International Secretariat of Democratic Parties of Christian Inspiration
| Formation | 12 December 1925 |
|---|---|
| Dissolved | 1939 |
| Type | Political international |
| Purpose | Christian democracy Political catholicism |
The International Secretariat of Democratic Parties of Christian Inspiration (French: Sécretariat International des Partis Démocratiques d'Inspiration Chrétienne, SIPDIC) or White International was a political international of Christian democratic parties in Interwar Europe.
History
[edit]In 1921, Italian People's Party (PPI) tried to establish ties to the German Centre Party (DZP) and their Bavarian sister party the Bavarian People's Party (BVP)[1] and the PPI reached out to various Catholic parties to create a "Popular International".[2]
SIPDIC was established by representatives of the French Popular Democratic Party (PDP), the DZP and the PPI, among others, at a meeting in Paris in December 1925. Party representatives agreed to the organisation's structure and procedure at its second congress in Brussels in May 1926. It consisted of a central committee comprising one representative for each member party, aimed at fostering communication between them.[3] The central committee organised annual conferences and sent circular letters on an irregular basis with information on national party developments. The committee was seated in Paris and was "effectively an appendix of the PDP secretariat", with the PDP covering its expenses. This structure was soon deemed too loose and informal, and a moderate reform was agreed upon at the congress in 's-Hertogenbosch in July 1928. The central committee was replaced by an executive committee which would meet twice a year, and member parties were all obliged to make small regular financial contributions to the secretariat. Additionally, the irregular circular letters were replaced by a regular internal bulletin.[4]
In 1932, 18 delegations took part from Germany, Austria, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland and Czechoslovakia.[5] Upon the rise of Adolf Hitler and the dissolution of the Centre Party in 1933, SIPDIC lost "its main rationale, which was to foster European reconciliation – especially between France and Germany". While party representatives continued to meet annually, the organisation became increasingly irrelevant and was dissolved in 1939.[6]
Internal Relations
[edit]SIPDIC was allowed for constructive internal debate and the formulation of common positions on themes such as the relation with socialist parties, the future of the League of Nations, family policy and the challenge of bolshevism and fascism.[7] Despite SIPDIC's ideological cohesion, the geopolitical situation of interwar Europe formed a barrier to transnational cooperation. For example, party representatives repeatedly rejected PPI resolutions to condemn Fascist Italy, not wanting to harm diplomatic relations[8] and other Catholic parties were willing to collaborate with the far-right and advocate for a synthesis of Catholicism and nationalism.[9] Moreover, the PDP was held back in its cooperation with the Centre Party by fear for attacks from the nationalist right.[10]
Additionally, sectionalism became characteristic for the Czechoslovak Christian Democracy at the time. In 1921, the Slovak People's Party (SĽS) broke away from Czechoslovak People's Party (ČSL)[11] and the Hungarian Provincial Christian-Socialist Party adopted a negativist line in 1925, their activist wing had as the West Slovakian Christian Socialist Party no success.[12] Even though the German Christian Social People's Party (DCVP) was activist,[13] there was no real cooperation and each party focused on their own ethnic group[14] and in the 1930s each party grew increasingly nationalist.[15]
Under the Horthy era, Hungarian Christian parties often split because of individual personalities rather than political parties.[16] Only in 1937, the Christian parties united under the United Christian Party (EKP)[17] but the Catholic bloc declined and suffered splits to the opposition and clerical fascists like the Christian National Socialist Front.[18]
Associated parties
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References
[edit]- Citations
- ^ Lorenzini 2007, p. 370.
- ^ Jansen 1998, p. 32.
- ^ Kaiser 2009, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Kaiser 2009, pp. 89–90.
- ^ Lorenzini 2007, p. 373.
- ^ Kaiser 2009, p. 111.
- ^ Kaiser 2009, pp. 98–99.
- ^ Kaiser 2009, p. 101.
- ^ Di Maio 2004, p. 120.
- ^ Kaiser 2009, p. 115.
- ^ Campbell 1979, p. 297.
- ^ Lipscher 1979, p. 210.
- ^ Campbell 1979, p. 298.
- ^ Campbell 1979, p. 300.
- ^ Suppan 2004, p. 184.
- ^ Fazekas 2004, p. 164.
- ^ Fazekas 2004, p. 171.
- ^ Fazekas 2004, pp. 171f.
- ^ Lorenzini 2007, p. 381.
- ^ a b c Jansen 1998, p. 33.
- ^ a b c d Papini 2003, p. 149.
- ^ Jansen 1998, p. 187.
- ^ a b Kaiser 2009, p. 91.
- ^ Culla 1990, p. 4.
- ^ Kaiser 2009, p. 50.
- Bibliography
- Bosl, Karl, ed. (1979). Die Erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat, Vorträge der Tagungen des Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24. - 27. November 1977 und vom 20. - 23. April 1978 (in German). R. Oldenbourg Verlag. ISBN 978-3-486-49181-4.
- Campbell, F. Gregory. "Die tschechische Volkspartei und die deutschen Christsozialen". In Bosl (1979), pp. 291–303.
- Lipscher, Ladislaus. "Die magyarischen, polnischen, ruthenischen und jüdischen Parteien in der ČSR". In Bosl (1979), pp. 217–240.
- Culla, Joan B. (1990). Unió Democràtica de Catalunya: Le parti démocrate-chrétien catalan (1931-1989) (PDF) (in French). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
- Jansen, Thomas (1998). The European People's Party: Origins and Development. Springer. doi:10.1057/9780333995297. ISBN 9780333995297.
- Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut [in German], eds. (2004). Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–45. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-65539-7.
- Fazekas, Csaba. "Collaborating with Horthy: Political Catholicism and Christian Political Organizations in Hungary". In Kaiser & Wohnout (2004), pp. 160–177.
- Di Maio, Tiziana. "Between the Crisis of the Liberal State, Fascism and Democratic Perspective: The Popular Party in Italy". In Kaiser & Wohnout (2004), pp. 111–122.
- Suppan, Arnold. "Catholic People's Parties in East Central Europe: The Bohemian Lands and Slovakia". In Kaiser & Wohnout (2004), pp. 178–192.
- Kaiser, Wolfram (2009). Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511497056.
- Lorenzini, Sara (2007). "The White International and Peace in Europe, 1925–1932". For Peace in Europe: Institutions and Civil Society Between the World Wars. P.I.E. Peter Lang. pp. 367–386. ISBN 9789052013640.
- Papini, Roberto (2003). Le courage de la démocratie: Sturzo et l'Internationale populaire entre les deux guerres, matériaux pour une histoire (in French). Desclée de Brouwer. ISBN 9782220053097.