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Jamana
A Hawrami Kurd in traditional Kurdish clothing, wearing a Jamana on his head, from Iranian Kurdistan
TypeHeadgear
MaterialCotton
Place of originKurdistan
Introduced3000/2000 BC

Jamana (Kurdish: جامانە, romanized: Camane, Kurdish pronunciation: [ʤaː.maː.na]) also known as Jamadani (Kurdish: جەمەدانی, romanized: Cemedani),[1][2] or Aghabanu (Kurdish: ئاغابانوو, romanized: Axabanû),[3][a] is a traditional Kurdish headgear,[6][7] and forms a complete part of Kurdish clothing. It was first used in Mesopotamia by the Sumerians.[8] In the Pahlavi language, the term refers to a piece of cloth that has not yet been sewn.[9]

A Sumerian portrait statuette of a woman wearing headgear.

Jamana is mostly worn by men, while another version is worn by women as shirts or fashion towels.[10][11]

Traditional use

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On certain occasions, particularly during Newroz celebrations in Iranian Kurdistan,[12] individuals wearing Jamana have reportedly faced persecution by Iranian intelligence agencies.[13][14][15] Among Iranian Kurds, Newroz is often referred to as Newrozî Camane (Kurdish: نەورۆزی جامانە, lit. 'The Newroz of Jamana').[16][17]

According to a report by the Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs of the Kurdistan Region, more than 100 mosques in the Kurdistan Region have been built in the Kurdish Jamana style.[18] Jamana, in addition to its common use, is also used to protect the head from sunburn and to keep it cool.[19] During past Kurdish uprisings, Jamana was part of the official Peshmerga fighting uniform.[20]

Due to changing circumstances, wearing the Jamana has become less common. However, the new generation wear it around their necks, using it as a fashion accessory.[21]

Types and ways of wearing

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A Kurd from Urmia, wearing a Kurdish headgear (Jamana)

Jamana has many different styles across the Kurdish regions.[22] The colors of Jamana are usually black and white, or red and white.[23][24][25] The black and white Jamana is used by Kurds of the Zebari, Harki, and Doski tribes. The red and white Jamana is used by the Barzani tribes and Yazidi Kurds.[26][27]

Jamana is worn in various ways and styles, It can be worn in any way the wearer chooses; However, there are generally two main styles of wearing it:

  • Xaw u Pan (raw and wide), loosely placed over a Klaw.
  • Luldraw (rolled), tightly wrapped around the Klaw.[28]

The head-dress consists first of a small ornamented skullcap called Klaw, over which the Jamana is placed. It hangs behind and is often wrapped once around the neck. The traditional Kurdish headgear has been replaced by a long, thick cord with pieces of black cloth attached to it in close contact, resembling a "boa". This element, known as the pushin, is wrapped around the head over the Jamana. The overall costume is considered graceful and dignified, especially when worn by tall individuals, such as many women from Sulaymaniyah; including notable figures like Lady Adela and Hapsa Khan.[29][30]

Contemporary designers currently recreate Jamana in more modern styles, excluding the traditional form.[31]

Klaw

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The Klaw[b] (skullcap) is a circular object approximately the size of a man's head and serves as an essential base for wearing the Jamana.[32] Without the Klaw, the Jamana cannot be properly worn.[33]

References

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  1. ^ "جەمەدانی - فەرھەنگی خاڵ". bradost.net. Wişedan. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  2. ^ Nizamedin, Fazil (2003). Estêre Geşe, Kurdish-Arabic dictionary (in Kurdish). Erbil, Kurdistan Region: Aras Publisher. p. 156.
  3. ^ Sharafkandi, Abdurrahman (1990). Henbaneborine (in Kurdish).
  4. ^ M. Rohani, Majed; Sanandaji, Mahdi; J. Amini, Mihemed; Pashabadi, Yadulla; Karimiyan, Mihedin (2007). Kurdistan University Kurdish-Persian dictionary (in Kurdish). University of Kurdistan. p. 1095. ISBN 964-9623973.
  5. ^ Nanewazade, Ali (2005). Herman Kurdish dictionary (in Kurdish). Erbil, Kurdistan Region: Ministry of Education Printing House. p. 93.
  6. ^ "Hewramana Text". ÇandName. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  7. ^ Elazar, Shaul (2025-03-21). The Qara-Daghian: A Jewish Odyssey Inside Kurdistan. Austin Macauley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-64750-897-5.
  8. ^ "جامانە سۆمەرییەكان دایانهێناوە و نەخەشەكانی تەلیسمن‌". knwe.org. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  9. ^ "جامانە - camane". ferheng.info. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  10. ^ "جامانە - فەرھەنگی کوردستان". bradost.net (in Kurdish). وشەدان. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  11. ^ Khaznadar, Maruf (2006). Written at Erbil, Kurdistan Region. No. 4 Journal of Kurdish Academy (in Kurdish). Ministry of Education Printing House: Kurdish Academy. p. 53.
  12. ^ "نەورۆز لە مەریوان بە شەکانەوەی جامانە و ئاڵای کوردستان بەڕێوەچوو". www.rudaw.net. 2017-03-21. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  13. ^ "بانگکران و هۆشداریدان بە دەیان کەس لە خەڵکی مەریوان بە هۆی پۆشینی جامانە و جلی خاکی لە ڕێوەڕەسمی نەورۆز". Hengaw (hengaw.net). 2024-12-17. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  14. ^ "Ji ber girêdana camanê hatin girtin!". Rûpela Nû (in Kurdish). 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  15. ^ "Pîranşar; Gazîkirin û pêkanîna dosyeyên dadwerî ji bo 58 welatiyên Kurd ji ber lixwekirina cilên Kurdî". Hengaw (hengaw.net) (in Kurdish). 2025-01-02. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  16. ^ "Kurdistan xwe ji bo Newroza Xakîpûşan (kincgewran) amade dike". Kurdpa (kurdpa.net) (in Kurdish). 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  17. ^ No. 886 of Kurdistan (PDF) (Report) (in Kurdish). Kurdistan Newspaper. 2025-01-04. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  18. ^ "More than 100 mosques have been built in the style of the Kurdish Jamana". Kurdistan 24. 2025-05-30. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  19. ^ "چارەسەرکارێکی پێست: جەمەدانی پێستی سەر لە سووتان دەپارێزێت و فێنکی دەکاتەوە". Rudaw Media Network (in Kurdish). 2025-07-03. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  20. ^ "جامانەی خەباتگێڕان و جامانەی مرۆکوژان". یەکیەتیی ژنانی دێموکراتی کوردستان. 2024-04-06. Retrieved 2025-08-02.
  21. ^ "جامانە؛ لەسەر سەرەوە بۆ چواردەوری مل". +964. 2022-12-14. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  22. ^ "First factory for traditional Kurdish Jamana opens in Erbil". Kurdishglobe. 2025-06-23. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  23. ^ "Kurdish clothing". Kurdish Central. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  24. ^ Berzinjy, Dana (2013-02-13). The Silent Escape Through the Nights of the Kurdish Regions. Xlibris Corporation. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-4797-0870-3.
  25. ^ Hansen, Henny Harald (2011). The Kurdish Woman's Life. Nationalmuseet (published 1961). p. 94. ISBN 9788748062313.
  26. ^ Xafoor 2011, pp. 194.
  27. ^ "جلوبەرگی کوردی، مێژوویەکی سێ هەزار ساڵە". JINHAGENCY News (in Kurdish). Retrieved 2025-08-02.
  28. ^ Xafoor 2011, pp. 182–183.
  29. ^ Kurdistan Missionary. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign: Inter-Synodical Ev. Luth. Orient-Mission Society. 1918. p. 30.
  30. ^ Soane, Ely Bannister (1912). To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise. J. Murray.
  31. ^ "Enlightors: Jamana". Enlightors. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  32. ^ "Kilaw - کڵاو". ferheng.info (in Kurdish). Contemporary Kurdish Unified Dictionary. Retrieved 2025-08-02.
  33. ^ Xafoor 2011, pp. 181.

Notes

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  1. ^ Other names:
    Mezar (Kurdish: مێزەر, romanized: Mêzer)
    Meshki (Kurdish: مشکی, romanized: Mişikî)
    Sarpech (Kurdish: سەرپێچ, romanized: Serpêç)
    Sarushada (Kurdish: سەر و شەدە, romanized: Ser u Şede)
    Kavink (Kurdish: کەڤینک, romanized: Kevînk)
    Yalgh (Kurdish: یاڵخ, romanized: Yalix)
    Yashmagh (Kurdish: یەشماخ, romanized: Yeşimax)[4][5]
  2. ^ Kurdish: کڵاو, romanized: Killaw

Sources

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kurdish clothing.
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