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Man of Constant Sorrow

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"Man of Constant Sorrow"
Dick Burnett with banjo and beggar's cup
Song by Dick Burnett
Published1913
Recorded1927 (unreleased)
GenreFolk
LabelColumbia
Songwriter(s)Traditional

"Man of Constant Sorrow" (also known as "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow") is a traditional American folk song first published by Dick Burnett, a partially blind fiddler from Kentucky. It was titled "Farewell Song" in a song book by Burnett dated 1913.[citation needed] A version recorded by Emry Arthur in 1928 gave the song its current title.[citation needed]

Several versions of the song exist that differ in their lyrics and melodies. The song was popularized by the Stanley Brothers, who recorded the song in the 1950s,[citation needed] and many others recorded versions in the 1960s including Bob Dylan.[citation needed] Variations of the song have also been recorded under the titles of "Girl of Constant Sorrow" by Joan Baez as well as by Barbara Dane, "Maid of Constant Sorrow" by Judy Collins, and "Sorrow" by Peter, Paul and Mary.[citation needed] It was released as a single by Ginger Baker's Air Force with vocals by Denny Laine.[citation needed]

Public interest in the song was renewed after the release of the 2000 film O Brother, Where Art Thou?, playing a central central role in the plot and earning the three runaway protagonists public recognition as the Soggy Bottom Boys in the film. The recording used in the film, sang by Dan Tyminski, was featured on the multiple platinum-selling soundtrack which won a Grammy for Best Country Collaboration at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards in 2002.[1]

Origin

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The original song was first published in 1913 and named "Farewell Song" in Dick Burnett's six-song songbook titled Songs Sung by R. D. Burnett—The Blind Man—Monticello, Kentucky.[2] There is some uncertainty as to whether Dick Burnett was the original writer.[citation needed] In an interview he gave towards the end of his life, he was asked about the song and said:

Charles Wolfe: "What about this "Farewell Song" – 'I am a man of constant sorrow' – did you write it?" Richard Burnett: "No, I think I got the ballad from somebody – I dunno. It may be my song ..."[3]

Whether or not Burnett was the original writer, his influence on the song can be dated to as early as 1913. The lyric from the second verse—'Oh, six long year I've been blind, friends'— references the year he was blinded in 1907.[citation needed] Burnett may have tailored an already existing song to fit his blindness, and some claim that he derived it from "The White Rose" and "Down in the Tennessee Valley" circa 1907.[4] It has also been said that Burnett claimed that he based the melody on an old Baptist hymn which he remembered as "Wandering Boy".[2] No song with this or a similar title had a similar tune that can be identified with "Constant Sorrow," according to hymnologist John Garst.[5] Garst also noted that parts of the lyrics suggest a possible antecedent hymn, and that the term 'man of sorrows' is religious in nature and appears in Isaiah 53:3.[5][6] The song has some similarities to the hymn "Poor Pilgrim," also known as "I Am a Poor Pilgrim of Sorrow," which George Pullen Jackson believes to have been derived from an English folk song titled, "The Green Mossy Banks of the Lea".[7]

Emry Arthur, a friend of Burnett's, released a recording of the song in 1928 who also claimed to have written it.[5] Arthur titled his recording "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow", which has become the popular name for the song. Arthur's lyrics are very similar to Burnett's with one minor variation. Although Burnett's version was recorded earlier in 1927, Columbia Records did not release Burnett's recording;[2] Arthur's single was thus the earliest widely heard recording of the song, and it is the ultimate source of most later versions.[5]

Several similar songs were found in Kentucky and Virginia in the early 20th century. English folk-song collector Cecil Sharp collected four versions of the song in 1917–1918 as "In Old Virginny", which were published in 1932 in English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians.[2] The lyrics were different in lyric from Burnett's but similar in tone. In a version from 1918 by Mrs Frances Richards who may have learned it from her father, the first verse is nearly identical to Burnett and Arthur's lyrics, with minor changes like the substitution of Virginia for Kentucky.[4][8] The song is thought to be related to several songs, for example "East Virginia Blues."[8] Norman Lee Vass of Virginia claimed his brother Mat wrote the song in the 1890s. The Virginia versions of the song show some relationship to Vass's version, though his melody and most of his verses are unique. This version is thought to be influenced by "Come All You Fair and Tender Ladies"/"The Little Sparrow".[4][5]

An older version of the song described by Almeda Riddle dating to around 1850, contain lyrics that differ substantially after the first line.[5] John Garst traced elements of the song back to the hymns of the early 1800s, suggesting similarity in its tune to "Tender-Hearted Christians" and "Judgment Hymn," as well as similarity in its lyrics to "Christ Suffering," which included the lines "He was a man of constant sorrow / He went a mourner all his days."[9]

On October 13, 2009, on the Diane Rehm Show, Ralph Stanley of the Stanley Brothers, whose autobiography is titled Man of Constant Sorrow,[10] discussed the song, its origin, and his effort to revive it:[11]

"Man of Constant Sorrow" is probably two or three hundred years old. But the first time I heard it when I was y'know, like a small boy, my daddy – my father – he had some of the words to it, and I heard him sing it, and we – my brother and me – we put a few more words to it, and brought it back in existence. I guess if it hadn't been for that it'd have been gone forever. I'm proud to be the one that brought that song back, because I think it's wonderful.

Variations

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Many later singers have included and changed the lyrics to the song. Most versions include lyrics depicting the singer riding a train fleeing trouble, regretting not seeing his old love, and contemplating his future death, with the promise that he will meet his friends or lover again on the beautiful or golden shore.[4] In most variations, the first verse is very similar to Burnett's 1913 version, often modified to suit each singer's gender and home state, with other minor changes:[12]

I am a man of constant sorrow,
I've seen trouble all of my days;
I'll bid farewell to old Kentucky,
The place where I was born and raised.

The 1928 recording by Emry Arthur is largely consistent with Burnett's lyrics, with only minor difference.[12] The reference to blindness in the second verse of Burnett's lyrics, "six long year I've been blind," was changed to "six long years I've been in trouble," which was also found in later versions of the song.[13]

In around 1936, Sarah Ogan Gunning rewrote the song, changing "Man" to "Girl" and significantly changing the majority of the song as well. Gunning claims to have remembered the melody from a 78-rpm hillbilly record (Emry Arthur, 1928) that she had heard some years before.[12][14] The change of gender is also found in Joan Baez's "Girl of Constant Sorrow" as well as in Judy Collins's title song from her album A Maid of Constant Sorrow.[15]

In 1950, the Stanley Brothers recorded a version of the song they had learned from their father.[13][15] Their version contains some changes to the lyrics: one verse of Burnett's version is absent, the last line is different, and parents in Burnett's second verse was changed to friends.[12] Performances of the song by the Stanley Brothers and Mike Seeger also contributed to the song's popularity in urban folksong circles during the American folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s.[14]

Bob Dylan recorded his version in 1961, which he based on versions performed by other folk singers such as Baez and Seeger.[16][17] He omitted a verse from the Stanleys Brothers' version and significantly rearranged and rewrote other verses. Dylan also added personal elements, changing friends to mother in the verse, 'Your mother says that I'm a stranger' which makes reference to the mother of his then-girlfriend Suze Rotolo.[18] In Dylan's version, Kentucky was also changed to Colorado.[13] It is common to change the state of origin in this song,[4] for example as seen in Baez and Collins versions where Kentucky is changed to California.

Aside from the lyrics, the melody also differs between various versions of the song.[15]

Recordings and cover versions

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"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow"
Song by Emry Arthur
ReleasedJanuary 18, 1928 (1928-01-18)
GenreOld-time
Length3:18
LabelVocalion
Songwriter(s)Unknown

Burnett recorded the song in 1927 with Columbia Records; this version was unreleased and the master recording was destroyed.[2] The first commercially released recording was by Emry Arthur on January 18, 1928 with Vocalion Records (Vo 5208).[19] Arthur sang it while playing his guitar accompanied by banjoist Dock Boggs.[20] Due to the success of the record, the singer recorded it again in 1931.[21]

As the first released recording of the song, its melody and lyrics formed the basis for subsequent versions and variations.[5] Although a few singers had also recorded the song, it did not gain relevance until The Stanley Brothers recorded their version in 1950 and helped popularize the song in the 1960s.

The use of the song in the 2000 film O Brother, Where Art Thou? led to its renewed popularity in the 21st century. The song has since been covered by many singers, from the Norwegian girl-group Katzenjammer to the winner of the eighth season of The Voice Sawyer Fredericks.[15][22]

Stanley Brothers Versions

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"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow"
Song by The Stanley Brothers
ReleasedMay 1951 (1951-05)
RecordedNovember 3, 1950 (1950-11-03)
Genre
Length2:56
LabelColumbia
Songwriter(s)Unknown
Official audio
"I'm A Man Of Constant Sorrow" on YouTube

On November 3rd, 1950, the Stanley Brothers recorded their version of the song with Columbia Records at the Castle Studios in Nashville, Tennessee.[8] The Stanleys learned the song from their father Lee Stanley who had turned the song into a hymn which was sung a cappella in the Primitive Baptist tradition. The arrangement of the song in the recording, however, was their own and was performed in a faster tempo.[8] This recording, titled "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow," was released as a single in May 1951 along with "The Lonesome River" (Columbia 20816).[23] Because neither Burnett nor Arthur copyrighted the song, Carter Stanley was able to copyright the song as his own work in 1951.[21]

On September 15, 1959, the Stanley Brothers re-recorded the song with King Records for their album Everybody's Country Favorite. In the 1950 version, Ralph Stanley sang the solo for the duration of the song but was jined by other members of the band in added refarins in the 1959 version. The fiddle and mandolin in the earlier version were also replaced by the guitar with a verse omitted.[24][25] This version (King 45-5269) was released together with "How Mountain Girls Can Love" as a single in October 1959.[26]

In July 1959, the Stanley Brothers performed the song at the Newport Folk Festival,[27] gaining the attention of other folk singers. It led to a number of recordings of the song in the 1960s, most notably by Joan Baez (1960),[28] Bob Dylan (1961), Judy Collins (1961), and Peter, Paul and Mary (1962).[29]

Bob Dylan Versions

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"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow"
Song by Bob Dylan
ReleasedMarch 19, 1962 (1962-03-19)
RecordedNovember 1961 (1961-11)
Genre
Length3:10
LabelColumbia
Songwriter(s)Unknown

In November 1961 Bob Dylan recorded the song titled "Man of Constant Sorrow" and was included as a track on his 1962 eponymous debut album.[13][30] Dylan's version is a rewrite of the versions sung by Joan Baez, New Lost City Ramblers (Mike Seeger's band), among others in the early 1960s.[16] He also performed the song during his first national US television appearance in the spring of 1963.[31] Dylan's version of the song was used by other singers and bands of the 1960s and 70s, such as Rod Stewart and Ginger Baker's Air Force.

Dylan performed a different version of the song with adapted lyrics of the Stanley Brothers' lyrics during his 1988 Never Ending Tour.[13] He performed the song intermittently in the 1990s as well as performed it during his European tour in 2002.[16] A recording of the performance was released in 2005 on the Martin Scorsese PBS television documentary on Dylan, No Direction Home, as well as on the accompanying soundtrack album, The Bootleg Series Vol. 7: No Direction Home.[32][33]

Ginger Baker's Air Force Version

[edit]
"Man of Constant Sorrow"
Song by Ginger Baker's Air Force
from the album Ginger Baker's Air Force
ReleasedMarch 1970 (1970-03)
GenreRock
Length3:31
LabelATCO Records, Polydor
Songwriter(s)Unknown

The song was recorded in 1970 by Ginger Baker's Air Force and sung by Air Force guitarist and vocalist (and former Moody Blues, future Wings member) Denny Laine.[34] The single was studio recorded, but a live version, recorded at the Royal Albert Hall, was included in their eponymous 1970 debut album. The band used a melody similar to Dylan's, and preserved most of Dylan's lyrics other than substituting Birmingham for Colorado. The arrangement differed significantly, with the use of violin, electric guitar, and saxophones, although it stayed mainly in the major scales of A, D and E. It was the band's only chart single.

Charts

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Chart (2008) Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[35] 85
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[36] 64

Soggy Bottom Boys Version

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"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow"
cover art
Song by The Soggy Bottom Boys
from the album O Brother, Where Art Thou?
ReleasedDecember 5, 2000 (2000-12-05)
Genre
Length4:20
LabelMercury Nashville
Songwriter(s)Unknown
Producer(s)T Bone Burnett
Official audio
"I Am A Man Of Constant Sorrow" (With Band) on YouTube

A notable cover, titled "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow," was recorded by the fictional folk/bluegrass group The Soggy Bottom Boys in the film O Brother, Where Art Thou?.[2] Film producer T Bone Burnett had previously suggested the Stanley Brothers' recording as a song for The Dude in the Coen brothers' film The Big Lebowski, but it did not make the cut.[citation needed] For their next collaboration on O Brother, Where Art Thou?, he realized that the song would suit the main character well.[2][37] The initial plan was for the song to be sung by the film's lead actor, George Clooney. However, it was found that his recording was not up to the required standard.[38] Burnett later said that he had only two or three weeks to work with Clooney, which was not enough time to prepare Clooney for the recording of a credible hit country record.[37]

The song was recorded by Dan Tyminski (lead vocals), with Harley Allen and Pat Enright and was based on the Stanleys' version.[15] Tyminski also wrote, played, and altered the guitar part of the arrangement.[37] Two versions by Tyminski's rendition were found in the soundtrack album both with different backup instruments. In the film, it was a hit for the Soggy Bottom Boys, and would later become a real hit off-screen. Tyminski has performed the song at the Crossroads Guitar Festival with Ron Block and live with Alison Krauss.

The song received a CMA Award for "Single of the Year" in 2001 and a Grammy for "Best Country Collaboration with Vocals" in 2002. The song was also named Song of the Year by the International Bluegrass Music Association in 2001.[39] It peaked at No. 35 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart.[15] It has sold over a million copies in the United States by November 2016.[40]

Personnel

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Source[41]

Charts

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Chart (2002) Peak
position
France (SNEP)[42] 167
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[43] 35

Other Versions of the song

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Parodies

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In 2002, Cledus T. Judd recorded a parody titled "Man of Constant Borrow" with Diamond Rio on his album Cledus Envy.[68]

References

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  1. ^ "'O Brother' Soundtrack Rules 44th Annual Grammy Awards". BMI. February 27, 2002.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Steve Sullivan (October 4, 2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 2. Scarecrow Press. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-0810882959.
  3. ^ "Man of Constant Sorrow – Richard Burnett's Story", Old Time Music, No. 10 (Autumn 1973), p. 8.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Todd Harvey (2001). The Formative Dylan: Transmission and Stylistic Influences 1961-1963. Scarecrow Press. pp. 65–67. ISBN 978-0810841154.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g John Garst (2002). Charles K. Wolfe; James E. Akenson (eds.). Country Music Annual 2002. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-8131-0991-6.
  6. ^ "Isaiah 53:3". Bible Gateway.
  7. ^ George Pullen Jackson (1943). Down-East Spirituals and Others. pp. 70–71.
  8. ^ a b c d Steve Sullivan (October 4, 2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 2. Scarecrow Press. pp. 296–297. ISBN 978-0810882959.
  9. ^ John Garst (2002). Charles K. Wolfe; James E. Akenson (eds.). Country Music Annual 2002. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 30–37. ISBN 978-0-8131-0991-6.
  10. ^ "Dr. Ralph Stanley: "Man of Constant Sorrow: My Life and Times" autobiography due out Oct 15". www.bluegrassjournal.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  11. ^ Stanley discusses song's origins on the Diane Rehm Show Archived 2009-10-16 at the Wayback Machine (link to audio program's web page)
  12. ^ a b c d "Folk Telephone: "Man of Constant Sorrow"". The Music Court. June 18, 2010.
  13. ^ a b c d e Paul Williams (December 15, 2009). Bob Dylan: Performance Artist 1986-1990 And Beyond (Mind Out Of Time) (Kindle ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0857121189.
  14. ^ a b c "Sarah Ogan Gunning - Girl of Constant Sorrow". Folk Legacy. Archived from the original on 2015-06-16. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Evan Schlansky (June 30, 2011). "Behind The Song: "Man Of Constant Sorrow"". American Songwriter.
  16. ^ a b c Oliver Trager (2004). Keys to the Rain: The Definitive Bob Dylan Encyclopedia. Billboard Books. pp. 411–412. ISBN 978-0823079742.
  17. ^ Robert Shelton (4 April 2011). No Direction Home: The Life and Music of Bob Dylan. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1849389112.
  18. ^ Robert Shelton (4 April 2011). No Direction Home: The Life and Music of Bob Dylan. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1617130120.
  19. ^ Charles K. Wolfe (November 26, 1996). Kentucky Country: Folk and Country Music of Kentucky (Reprint ed.). University Press of Kentucky. p. 36. ISBN 978-0813108797.
  20. ^ Greil Marcus (2010). Bob Dylan by Greil Marcus: Writings 1968-2010. PublicAffairs, U.S. p. 394. ISBN 9781586489199.
  21. ^ a b David W. Johnson (24 January 2013). Lonesome Melodies: The Lives and Music of the Stanley Brothers. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-1617036460.
  22. ^ "Sawyer Fredericks Auditions For The Voice With "I Am A Man Of Constant Sorrow"". The San Francisco Globe. March 20, 2015.
  23. ^ "Stanley Brothers, The & Clinch Mountain Boys, The* – The Lonesome River / I'm A Man Of Constant Sorrow". Discogs. 1951.
  24. ^ Gary B. Reid (December 15, 2014). The Music of the Stanley Brothers. University of Illinois Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0252080333.
  25. ^ David W. Johnson (24 January 2013). Lonesome Melodies: The Lives and Music of the Stanley Brothers. University Press of Mississippi. p. 169. ISBN 978-1617036460.
  26. ^ "Stanley Brothers". Bluegrass discography.
  27. ^ Gary B. Reid (December 15, 2014). The Music of the Stanley Brothers. University of Illinois Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0252080333.
  28. ^ a b Tom Moon (August 4, 2008). 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die. Workman Publishing Company. p. 39. ISBN 978-0761139638.
  29. ^ Richard Middleton (September 5, 2013). Voicing the Popular: On the Subjects of Popular Music (ebook ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781136092824.
  30. ^ Jerry Hopkins (September 20, 1969). "'New' Bob Dylan Album Bootlegged in L.A." RollingStone.
  31. ^ Michael Gray (21 September 2006). The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 76. ISBN 978-0826469335.
  32. ^ John Nogowski (15 July 2008). Bob Dylan: A Descriptive, Critical Discography and Filmography, 1961-2007 (2nd Revised ed.). McFarland & Co Inc. ISBN 978-0786435180.
  33. ^ Vince Farinaccio (2007). Nothing to Turn Off: The Films and Video of Bob Dylan. Vince Farinaccio. p. 246. ISBN 9780615183367.
  34. ^ "Ginger Baker's Air Force". AllMusic.
  35. ^ "Ginger Baker's Air Force Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
  36. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 3828." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  37. ^ a b c T Bone Bennett (August 22, 2011). "O Brother, Where Art Thou?". Huffington Post.
  38. ^ Ben Child (January 29, 2014). "Ten things we learned from George Clooney's Reddit AMA". The Guardian.
  39. ^ "Recipient History". IBMA. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2015-06-04.
  40. ^ Bjorke, Matt (November 28, 2016). "Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report: November 28, 2016". Roughstock.
  41. ^ O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), Mercury Records, 170 069-2
  42. ^ "Soggy Bottom Boys Feat. Dan Tyminski – I Am A Man Of Constant Sorrow" (in French). Le classement de singles.
  43. ^ "Soggy Bottom Boys Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
  44. ^ "Delta Blind Billy - Hidden man blues". Archive.org.
  45. ^ "WPAQ: Voice of the Blue Ridge Mountains". AllMusic.
  46. ^ Joan Baez Allmusic link
  47. ^ James E. Perone (October 17, 2012). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. Praeger. ISBN 978-0313379062.
  48. ^ "Joan Baez – Very Early Joan". Discogs. 1982.
  49. ^ Trent Moorman (February 11, 2015). "Judy Collins Has Done Everything (Except Busking)". The Stranger.
  50. ^ Bill C. Malone (24 October 2011). Music from the True Vine: Mike Seeger's Life and Musical Journey. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0807835104.
  51. ^ Craig Rosen (30 September 1996). The Billboard book of number one albums: the inside story behind pop music's blockbuster records. Billboard Books.
  52. ^ Vladimir Bogdanov; Chris Woodstra; Stephen Thomas Erlewine (November 1, 2003). All Music Guide to Country: The Definitive Guide to Country Music. Backbeat Books. p. 376. ISBN 978-0879307608.
  53. ^ Eric v.d. Luft (October 9, 2009). Die at the Right Time!: A Subjective Cultural History of the American Sixties. Gegensatz Press. ISBN 9781933237398.
  54. ^ Peyok, Dee (5 January 2023). Away From Beloved Lover: A Musical Journey Through Cambodia. Granta Books. ISBN 9781783787128.
  55. ^ "Pan Ron - Man Of Constant Sorrow".
  56. ^ John Einarson (2001). Desperados: The Roots of Country Rock. Cooper Square Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0815410652.
  57. ^ "Folksongs & Ballads, by Tia Blake and her Folk-Group". Tia Blake and her Folk-Group. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  58. ^ Vladimir Bogdanov; Chris Woodstra; Stephen Thomas Erlewine (19 December 2003). All Music Guide to Country: The Definitive Guide to Country Music (2nd Revised ed.). Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0879307608.
  59. ^ "Hottest 100 - History - 2003". www.abc.net.au.
  60. ^ "Mainstream Rock songs: August 4, 2012". Billboard.
  61. ^ "Active Rock: June 30, 2012". Billboard.
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  63. ^ "Review: Dwight Yoakam, 'Second Hand Heart'". NPR.org.
  64. ^ Sterling Whitaker (February 5, 2015). "Dwight Yoakam Announces Details of 15th Studio Album". Taste of Country.
  65. ^ "Review: 'Fargo' - 'Rhinoceros': Assault on precinct Luverne?". HitFix. November 17, 2015.
  66. ^ "Home Free's Roots Run Deep In "Man of Constant Sorrow" Video". The Country Note. 29 September 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  67. ^ "We Are Lady Parts". Channel 4. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  68. ^ Cledus Envy (CD liner notes). Cledus T. Judd. Nashville, Tennessee: Monument Records. 2008. 85897.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)

Further reading

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