiki/File:Anikova_horsemen.jpg)
| History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century |
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See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Sims, Eleanor (2002). Peerless images: Persian painting and its sources. New Haven. p. 294. ISBN 978-0300090383.
- ^ Sims, Eleanor (2002). Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources. New Haven : Yale University Press. pp. 293–294. ISBN 978-0-300-09038-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ "Hermitage Museum".
- ^ Gorelik, Michael (1979). "Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art", by Michael Gorelik, in: Islamic Arms and Armour, ed. Robert Elgood, London 1979. Robert Elgood.
- ^ "Карлукское государство (756—940 гг.)". e-history.kz (in Russian). 2 August 2013. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ Erkoç, Hayrettin İhsan (2008-10-23). Eski Türklerde Devlet Teşkilâtı (Gök Türk Dönemi) / State Organization of the Ancient Turks (The Türk Qaġanate Period) (Thesis).
- ^ Kli︠a︡shtornyĭ, S. G. (2004). Gosudarstva i narody Evraziĭskikh stepeĭ : drevnostʹ i srednevekovʹe. Sultanov, T. I. (Tursun Ikramovich) (2-e izd., isprav. i dop ed.). Sankt-Peterburg. ISBN 5858032559. OCLC 60357062.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ S.G. Klyashtorny, "Ancient Turk Rock Inscriptions in the Talas Ala-Too. A Sogdian Word in an Old Turk Inscription", Webfestschrift Marshak 2003, (Online Article).
- ^ a b Chavannes, Edouard (2007). Documents sur les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) occidentaux recueillis et commentés suivi de Notes additionnelles. Bibliothèque Paul-Émile Boulet de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. OCLC 145840509.
- ^ "Kul-Chur's Memorial Complex". bitig.org. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
- ^ Zuev, I︠U︡. A. (2002). Rannie ti︠u︡rki : ocherki istorii i ideologii. Almaty. ISBN 9985441529. OCLC 52976103.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Salman, Hüseyin (Spring 2014). "The Issue of Qarluq State Establishment". Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi. doi:10.16985/MTAD.201417912 (inactive 1 July 2025). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) - ^ "Zeno - Oriental Coins Database - Qarluq AE coin, unique recent finding". www.zeno.ru. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
- ^ "Karluk Yabgu State (756-940)". 2 August 2013.
- ^ a b c Karamian, Gholamreza; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna (2017). Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets: the headgear in Iranian history. Siedlce Tehran: Institute of history and international relations, Faculty of Humanities, Siedlce University Department of archaeology and history, central Tehran branch, Tehran Azad University. p. 251, Fig. 37. ISBN 978-83-62447-19-0.
Further reading
[edit]- History of civilisations of Central Asia. South Asia Books. March 1999. p. 569. ISBN 978-8120815407.
- The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (Vol 1). Cambridge University Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0521243049.