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Internet aesthetics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vaporwave is among one of the most prominent and notable early Internet-centric aesthetics that emerged in the 2010s.

Internet aesthetics refers to visual styles, subcultures, and thematic trends that originated or proliferated primarily through the internet.[1] Emerging out of the online blogosphere era among Millennials in the late 2000s and gaining significant cultural traction throughout the 2010s and 2020s amongst Gen Z, internet aesthetics encompass a wide range of niche communities and visual identities associated with modern youth subcultures defined by their digital circulation, curated imagery, and symbolic references to technology, nostalgia, and alternative culture, typically blending elements of fashion, music, visual art, and memes.[2][3][4]

These aesthetics were originally often associated with early blog-based platforms such as Tumblr. By the late 2010s to early 2020s, they later evolved to encompass social media platforms like TikTok and Instagram, with the COVID-19 lockdowns being linked to the proliferation of these aesthetics online.[5] Notable internet aesthetics include Seapunk, Vaporwave, Cottagecore, Goblincore, Gorpcore, E-girls and E-boys,[6][7] Dark academia, and 2020 Alt.

Although, internet aesthetics have been influential to wider fashion[8] and music trends,[9][10] they have also been linked to the decline of monoculture and traditional youth subcultures, with writers often citing the fractured nature of the internet and the proliferation of microgenres as factors that are redefining the concept of counterculture in the 21st century.[11][12][13][14]

History

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1980s

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See also: Cyberpunk and Steampunk
Photograph of a lobby design which was heavily influenced by the Cyberpunk sci-fi genre.

The use of aesthetic suffixes, particularly -punk, has its origins in the 1980s. Cyberpunk was a literary subgenre in science fiction that evolved into a visual aesthetic depicting dystopian futures shaped by advanced technology and cybernetics. Minnesota writer Bruce Bethke coined the term in 1983 for his short story "Cyberpunk", which was published in an issue of Amazing Science Fiction Stories, the aesthetic grew in popularity during the 1980s influencing films like Blade Runner, Tron, Videodrome, The Terminator and RoboCop.[15][16] The cyberpunk genre later developed into its own subculture which was sometimes associated with hacker culture, as well as an early online community, which included a dedicated Usenet newsgroup.[17][18] Usenet is widely regarded as an early precursor to modern Internet forums, discussion boards, and social media platforms.[19][20] By the early 1990s, some trends in fashion and music were also labeled as cyberpunk, with the aesthetic also appearing prominently in anime and manga (Japanese cyberpunk), with Akira, Ghost in the Shell and Cowboy Bebop.[21][22][23][24]

In 1988, the term 'Cybergoth' was coined by Games Workshop, for their roleplaying game Dark Future, which developed into a fashion style and subculture the following decade.[25]

By the mid-to-late 1980s, steampunk was coined by science fiction author K. W. Jeter as a tongue-in-cheek variant of "cyberpunk", to define a retrofuturist aesthetic blending Victorian era design with steam-powered machinery.[26][27] These terms laid the groundwork for later aesthetic naming conventions in internet subcultures such as seapunk and slimepunk.[28][29] Suffixes such as -core deriving from hardcore punk, -gaze deriving from shoegaze, -wave deriving from new wave and coldwave, and -punk deriving from punk rock have been used to describe internet visual aesthetics. The term sleaze (as in indie sleaze) arose in response to -core to refer to subversions of trends.[30] Internet aesthetics have also been influenced by and linked to the post-Internet contemporary art movement of the mid 2000s to early 2010s.[31][32]

1990s-2000s

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See also: Mall goth, Scene kids, and Chillwave
An example of a 2000s era scene kid.

During the late 1990s, mall goth emerged as a subculture to describe a style of goth fashion centered around nu metal, industrial metal, emo and the Hot Topic store chain,[33][34] due to the term emerging as a pejorative, equal to the use of poseur,[35][36] it was largely considered a separate subculture simply influenced by goth.[37][38] With the increased usage of the internet and social media in the early 2000s, mall goths became frequent users of sites such as MySpace[39] and Pure Volume.[40] Other early internet subcultures included scene kids[41][42] who emerged in the early 2000s, drawing influence from metalcore, crunkcore, deathcore, electronic music, and pop punk[43][44] as well as gaining popularity through the early social media website MySpace.[45]

The emergence of internet aesthetics can be traced back to the late 2000s, amongst the Millennial Generation, with the rise of online microgenres during the blogosphere era.[46] One of the earliest examples of a purely internet-driven music microgenre was chillwave, which was coined by the ironic music blog Hipster Runoff around 2009 as an internet meme. Although microgenres and scenes coined online like shitgaze,[47][48] bloghouse[49] and blog rock[50][51] predated it, chillwave became one of the first musical genres to develop primarily through the internet.[52] Though it was strictly a musical genre, chillwave went on to be influential on future online aesthetic developments like vaporwave.[53]

2010s

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See also: Seapunk and Vaporwave
Example of seapunk aesthetic.

The first widely recognized internet aesthetic was seapunk coined by DJ Lil Internet in 2011, in a humorous tweet: "Seapunk leather jacket with barnacles where the studs used to be."[54] The term quickly spread on Tumblr to describe a distinctive blend of 1990s web iconography, ocean motifs, and cyberpunk visuals. In 2012, seapunk gained mainstream attention when rapper Azealia Banks used seapunk imagery in her "Atlantis" music video,[55] while singer Rihanna's "Diamonds" performance on Saturday Night Live drew visual aesthetic influences from the movement.[55][56] Seapunk was notable for its intentional embrace of kitsch and digital surrealism, marking the development of aesthetics as cohesive visual subcultures born entirely online, the aesthetic also developed into its own musical style, pioneered by musician and producer, Ultrademon.[57] This era saw the creation of similarly themed aesthetics like Health Goth and Witch house, the latter was briefly referred to as "rape gaze."[58][59][60] The first -core related fashion trend was normcore in 2013, a term coined by trend forecasting group K-HOLE to refer to a style of plain clothing.[61][62][63][64][65][66]

Example of Vaporwave aesthetic.

At this time, several internet aesthetics began to emerge online with the most prominent and influential from this period being Vaporwave, derived from the term vaporware, was an internet music microgenre, aesthetic and subculture that originally grew out of hypnagogic pop and chillwave in the late 2000s to early 2010s. The visual aesthetic was defined by retro style imagery and early internet iconography, late 1990s web design, glitch art, and cyberpunk tropes, as well as anime, Greco-Roman statues, VHS degradation and 3D-rendered objects.[67] These aesthetics would also influence wider online culture, with internet rapper Yung Lean taking influence from vaporwave aesthetics.[68] The vaporwave era would prove to be a pivotal influence to later internet aesthetics, with many of its traits such as early internet nostalgia becoming a key inspiration in the late 2010s to early 2020s as seen with the revival of Frutiger Aero[69] and Y2K fashion.[70][71]

2020s

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See also: Cottagecore and Dark academia
An E-girl with typical fashion, makeup and gestures.

By the late 2010s to early 2020s, platforms like Tumblr[72][73] declined in popularity giving way to TikTok and Instagram, where online aesthetics were now beginning to emerge from Generation Z. The popularity and proliferation of internet aesthetics in the early 2020s has been linked to the COVID-19 lockdowns.[5] Aesthetics such as Cottagecore[74] and Dark academia[75] rose to prominence as lifestyle-centered communities. These were often tied to broader socio-cultural movements, such as a growing rejection of hustle culture and urban living.[76][31] Other aesthetics such as Gorpcore,[77] VSCO girl, Weirdcore,[78] Kidcore, Webcore,[70] 2020 Alt, and Goblincore also emerged in the 2020s. Retroactive labels have also been used as aesthetic signifiers such as indie sleaze[79] coined in 2021 to describe a visual fashion style that was popular during the 2000s Landfill Indie era. Some aesthetics such as the Backrooms, were coined on 4chan, and led to the emergence of the liminal space aesthetic.[80]

Many of these styles were catalogued and discussed on community-curated platforms such as the Aesthetics Wiki, defined as a central hub for documenting 21st century internet-based visual aesthetics, fashion, styles, music and subcultures, it has been described by the Atlantic as "a huge mall, a place to go shopping for a new set of characteristics and a firmer self-definition".[81][82][83][84]

Additionally, internet aesthetics have been influential to the outgrowth of 21st century alternative music, digital art and youth subculture, influencing early 2020s online musical microgenres.[85][86] Rolling Stone described the 2020s underground rap scene as "extremely online",[86][87] while the influential fashion styles of artists associated with Playboi Carti's Opium record label[88] who drew from punk fashion,[88] have been described as "opiumcore",[89][90] with the underground rap scene's internet-driven aesthetics being noted as influential to the high fashion world.[87][91][92][93][94]

[edit]

Seapunk

[edit]
Main article: Seapunk

Seapunk is a niche internet aesthetic that surfaced in the early 2010s, mixing aquatic themes like ocean waves, dolphins, and neon greens/blues with 90s cyber and rave culture elements. It influenced digital art, music visuals, and fashion, with the aesthetic being used by Azealia Banks and Rihanna briefly before fading in mainstream popularity.

Vaporwave

[edit]
Main article: Vaporwave

Vaporwave is an internet aesthetic and microgenre that emerged in the early 2010s, characterized by nostalgic 1980s and 1990s visuals, glitch art, pastel colors, and slowed-down, chopped-and-screwed samples of elevator music and smooth jazz. It critiques consumer capitalism and digital culture. Artists like Vektroid and Oneohtrix Point Never (Daniel Lopatin) and later internet rapper Yung Lean helped popularize the genre and aesthetic.

E-girl / E-boy

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Main article: E-girls and e-boys

E-girl and E-boy refer to internet youth subcultures and aesthetics popularized on TikTok and Instagram in the late 2010s, blending emo, goth, anime, and gamer culture. Characterized by dyed hair, heavy eyeliner, striped shirts, and digital iconography like hearts and teardrops.

Weirdcore

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Weirdcore (also known as dreamcore) is an internet aesthetic emerging in the late 2010s characterized by early internet nostalgia blended with surreal, unsettling, and dreamlike visuals. It commonly features distorted VHS-style glitches and eerie landscapes as well as taking influence from the liminal space aesthetic. The style gained popularity through platforms like TikTok.[70][95]

Cottagecore

[edit]
Main article: Cottagecore

Cottagecore is an internet aesthetic celebrating a romanticized, rural, pastoral lifestyle with soft, natural colors, floral patterns, and handmade crafts. It gained prominence on platforms like Tumblr and TikTok in the late 2010s and early 2020s, emphasizing sustainability and escapism from urban life.

Dark Academia

[edit]
Main article: Dark academia

Dark Academia is an internet aesthetic emerging in the mid-to-late 2010s, inspired by classic literature, academic settings, and Gothic architecture. It features muted earth tones, vintage fashion, and themes of intellectualism, melancholy, and existentialism. Popularized through social media platforms like Tumblr and TikTok during the 2010s.

Kidcore

[edit]
Main article: Kidcore

Kidcore is an internet aesthetic inspired by 1990s and early 2000s childhood nostalgia, featuring bright primary colors, pixel art, and references to toys, cartoons, and playground culture. It became popular on Tumblr and TikTok, emphasizing innocence and whimsy.

See also

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References

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