Jump to content

Iranian external operations

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Iranian external operations refers to actions conducted by the Islamic Republic of Iran since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in foreign nations, using military, intelligence, diplomatic, cyber, and proxy instruments, such as criminal networks. These operation have been mainly led by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) along with the support of the Ministry of Intelligence and other state and non-state entities. Iran's external operations run across all five continents with a focus on the Middle East, Africa, Central Asia, Latin America and Europe.

Background

[edit]

Following the Islamic Revolution that took place in 1979, Iran's leadership was transformed to a theocratic republic. The new government followed the velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist) doctrine, seeking to shift the status quo of the region, oppose western influence, with emphasis on the U.S. while supporting global Shia and Anti-Israel movements. The IRGC that was established in the 1980s has led the execution of operations abroad.[1][2][3] Over 45 years, and in a higher intesity since 2018, Iran's government has regularly used criminal groups and partner networks in other countries to carry out its goals.[4] Through these actions, it can maintain plausible deniability while promoting its political and security interests.[1][5][6][7]

Europe

[edit]

In recent years, Iran has exported the proxy model from the Middle East to Europe, by outsourcing its operations to European criminal networks.[7][6] In most European countries Iran uses these criminal networks to execute assassinations, kidnapping, espyonage, servailense an other operations, mainly targeting dissidents, American, Israeli and European targets and interests.[7][1]

Sweden

[edit]

Sweden has become known lately for the criminal actions of the Foxtrot Network, headed by Rawa Majid (AKA the "Kurdish Fox"). This criminal network has increased its connections with Iran, acting on its behalf as a proxy, especially by targeting Israeli and Jewish groups. It is involved in drug trafficking, arms trafficking, shootings, and contract killings.[8][9] The Swedish Security Service has confirmed that Iran uses criminal networks in Sweden to carry out violent acts against states and individuals it considers threats, including dissidents and representatives of other states such as Israel.[10][11] Foxtrot Modus Operandi is known for recruiting minors for attacks as Swedish law prevents prosecution of those under 15 years old.[12]

January 2024 Israeli embassy bombing attempt

[edit]

The Foxtrot Network was behind the attempt to place grenades at the Israeli embassy in Stockholm, following a direct request of Iranian intelligence.[8][13][14]

May 2024 gunfire attack on the Israeli embassy in Stockholm

[edit]

This attack that took place in May 2024 like the January bombing attempt linked back by Swedish and Israeli intelligence to the Foxtrot Network.[13]

Targeting of Elbit system facilities in Gothenburg and Stockholm

[edit]

According to a major European investigation, The Foxtrot Network was directed by Iran to target Israeli defense contractors including Elbit Systems facilities, located in Gothenburg and Stockholm.[13]

Kidnapping and assassination plots

[edit]

The Foxtrot Network received a "target list" from Iran, directed Israeli embassy attacks, defense contractor strikes, kidnappings, and assassinations of Israelis across Europe, as well as attacks on Jewish community facilities and synagogues.[1][13]

UK

[edit]

Since the late 2010s British intelligence and security officials have identified an increase in Iran's involvement in the UK, relied on criminal networks and organized crime groups to advance its interests and conduct covert operations in the UK and across Europe. This approach allows Iranian state actors, particularly the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS), to shield themselves from direct exposure while leveraging local criminal resources and expertise.[15][1]

2022 "The Wedding" plot

[edit]

This plot constructed by the IRGC aimed to assassinate two Iranian journalists in London, affiliated with Iran International, a Persian-language news channel critical of the Iranian regime. Sima Sabet and Fardad Farahzad, were targeted in November 2022 by Unit 840 (a secretive special operations unit within Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Quds Force) and were codenamed "the bride" and "the groom".[16][17][1] With the help of a double agent, the plot failed.[18][16]

2025 attempt to attack the Israeli embassy in London

[edit]

In May 2025, UK police arrested five individuals, including four Iranian nationals, who were suspected of planning an attack on the Israeli embassy in London. The arrests took place during coordinated raids in several cities: Swindon, west London, Stockport, Rochdale, and Manchester. This was part of a major counter-terrorism operation that UK authorities described as one of the most significant in recent years.[19][20][21] According to former intelligence officials and security sources, the suspects are believed to be linked to Unit 840.[22]

British counter measures

[edit]

Since 2022, MI5 and the police have stopped at least 20 plots in the UK that were linked to Iran.[23] Intelligence shows that Iran has been paying local criminals in the UK to carry out violence and spying activities. According to sources, MI5 chief Ken McCallum vowed to give his “fullest attention to the risk of an increase in, or broadening of, Iranian state aggression in the UK” [24][25][26][27]

Germany

[edit]

According to several sources the Iranian involvement in crime in Germany has become a serious security issue. Iranian intelligence agencies are hiring local criminals to spy on, threaten, or attack Jewish people, Israelis, and political opponents. They often use people from the European criminal world, like drug dealers, gang members, and ex prisoners or these jobs. This way, Iran can deny responsibility and stay at a safe distance from the actual operations.[1][28]

2021 synagogue attakcs

[edit]

In 2021 Iran used German Hell's Angels and their leader Ramin Yektaparast, a dual German-Iranian national who executed two synaguage attacks. One took place in Bochum and the other in Essen.[1][6]

2025 plot to target Jews and Israelis

[edit]

On July 2025, the German and Danish authorities have disrupted a plot by Iran's Quds Force to target Jewish individuals and institutions in Berlin. Danish citizen (Ali S.), of Afghan origin was arrested on suspicion of carrying out surveillance of potential targets. He is to be extradated to Germany.[29]

German counter easures

[edit]

German along with French police have stopped several plots supported by Iran. These plots included plans to kill Jewish people and burn down businesses owned by Israelis. Thanks to spying and intelligence work, they have arrested suspects and kept them in custody before trial. Some of these suspects were directly connected to Iranian agents.[28][1]

France

[edit]

In recent years, Iranian criminal actions in France have increased, mainly through government backed efforts aimed at dissidents, Jewish people, Israelis, and political opponents. The Iranian government has been relying more on local criminal groups such as drug dealers and gangs, in order to carry out these attacks while keeping its own involvement hidden.[30][31][32]

2018 Paris Area Bomb Plot

[edit]

In 2018 Europeasn intelligence exposed that Vienna-based diplomat Assadolah Assadi plot to bomb a large Iranian opposition rally near Paris. He passed explosives and €22,000 to two Belgian nationals of Iranian origin who were meant to carry out the attack. This foiled plot led to his arrest and 20 year prison sentence in Belgium in 2021.[33][34]

"Sunflowers Case"

[edit]

Mehrez Ayari, a French-Tunisian with a criminal record, was wanted for a 2022 murder in Val-d’Oise. He was later linked to the attempted killing of former EU lawmaker Alejo Vidal-Quadras in Madrid in November 2023. Ayari had ties to criminal groups in France and Europe and was reportedly recruited by Iran to carry out killings overseas.[35][36][37]

"Simay Azadi" attack

[edit]

On May 31, 2023 “Simay Azadi,” an Iranian opposition media center in Saint‑Ouen‑l’Aumône near Paris, was attacked with Molotov cocktails and gunfire. On June 11 and 13, gasoline containers were left outside the offices. French authorities said all these actions were executed by petty criminals hired by the Iranian government.[38]

Iran's drug trafficking network

[edit]

Bruno Retailleau the French Interior Minister, stated on June 2025 that Iran has reportedly hired drug traffickers to carry out secret operations in France. This is a direct line to events from 2018 continuing to these days.[39]

Switzerland

[edit]

Swiss diplomat death May 2021

[edit]

In 2021 a Swiss woman diplomat working at the embassy in Tehran was found dead, after falling from a 17th floor building. The Iranians said she committed suicide, but Swiss investigation was complicated because of the absence of key organs after an initial autopsy in Iran.[40][41]

Death of Swiss Defense Attaché June 2023

[edit]

In June 2023, a Swiss defense attaché collapsed in a Tehran hotel. He was flown back to Switzerland, and died several months later. Iranian officials described the death as resulting from natural causes, but the incident raised concerns about the safety of Swiss diplomats in Iran.[42]

Latin America

[edit]

Latin America has become a haven for Iranian criminal activities. Tehran encourages its proxy networks like the Lebanon-based Hezbollah to deepen their involvement in eligal financial, drug and arms traffickimng operations, while creating more alliances with anti-U.S. regimes like Venezuela.[43] Iran holds close connection with it hrough economic collaboration, banking partnerships, and alleged intelligence coordination.[44][45][46][47] Hezbollah, Iran's key proxy operates from the Tri-Border Area between Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina, a hotspot for smuggling, as there is no governance there.[48][49]

Argentina

[edit]

1994 AMIA bombing (Buenos Aires)

[edit]

The AMIA Bombing was an attack carried out by Hezbollah operatives acting on Iranian orders. In the bombing of the Jewish community center in Buenos Aires 85 civilians were killed. Ever since the bombing Argentina's courts have continually held Iran responsible, and the suspects are being tried in absentia following the new 2025 legislation.[50][51][52]

Colombia

[edit]

Operation Cassandra

[edit]

Colombia was the starting point for Operation Cassandra, the DEA investigation the exposed Hezbollah's $1 billion laundering ring.[53][54][55]

Mexico

[edit]

In 2011 Iran's Quds Force tried to use the Los Zetas cartel to assassinate the Saudi ambassador to the United States, Adel al-Jubeir, in Washington.[56][57] The cartel was offered a sum of $1.5 million for the assassination, but the plan eventualy failed.[58][59]

Venezuela

[edit]

Ghost Flights

[edit]

The "ghost flights" refers to ongoing, unregistered flights between Venezuela and Iran. The flights that are run mainly by the Venezuelan state airline Conviasa, have raised global attention as there are no records, no passenger manifests, lack of transparency, and allegations of illicit activity.[60][61][62]

North America

[edit]

Iran's activities in North America over the years include spying, targeting critics living abroad, online attacks, and planning for possible revenge missions. It uses diplomatic and non official operatives in order to spy on diaspora communities, in some cases attempt kiddnaping and assassinations, like the attempt on journalist Masih Alinejad. Reports show assassination plots on U.S. officials like President Donald Trump, Mike Pompeo and John Bolton. Iran has conducted Cyber warfare and election interferenceonusing units like APT35, as well as disinformation campaigns. Iran also works with criminal groups and allies like Hezbollah to prepare for possible attacks. To get around international sanctions, it uses fake companies, cryptocurrency, and illegal purchases of sensitive technology.[63][7]

United States

[edit]

Assassination attempt on Mike Pompeo

[edit]

According to intelligence reports, while visiting Paris in 2022, Iranian operatives almost succeeded in executing an assassination attempt on former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo.[64][65][66]

Assassination attempt on John Bolton

[edit]

In August 2022, the U.S. Department of Justice charged Shahram Poursafi, a member of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), with planning to assassinate former National Security Advisor John Bolton and offering up to $1 million for the killing of former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. By late 2023, U.S. intelligence had alerted Donald Trump’s team that Iranian assassination teams were operating within the United States and that both Pompeo and Trump were among their potential targets.[67][65]

Trump assassination plot

[edit]

In November 2024, U.S. prosecutors revealed charges showing that a man named Farhad Shakeri, who was reportedly working for the IRGC, was involved in watching and planning to kill Donald Trump, who had just been elected president. Two other people were also charged for helping him.[68][69][70][71]

Canada

[edit]

2024 Assassination plot

[edit]

In January 2024, the U.S. and UK sanctioned a group accused of trying to kill Iranian dissidents abroad on orders from Tehran. The network was led by Naji Sharif Zindashti, a drug trafficker based in Iran, and worked under Iran's Ministry of Intelligence to carry out kidnappings and murders across different continents. One of the recruits was Canadian Hells Angels member Damion Ryan, who was asked to kill Iranian exiles in the U.S. Ryan, who has a long criminal history, brought in another Canadian, Adam Pearson, to help with the plot.[6][72]

Africa

[edit]

Iran conducts large scale criminal activities in Africa, both direct via government operations and non direct, thjat are carried out by proxies such as Hezbollah and other groups. These activities terrorism weapons smuggling, drug trafficking, money laundering and assissting loval armed groups. these actions are part of Iran's global efforts reaching its goals.[73][74][75]

South Africa

[edit]

Plot to assassinate U.S. Ambassador to South Africa

[edit]

In 2020, U.S. intelligence revealed that Iran was planning to assassinate U.S. Ambassador to South Africa, Lana Marks. She was targeted also because of her close ties to then President Donald Trump, as well as the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps' established clandestine network in South Africa. The plot, linked to the Iranian Embassy in Pretoria, was among several options Iran considered to avenge Qassem Soleimani’s death, which had already prompted missile attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq.[76][77][78]

Ethiopia

[edit]

In early 2021, Ethiopian authorities arrested a group of 15 people for planning an attack on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) embassy in Addis Ababa.[79][80] The group, led by Ali Ahmed Adaito, had weapons, explosives, and documents related to the plan. Ethiopian intelligence said the attack could have caused serious harm. A key suspect, Ahmed Ismail, was arrested in Sweden with help from Swedish and Ethiopian officials. A similar plot against the UAE embassy in Sudan was also stopped after a warning from Ethiopia. U.S. and Israeli officials believed Iran was behind these plots as revenge for the killings of Iranian leaders Qassem Soleimani and Mohsen Fakhrizadeh.[81][82]

Central African Republic

[edit]

Ismael Djidah, a man from Chad and former adviser to a rebel leader in the Central African Republic, was arrested in 2019 in Chad. He was accused of helping create an armed group in Central Africa with support from Iran. United Nations investigators and Djidah himself said that Iran's Quds Force gave him money and support to form a group called "Saraya Zahraa," also known as the Zahraa Brigade.[83][84] The group's goal was to carry out attacks against Western, Israeli, and Saudi targets in Africa. Djidah said he recruited 30 to 40 fighters from rebel groups in the Central African Republic and sent them to Lebanon, Iraq, and Syria to be trained in camps run by Iran. UN investigators confirmed that at least 12 of these fighters traveled to those countries for training.[83][84]

Kenya

[edit]

In 2015 Kenyan authorities have arrested several people accused of working for Iran’s Quds Force and planning attacks in Kenya. Two Kenyans admitted to helping Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards by recruiting others, spying on targets, and planning attacks on Western and Kenyan interests.[85][86] They had traveled to Iran for training and received money from Iranian agents. Police said the group even tried to recruit children. Earlier in 2012, two Iranians were caught in Kenya with a large amount of explosives and were later sentenced to life in prison for planning attacks, possibly against Western and Israeli targets.[87]

Nigeria

[edit]

Iran has supported the Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) with money, training, and ideas, seeing it as a way to spread its influence in West Africa. The IMN was started by Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky in the 1980s after he was inspired by Iran's Islamic Revolution and spent time studying there. The group does not recognize the Nigerian government and wants to create an Islamic system like Iran's. Iran, along with Lebanese Hezbollah, has reportedly given the IMN around $120,000 a year in support, ideological and military training in Hezbollah facilities.[88][89][90]

Morocco

[edit]

In January 2025 Moroccan authorities and counter terrorism efforts have managed to foil terrorists attacks on the Israeli liason office in Morocco. These attempts were related to Polisario Front, an Iranian proxy based in West Africa.[91]

Asia

[edit]

Over the years since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran has conducter numerous clandestine avtivities and operations throughout Asia. These activities include espionage, assassination plots, cyberattacks, terrorism facilitation, and illicit financial networks. More and more of these activities are outsourced to criminal organizations. Behind most of these operation stand the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Quds Force (IRGC-QF), Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS), and affiliated proxies.

Azerbaijan

[edit]

2023-2024 coup and assassination plot

[edit]

The 2023-2024 coup and assassination plot was part of an Iranian effort to destabilize Azerbaijan and promote Iranian interests in the region. It was uncovered by Azerbaijani authorities, who arrested people working with Iran's secret service, aiming to assassinate prominent government figures. They received military training in Iran under the guise of religious education along with a lists of officials for targeted attacks.[92]

2023 assassination attempt on MP Fazil Mustafa

[edit]

MP Fazil Mustafa is a known critic of the Iranian regime. On March 28, 2023 he survived an assassination attempt which the Azerbaijani authorities linked to Iran's secret services who prematurely announced his death on the IRGC's Telegram channel.[93][94]

2024-2025 assassination plot on Rabbi Sneor Segal

[edit]

Late in 2024 Agil Aslanov, a Georgian drug trafficker was recuited by an officer of Iran's Quds Force who offered him $200,000 to assassinate Rabbi Shneor Segal in Baku. Aslanov who met Quds Force operatives in Iran returned to Azerbaijan and began surveillance the rabbi. He then sent the information to Iranian intelligence. In January 2025 Azerbaijani security services intercepted the plot arresting the suspects and charging them with conspiracy to commit a terrorist act.[95][96]

Japan

[edit]

Hitoshi Igarashi Assassination, Ibaraki, Japan

[edit]

Hitoshi Igarashi, a well-known Japanese scholar and translator of Arabic and Persian literature, best known for translating Salman Rushdie’s novel The Satanic Verses into Japanese.[97][98] In 1989, Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a religious order, or fatwa, calling for the death of Rushdie and anyone who helped publish the book. Igarashi was assassinated on July 11, 1991, in his office at the University of Tsukuba in Ibaraki, Japan. Sources claim the assassination was done by the IRGC.[99][100][101]

India

[edit]

On 13 February 2021, as part of the 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats, a motorcyclist attached a magnetic "sticky bomb" to the car of Tal Yehoshua Koren, the wife of the Israeli defense attaché in New Delhi. The wife that was on her way to pick up her children from school was wounded alongside her driver, and two bystanders.[102][103]

Thailand

[edit]

The 2012 Bangkok bombing is the most notable incident of Iranian operation in Thailand. Iranian operatives accidentally triggered an explosion in a Bangkok residence they had rented. The blast caused two of them to flee the site, while the badly injured third operative tried to escape by taxi. The driver refused to stop so he threw a bomb at the vehicle, injuring the driver and bystanders. Authorities finally arrested him after another failed bombing attempt that resulted in the loss of his legs.[104]

Iran

[edit]

1989 Fatwa

[edit]

On 14 February 2025, Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, issued a Fatwa calling for the death of Salman Rushdie the author of the novel "The Satanic Verses" as well as anyone who will help publish, translate and distribute the book. According to Khomeini, the book was blasphemous against Islam, the Prophet Muhammad, and the Qur'an. He encouraged every Muslim in the world to kill Rushdie.[105][106][107]

2025 Fundraiser & Fatwa

[edit]

In July 2025, a hardline Iranian cleric by the name of Abdolmajid Kharaghaani began a public fundraiser meant for assassinating U.S. President Donald Trump and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The campaign aims to collect $10–20 million and follows a Fatwa issued in June 2025 by Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi.[108][109][110]

Australia

[edit]

In Australia, Iran’s criminal activities involve secret and illegal actions carried out by the Iranian government and its proxies. The activities include hacking attacks on Australian government and business systems, smuggling methamphetamine through Southeast Asia, and avoiding international sanctions by using informal financial systems.[111] Reports show that Australian authorities have evidence of Iranian officials were spying, threating and harassing Iranian dissidents who spoke out against the current Iranian regime.[112] Australian Iintelligence services have uncovered plots to kill or kidnap people and interfere in Australian affairs, very often linked to hate crimes from Iran-backed groups like Hezbollah. In response, Australia has strengthened its cybersecurity, cracked down on drug operations, and made its laws tougher against spying and foreign influence.[113]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Iranian External Operations in Europe: The Criminal Connection". International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
  2. ^ TOBÉ, Tomas. "Parliamentary question | Iran's use of criminal networks as terrorist proxies in Europe | E-002059/2024 | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
  3. ^ "Iran turns to Hells Angels and other criminal gangs to target critics". 2024.
  4. ^ Tejeda, Gaby (2024-11-01). "Hidden Warfare: Iran's Growing Dependence on Criminal Networks". The Soufan Center. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
  5. ^ "Report: Iran boosts ties with criminal networks to attack critics in US, Europe". Voice of America. 2024-09-12. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
  6. ^ a b c d Sayeh, Janatan (2025-03-17). "Iran's ties to Western organized crime networks". FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
  7. ^ a b c d ">Iranian External Operations - The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
  8. ^ a b "Treasury Sanctions Swedish Gang and Leader Serving Iranian Regime". U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2025-02-08. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  9. ^ Abbasian, Mehran (2025-06-21). "Iran deployed Swedish gangs to target enemies abroad - broadcaster". www.iranintl.com. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  10. ^ "Swedish security service says Iran uses criminal networks in Sweden". Reuters. 2024-05-30. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  11. ^ "Iran is using criminal networks in Sweden". sakerhetspolisen.se. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  12. ^ Schut, Bart. "In Sweden, Iran's proxies recruit criminals and minors to threaten Israelis, Jews". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  13. ^ a b c d Haskel, Adam (2025-06-21). "Sweden exposes Iran's Europe-wide Israeli assassination network". JNS.org. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  14. ^ Bermudez, Krystal (2025-03-14). "U.S. Levies Sanctions Against Swedish 'Foxtrot' Gang With Ties to Iran". FDD. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  15. ^ "Iran and UK - centuries of mistrust". BBC News. 2011-11-30. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  16. ^ a b "'The Wedding': Iranian spy plot to kill two news presenters in London uncovered by double agent". 2023.
  17. ^ Newsroom, Iran International (2023-12-21). "Double-Agent Reveals IRGC Plot To Kill Iran International TV Anchors". www.iranintl.com. Retrieved 2025-06-30. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  18. ^ "Iranian Spies Wanted To Assassinate London-Based Journalists, ITV Investigation Finds". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2023-12-21. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  19. ^ "Police continue to question Iranian men over alleged terror plot". www.bbc.com. 2025-05-10. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  20. ^ Rasmussen, Max Colchester and Sune Engel. "U.K. Police Foil Alleged Terror Plot by Iranians on Israeli Embassy". WSJ. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  21. ^ "Counter Terrorism Policing: Arrests - Hansard - UK Parliament". hansard.parliament.uk. 2025-06-30. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  22. ^ Harding, Thomas. "Iran special operations team suspected in bomb plot at Israel's London embassy". The National. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  23. ^ Ramani, Samuel (2025-06-30). "The Iranian threat already inside Britain". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  24. ^ "Britain faces 'extraordinary' threat from Russian and Iranian plots, official warns". The Straits Times. 2025-06-07. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  25. ^ "UK police arrest seven Iranians over alleged threats to national security". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  26. ^ Syal, Rajeev; editor, Rajeev Syal Home affairs (2025-05-19). "UK to proscribe state-backed groups such as Iran's Revolutionary Guards". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-06-30. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  27. ^ Hamedani, David Rose and Ali (2025-06-04). "The Iranian refugees spying on Britain". UnHerd. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  28. ^ a b "Iran-backed terror plots thwarted in Europe, Israeli firms targeted". www.iranintl.com. 2024-09-05. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  29. ^ "Germany foils Iranian plot to attack Jews". Yahoo News. 2025-07-01. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  30. ^ Shahrokhi, Sedighe (2025-06-01). "How Iran's Regime is Using Criminal Gangs to Target Dissidents in France". NCRI. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  31. ^ "Iran's secret service plots to kill Jews in Europe, says France". Voice of America. 2024-09-07. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  32. ^ "Paris court charges couple in Iranian plot to kill jews and Israelis". www.iranintl.com. 2024-09-08. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  33. ^ "Iran diplomat to stand trial in Belgium over 'France bomb plot'". 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  34. ^ Boffey, Daniel (2020-11-27). "Iranian diplomat misses first day of his trial over 2018 terror plot". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  35. ^ "The Sunflowers Case: The petty criminal, the attempted assassination and the shadow cast by Iran". 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  36. ^ Paris, Adam Sage (2025-05-27). "How Iran pays mafia hitmen to carry out assassinations in Europe". www.thetimes.com. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  37. ^ Kia, Shahriar (2025-04-16). "Iran News: Dr. Vidal-Quadras Tells Spanish Judge Clerical Regime Was Behind 2023 Assassination Attempt". NCRI. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  38. ^ Shahrokhi, Sedighe (2025-06-01). "How Iran's Regime is Using Criminal Gangs to Target Dissidents in France". NCRI. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  39. ^ "Iran used drug traffickers to stoke trouble in France, says minister". Reuters. 2025-06-22. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  40. ^ swissinfo.ch, S. W. I. (2024-12-29). "Switzerland closes inquiry into diplomat's death in Iran". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  41. ^ "Swiss Demand Answers After Death Of Man In Iranian Prison". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2025-01-10. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  42. ^ "Mystery deaths in Tehran sparks concern over Swiss diplomats safety". Yahoo News. 2025-07-02. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  43. ^ Rodríguez, Henry M. (2024-09-21). "Hezbollah and its illicit activities in Latin America". Latinoamérica 21. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  44. ^ "Villas, luxury cars worth €70 million and belonging to Russian oligarchs seized in France". 2024-10-14. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  45. ^ "Hezbollah's Criminal Networks: Useful Idiots, Henchmen, and Organized Criminal Facilitators". 2016.
  46. ^ "Iran's military base in Venezuela now operates sanctioned drones and cargo planes, raising tensions in South America". 2025.
  47. ^ Williams, Lachlan (2025-02-10). "Iran Strengthens Alliance with Venezuela Amid Sanctions and Controversy". The Rio Times. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  48. ^ Giambertoni, Marzia (2025-03-31). Hezbollah's Networks in Latin America: Potential Implications for U.S. Policy and Research (Report).
  49. ^ "The Iran-Brazil Border: How Tehran and Hezbollah Infiltrate South America". 2024.
  50. ^ Sigal, Lucila (2025-06-26). "Argentina to try ex-Iran officials in absentia for deadly 1994 Jewish center bombing". Reuters. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  51. ^ Staff (2024-04-12). "Argentina court blames Iran for deadly 1994 bombing of Jewish center". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  52. ^ "Argentina to put Iranians and Lebanese on trial in absentia over 1994 Jewish center bombing". AP News. 2025-06-26. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  53. ^ "Report: Obama's WH Eased Up on Hezbollah to Appease Iran". The Daily Beast. 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  54. ^ "The secret backstory of how Obama let Hezbollah off the hook". POLITICO. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  55. ^ "ATTACKING HEZBOLLAH'S FINANCIAL NETWORK: POLICY OPTIONS" (PDF). 2017.
  56. ^ Savage, Charlie; Shane, Scott (2011-10-11). "Iranians Accused of a Plot to Kill Saudis' U.S. Envoy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  57. ^ Memmott, Mark (2011-10-11). "Holder: Factions Of Iran Government Behind Terror Plot". NPR. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  58. ^ House, Brian Bennett Brian Bennett previously covered the White; Security, National; bureau, immigration in the Los Angeles Times Washington; from 2010-18, Where He Worked (2011-10-11). "U.S. accuses Iran of plot to kill Saudi ambassador". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2025-07-01. {{cite web}}: |last3= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ News, A. B. C. "Behind Manssor Arbabsiar's Plot to Kill the Saudi U.S. Ambassador". ABC News. Retrieved 2025-07-01. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  60. ^ Lopez, Linette. "AEROTERROR: A regular flight from Caracas to Tehran carried more drugs and money than people". Business Insider. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  61. ^ "Ghost Flights, Terror Frights: Why Iran, Hezbollah 'Footprint' In Venezuela Matters". WLRN. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  62. ^ "Ghost flights: Drugs, terrorists and dirty money". 2015.
  63. ^ "Mapping Iranian External Operations Worldwide | The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  64. ^ Davies, Emily; Hudson, John; Strobel, Warren; O'Donovan, Caroline; Nix, Naomi; Wu, Daniel; Masih, Niha; Bogage, Jacob; Meyer, Theodoric (2025-06-27). "Iran nearly succeeded in orchestrating assassination of Mike Pompeo in Europe in 2022, book reveals". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  65. ^ a b Allen, Mike (2022-08-10). "Alleged Iranian plot to assassinate John Bolton also targeted Pompeo". Axios. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  66. ^ "Iran almost assassinated former Trump Secretary of State Mike Pompeo in 2022, new book claims". Yahoo News. 2025-06-28. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  67. ^ "Office of Public Affairs | Member of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Charged with Plot to Murder the Former National Security Advisor | United States Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. 2022-08-10. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  68. ^ Scherer, Michael; Parker, Ashley (2025-06-27). "How Trump Lives With the Threat of Iranian Assassination". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  69. ^ "Trump says he's given advisers instructions for Iran to be 'obliterated' if it assassinates him". AP News. 2025-02-04. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  70. ^ "Office of Public Affairs | Justice Department Announces Murder-For-Hire and Related Charges Against IRGC Asset and Two Local Operatives | United States Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. 2024-11-08. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  71. ^ "Justice Department brings criminal charges in Iranian murder-for-hire plan targeting Donald Trump". AP News. 2024-11-08. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  72. ^ "Iranian, 2 Canadians indicted in murder-for-hire plot targeting Iran critics: DOJ". ABC News. 2024.
  73. ^ "'The Game Has Changed': Iranian Terror Network in Africa". Grey Dynamics. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  74. ^ "Iranian Activities in East Africa Nature and Significance". 2023.
  75. ^ "Iran Repeating its Terrorist Pattern in Africa". 2012.
  76. ^ "Iran reportedly plotting to kill US ambassador to South Africa". Arab News. 2020-09-15. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  77. ^ "Officials: Iran weighing plot to kill U.S. ambassador to South Africa". POLITICO. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  78. ^ "South Africa Says Insufficient Evidence Of Iranian Plot To Assassinate U.S. Ambassador". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  79. ^ Agency, Anadolu (2021-02-03). "Ethiopia says it foiled terror attack against UAE embassy". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  80. ^ "Ethiopia says it foiled attack on UAE embassy in Addis Ababa". Reuters. 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  81. ^ "Iran accused of plot to attack UAE embassy in Ethiopia". Arab News. 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  82. ^ "Ethiopia Thwarts Iranian Plot to Attack UAE Embassy". english.aawsat.com. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  83. ^ a b Losh, Jack (2020-01-11). "Revealed: How Iran tried to set up terror cells in Central Africa". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  84. ^ a b Szakola, Albin; Losh, Jack. "From Beirut to Bangui: inside Iran's plan to take proxy wars to Africa". The National. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  85. ^ "Police: 2 Kenyans arrested for spying for Iran - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 2015-11-28. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  86. ^ "Kenya arrests two men 'linked to Iranian spy network'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  87. ^ "Report: Iranian agents in Kenya planned attacks on US, Israeli targets". NBC News. 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  88. ^ "Institute for the Study of War". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  89. ^ "Islamic Movement in Nigeria: The Iranian-inspired Shia group". 2019-08-04. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  90. ^ "Iran In All The Wrong Places: The Islamic Republic's Shadowy Presence In West Africa". Hoover Institution. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  91. ^ "Iran has just reached another stage in its terrifying war against the West". 2025.
  92. ^ "Coup Plot Blamed on Iran: What Does the Islamic Republic Want in Azerbaijan?". iranwire.com. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  93. ^ "Azerbaijan: Attempted Assassination of MP Sparks Strong Reactions at Home and Abroad". Caucasus Watch. 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  94. ^ "CPC | Azerbaijan-Iran Relations Deteriorate Amid Shifting World Dynamics". Caspian Policy Center. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  95. ^ "Iranian plot to kill rabbi in Azerbaijan foiled, security officials say". The Washington Post. 2025-04-05. Archived from the original on 2025-04-06. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  96. ^ "Azerbaijani officials unveil Iranian plot to assassinate rabbi". Shafaq News. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  97. ^ "Hitoshi Igarashi: One Person's Story". Abdorrahman Boroumand Center. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  98. ^ "Negative Capability of Tolerance -the Assassination of Hitoshi Igarashr" (PDF). 1992.
  99. ^ "Japanese Translator Hitoshi Igarashi and The Satanic Verses". www.motaword.com. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  100. ^ Landau, Avi (2022-08-13). "Remembering the July 11, 1991 On-Campus Assassination of Associate Professor Hitoshi Igarashi at Tsukuba University". TsukuBlog. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  101. ^ "Hitoshi Igarashi: One Person's Story". Abdorrahman Boroumand Center. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  102. ^ "India hunts 'well trained' bomber of Israeli diplomat". BBC News. 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  103. ^ Karmon, Ely (2022). "India?s Counterterrorism Cooperation with Israel". Perspectives on Terrorism. 16 (2): 14–23. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 27123178.
  104. ^ Hummel, Kristina (2022-02-24). "Trends in Iranian External Assassination, Surveillance, and Abduction Plots". Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  105. ^ "Iran Issues a Fatwa Against Salman Rushdie | EBSCO Research Starters". www.ebsco.com. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  106. ^ "Part 1: Khomeini's Fatwa on Rushdie | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  107. ^ Erlanger, Steven (2022-08-12). "Rushdie has lived under an Iranian death sentence since 1989". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  108. ^ Madadi, Afshin (2025-07-02). "Iranian cleric launches fundraiser to assassinate Trump". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  109. ^ Price, Stepheny; News, Fox (2025-06-30). "Top Iranian cleric issues 'fatwa' against Trump, Netanyahu". Fox News. Retrieved 2025-07-03. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  110. ^ Berman, Zachary (2025-06-30). "Iranian Grand Ayatollah Issues Fatwa Calling for President Trump's Murder". FDD. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
  111. ^ Lobel, Oved (2023-01-25). "Australia once again the odd one out on Iran". AIJAC. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  112. ^ Newsroom, Iran International (2024-03-19). "Australia Accused Of Hiding True Threat Posed By Iran's IRGC". www.iranintl.com. Retrieved 2025-07-02. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  113. ^ "Alleged Iranian organised crime syndicate members charged over failed plot to import 110kg meth | Australian Federal Police". www.afp.gov.au. 2025-02-21. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_external_operations&oldid=1298649777"